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Prolonging the period of allergenic burden: late-flowering grasses and local peculiarities 延长致敏负担期:晚花草和地方特性
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00267-4
Lukas Dirr, K. Bastl, Maximilian Bastl, M. Berger, U. Berger
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引用次数: 0
The Molecular Allergology User’s Guide 2.0: Update on relevant new content 分子变态反应学用户指南2.0:相关新内容的更新
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00260-x
Christiane Hilger PhD, Stephanie Dramburg, Alexandra F. Santos, Leticia de las Vecillas, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber

The first Molecular Allergology User’s Guide was published in 2016 and quickly became a key reference for many clinicians and scientists worldwide. The rapid development of our knowledge on allergen molecules as well as the availability of new assays and new clinical studies created a need for an update of the guide. In a concerted effort by almost 100 authors, all chapters of the first edition were revised and new chapters added, creating the most up-to-date and freely available guide on molecular allergology for daily practice. This article gives a summary of the most important additions to the 2022 edition, MAUG 2.0.

第一本《分子过敏学用户指南》于2016年出版,并迅速成为全球许多临床医生和科学家的重要参考。我们对过敏原分子知识的快速发展,以及新检测和新临床研究的可用性,都需要更新指南。在近100位作者的共同努力下,第一版的所有章节都进行了修订,并增加了新的章节,为日常实践创建了最新、免费的分子过敏学指南。本文总结了2022版MAUG 2.0中最重要的补充内容。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular engineering of nanobodies as tools in allergology: diagnostics and beyond 作为过敏症诊断工具的纳米体分子工程
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00261-w
Josephine Baunvig Aagaard, Anne-Sofie Ravn Ballegaard, Pernille Ommen Andersen, Edzard Spillner

Summary

Background

Molecular technologies have paved the way to improved understanding of allergic diseases in many ways, ranging from molecular allergens to tailor-made tools for analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. Engineering of such molecules has become a mainstay in most biotechnical and biomedical areas. A not so new kid on the block is the nanobody, a single-domain antibody obtained from primarily camelid species. Despite their large promise and potential, it took nanobodies a long time to also enter the stage in allergology.

Methods

This review summarizes the state of the art and the feasibility of engineering nanobody-based tools for applications in allergology.

Results

In recent years, nanobodies with specificity for allergens have been increasingly generated. In parallel, their molecular engineering has enabled the development of derivatives that offer many advantages compared to standard antibody approaches. Hence, different application forms of nanobody-based molecules have been developed and reported in proof-of-concept studies.

Discussion

Recent studies give a first glimpse of the future possibilities of nanobody technologies in a complex system such as allergic diseases. It has become clear that the simplicity of the approaches as compared to regular antibody technologies will both broaden and deepen the scope of applications in allergology.

综述背景分子技术在许多方面为提高对过敏性疾病的理解铺平了道路,从分子过敏原到用于分析、诊断和治疗目的的定制工具。这种分子的工程已经成为大多数生物技术和生物医学领域的支柱。纳米抗体是一种从骆驼科物种中获得的单结构域抗体。尽管纳米体有着巨大的前景和潜力,但它也花了很长时间才进入过敏学的阶段。方法综述了纳米体工具在变态反应学中的应用现状和可行性。结果近年来,对过敏原具有特异性的纳米体越来越多地产生。与此同时,他们的分子工程使衍生物的开发成为可能,与标准抗体方法相比,这些衍生物具有许多优势。因此,基于纳米体的分子的不同应用形式已经被开发出来,并在概念验证研究中被报道。讨论最近的研究首次揭示了纳米体技术在过敏性疾病等复杂系统中的未来可能性。很明显,与常规抗体技术相比,这些方法的简单性将拓宽和深化过敏学的应用范围。
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引用次数: 0
Update on oral and epicutaneous immunotherapy for children with food allergy 食物过敏儿童口服和表皮免疫治疗的最新进展
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00256-7
Yoko Miura MD, Sakura Sato MD, Noriyuki Yanagida MD, Motohiro Ebisawa MD, PhD

Purpose

Several oral immunotherapies (OITs) are used to treat food allergies. Recently, several protocols have been implemented to ensure the safety of OITs with a growing trend towards implementing them in a larger patient population. Additionally, reports on follow-up immunotherapy using the transdermal route have been reported. In this review, we summarize the evidence on current immunotherapies for food allergy.

Methods

We selected and reviewed studies on OIT and epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) that showed evidence of clinical efficacy and safety in patients with an immediate type of food allergy.

Results

Continuation of low-dose OIT is considered relatively safe in patients with severe food allergies with a gradual increase in the daily dose of the immunotherapeutic agents. OIT products could be introduced through desensitization protocols to prevent serious adverse reactions; however, appropriate methods should be used to continue their use. Combining omalizumab, antihistamines, or probiotics with OITs improves the safety. Compared to OIT, EPIT is generally safer but has a lower efficacy. Furthermore, OIT is effective in some young patients. However, the selection of participants in such cases is critical from a safety perspective. Long-term OIT at relatively high target doses is associated with serious safety concerns.

Conclusion

The implementation of recent treatment protocols has significantly improved the safety of OIT. Therefore, its continuation using safety protocols can be considered in the selection of the optimal OIT for individual patients, as provision of safe and effective treatment is crucial for the success of OIT.

目的几种口服免疫疗法(OIT)用于治疗食物过敏。最近,已经实施了几个方案来确保OIT的安全性,并且在更大的患者群体中实施这些方案的趋势越来越大。此外,还报道了使用透皮途径的后续免疫疗法。在这篇综述中,我们总结了目前免疫疗法治疗食物过敏的证据。方法我们选择并回顾了OIT和表皮免疫疗法(EPIT)的研究,这些研究显示了对直接型食物过敏患者的临床疗效和安全性。结果随着免疫治疗剂日剂量的逐渐增加,在严重食物过敏患者中继续使用低剂量OIT被认为是相对安全的。OIT产品可以通过脱敏方案引入,以防止严重不良反应;然而,应该使用适当的方法来继续使用它们。奥马珠单抗、抗组胺药或益生菌与OITs联合使用可提高安全性。与OIT相比,EPIT通常更安全,但疗效较低。此外,OIT对一些年轻患者有效。然而,从安全角度来看,这种情况下参与者的选择至关重要。相对较高目标剂量的长期OIT与严重的安全问题有关。结论近期治疗方案的实施显著提高了OIT的安全性。因此,在为个别患者选择最佳OIT时,可以考虑继续使用安全方案,因为提供安全有效的治疗对OIT的成功至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
How molecular diagnostics help us to correctly identify pet allergies 分子诊断如何帮助我们正确识别宠物过敏
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00255-8
Wolfgang Hemmer PhD

Summary

Simultaneous sensitization to two or more animal species is common and represents a regular diagnostic problem during conventional extract-based allergy diagnosis. The use of single allergen molecules reveals the underlying cause of polysensitization and enables the distinction between primary sensitization and cross-reaction as a prerequisite for the selection of appropriate immunotherapy vaccines. Individual sensitization patterns can be valuable predictors of clinical relevance, symptom severity and asthma risk, and in part reflect current or past animal exposure. The concept of “marker allergens” is challenging in the case of pet allergies because many animal allergens are ubiquitous pan-allergens limiting the definition of group-specific markers. Alternatively, quantitative aspects often have to be used to identify the primary sensitizers. A sufficient number of allergen molecules is now available from cat and dog to unravel the many cases of cat–dog double sensitization. There are still substantial diagnostic gaps concerning allergens from small animals and farm animals, or such allergens are only available for multiplex testing. The lipocalins, a particularly species-rich and heterogeneous allergen family comprising important major and minor allergens from virtually all furry animals, show complex cross-reactivity patterns with each other and have been recently identified as a major cause of polysensitization.

摘要对两种或两种以上动物同时致敏是很常见的,并且在传统的基于提取物的过敏诊断中是一个常见的诊断问题。单一过敏原分子的使用揭示了多敏感的根本原因,并能够区分原发性敏感和交叉反应,这是选择合适的免疫疗法疫苗的先决条件。个体致敏模式可能是临床相关性、症状严重程度和哮喘风险的有价值的预测因素,并在一定程度上反映了当前或过去的动物接触情况。“标记物过敏原”的概念在宠物过敏的情况下是具有挑战性的,因为许多动物过敏原是普遍存在的泛过敏原,限制了群体特异性标记物的定义。或者,通常必须使用定量方面来确定主要敏化剂。现在,猫和狗身上有足够数量的过敏原分子,可以解开猫狗双重致敏的许多案例。关于小动物和农场动物的过敏原,仍然存在很大的诊断差距,或者这种过敏原只能用于多重检测。脂运载蛋白是一个物种丰富且异质的过敏原家族,由几乎所有毛茸茸的动物的重要主要和次要过敏原组成,它们之间表现出复杂的交叉反应模式,最近被确定为多敏感的主要原因。
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引用次数: 0
Dermatological differential diagnoses in pet owners 宠物主人的皮肤病鉴别诊断
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00258-5
Antonia Currie, Sabine Altrichter, Wolfram Hötzenecker

Summary

Pets are popular and are kept all over the world. In addition to the many positive psychosocial and physical effects, there are unfortunately, in addition to possible allergic reactions to animals, numerous diseases that can be transmitted from pets and farm animals to their owners that can negatively affect their health. These so-called zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. The pathogens include bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viruses. Transmission of zoonotic pathogens can occur wherever there is contact with or consumption of animals or animal products. This can occur in connection with domesticated animals, in trade, in hunting, or in research. Zoonoses can also be of importance as an occupational disease in the field of livestock farming. Due to the close relationship between humans and animals, zoonotic diseases are a global public health problem that should not be underestimated. This article discusses some more common zoonoses of the skin that can be caused by pets.

夏季宠物很受欢迎,在世界各地都有饲养。除了许多积极的心理社会和身体影响外,不幸的是,除了可能对动物产生过敏反应外,宠物和农场动物还可能传播给主人的许多疾病会对它们的健康产生负面影响。这些所谓的人畜共患疾病是由动物传染给人类的传染病。病原体包括细菌、寄生虫、真菌和病毒。人畜共患病原体的传播可能发生在任何接触或食用动物或动物产品的地方。这可能发生在驯养动物、贸易、狩猎或研究中。人畜共患病作为畜牧业的一种职业病也很重要。由于人与动物之间的密切关系,人畜共患疾病是一个不容低估的全球性公共卫生问题。这篇文章讨论了宠物可能引起的一些更常见的皮肤人畜共患疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Dogs at home and at the workplace: effects on allergies and mental health 家里和工作场所的狗:对过敏和心理健康的影响
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00257-6
Isabella Pali-Schöll PhD., Rachel Dale, Zsófia Virányi

Summary

Since the beginning of domestication, the living conditions which are shared between humans and companion animals have changed dramatically. More time is spent together indoors, not only in urban places, but also in rural areas. Among the positive aspects is the asthma- and allergy-protective effect of living with pets during fetal development and infancy. In addition, there are benefits in terms of social interactions and mental health for humans and, as far as can be assessed, also for companion animals. Animals, especially dogs, are also brought more often to workplaces and schools. Thus, a number of the positive effects on social and health aspects are likely to come to these places of activity as well. Optimal preparation of the workplace for the animal by the owner, as well as instruction of employees and, additionally, training of the animal could help reduce potentially adverse effects. Such negative effects could include interference with work processes (phone calls, meetings, lectures, sales calls), and fear of bites or accident hazards by colleagues. In the sense of a One Health approach, this article focuses on the importance of animals (especially dogs) and humans sharing the home, but also the workplace. The effects on allergic/asthmatic diseases as well as on social and mental factors are particularly highlighted, as the latter may also contribute to these diseases. Only a few studies have examined the effects of contact between adult people, who are not pet owners themselves, with dogs in the work environment; so there is clearly a need for further research.

摘要自驯化开始以来,人类和伴侣动物之间共同的生活条件发生了巨大变化。更多的时间花在室内,不仅在城市,在农村地区也是如此。积极的方面包括在胎儿发育和婴儿期与宠物一起生活对哮喘和过敏的保护作用。此外,在社会互动和心理健康方面,对人类也有好处,据评估,对伴侣动物也有好处。动物,尤其是狗,也经常被带到工作场所和学校。因此,这些活动场所也可能产生一些对社会和健康方面的积极影响。主人为动物做好工作场所的最佳准备,员工的指导,以及对动物的培训,都有助于减少潜在的不良影响。这种负面影响可能包括干扰工作流程(电话、会议、讲座、销售电话),以及担心被同事咬伤或发生事故。在“一个健康”方法的意义上,本文重点关注动物(尤其是狗)和人类共享家庭以及工作场所的重要性。特别强调了对过敏性/哮喘疾病以及社会和心理因素的影响,因为后者也可能导致这些疾病。只有少数研究考察了成年人(他们自己不是宠物主人)在工作环境中与狗接触的影响;因此,显然需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Allergy to the cat—from diagnosis to management 猫过敏——从诊断到管理
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00254-9
Erika Jensen-Jarolim MD, Sebastian Alexander Jensen MD,  Karl-Christian Bergmann MD

Background

In allergology practice, efficient counselling of cat owners is often frustrating because the topic of allergen avoidance is mostly a “no-go” and there are only few studies on allergen immunotherapy that prove its efficacy. In the end, what patients are mostly offered in allergy consultations are allergen reduction measures and symptomatic therapy.

Results

Sensitisation to the main cat allergen Fel d 1 occurs more frequently in atopic conditions and then represents a risk for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Current guidelines are therefore cautious about the first-time acquisition of a cat in the first months of life in atopic families. However, sensitisation occurs in many cases even without contact with an own cat at home.

Conversely, it has been observed in adult patients that in the case of high Fel d 1 exposure immunological tolerance can also develop through the induction of specific IgG4. The fact that many cat allergic patients keep their animals despite diagnosis is, however, partly due to the psychological phenomenon of coping.

Conclusion

In this review, we present current literature and facts that should make everyday life easier for patients, even without giving up the animal. We also review best practices in the management of cat allergy and present new management options and concepts from the development pipeline that our patients are eagerly awaiting.

背景在过敏原学实践中,对猫主人的有效咨询往往令人沮丧,因为避免过敏原的话题大多是“不可行的”,而且很少有关于过敏原免疫疗法的研究证明其有效性。最后,在过敏咨询中,患者主要得到的是减少过敏原的措施和症状治疗。结果猫对主要过敏原Fel d1的致敏在特应性条件下发生得更频繁,然后代表过敏性鼻炎和哮喘的风险。因此,目前的指导方针对特应性变态反应家庭在生命的头几个月首次获得猫持谨慎态度。然而,在许多情况下,即使在家里没有接触自己的猫,也会发生致敏反应。相反,在成年患者中观察到,在高Fel d1暴露的情况下,免疫耐受也可以通过诱导特异性IgG4而发展。然而,许多对猫过敏的患者尽管被诊断出患有猫过敏,但仍会饲养他们的动物,这在一定程度上是由于应对的心理现象。结论在这篇综述中,我们介绍了当前的文献和事实,即使不放弃动物,也应该让患者的日常生活更轻松。我们还回顾了猫过敏管理的最佳实践,并从我们的患者热切期待的开发管道中提出了新的管理选择和概念。
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引用次数: 0
Advanced glycation end products and allergy 晚期糖基化终产物与过敏
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00259-4
Masako Toda, Michael Hellwig, Hiroyuki Hattori, Thomas Henle, Stefan Vieths

This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of the impact of advanced glycation products (AGEs) in the diet on the development of allergies. The association between modern dietary patterns that contain high amounts of thermally processed food products, and the development of allergies is of great concern. One group of molecules generated by such dietary patterns is AGEs resulting from the Maillard reaction (MR). Evidence suggests that the MR could influence the allergenicity of food proteins because it alters the structure of proteins by modifying lysine and arginine residues with various types of AGE structures. Several studies, including ours, have indicated that certain AGEs affect innate immune responses via the engagement of AGE-binding receptors. AGEs could also influence the composition of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Collectively, AGEs may alter the risk of multiple disorders, including allergies, by interacting with innate immunity and changing the gut microbiome.

这篇综述旨在总结我们目前对饮食中晚期糖基化产物(AGEs)对过敏发展的影响的认识。含有大量热加工食品的现代饮食模式与过敏的发展之间的联系备受关注。这种饮食模式产生的一组分子是美拉德反应(MR)产生的AGEs。有证据表明,MR可能会影响食物蛋白质的致敏性,因为它通过用各种类型的AGE结构修饰赖氨酸和精氨酸残基来改变蛋白质的结构。包括我们在内的几项研究表明,某些AGE通过与AGE结合受体的结合来影响先天免疫反应。AGEs也可能影响肠道微生物组及其代谢产物的组成。总之,AGEs可以通过与先天免疫相互作用和改变肠道微生物组来改变包括过敏在内的多种疾病的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Unilateral relapsing purpura on the leg as a first manifestation of IgG lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma 作为IgG淋巴浆细胞性淋巴瘤首发症状的单侧腿部复发性紫癜
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00253-w
Ieva Saulite, Lukas Graf, Michael Giger, Ilona Hartmane, Eva Markert, Marcus Schittenhelm, Emmanuella Guenova, Antonio Cozzio
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Allergo Journal International
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