Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00265-6
Ulrike von Arnim
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder that is characterized clinically by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and histologically by a dense eosinophilic inflammation of the esophagus. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge in the field of EoE. EoE has seen significant progress in its understanding, including its definition, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Consensus criteria have been established for diagnosing EoE, with symptoms commonly including dysphagia, food impaction, and reflux-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, endoscopy, and histological assessment. Therapeutic strategies for EoE aim to alleviate symptoms, induce and maintain remission, and prevent complications. These strategies include dietary modifications, pharmacotherapy, and endoscopic interventions. Treatment choice depends on disease severity, patient preferences, and comorbidities. Despite progress, challenges persist in EoE management. Long-term outcomes and optimal treatment duration are still under investigation. Research efforts focus on identifying predictive markers for treatment response and developing personalized approaches. In conclusion, EoE is a chronic, progressive and recurrent disease with various clinical manifestations and treatment options. Improved understanding has led to better diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies. However, further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis, refine treatment algorithms, and optimize long-term outcomes for individuals with EoE.
{"title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis—from definition to therapy","authors":"Ulrike von Arnim","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00265-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00265-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder that is characterized clinically by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and histologically by a dense eosinophilic inflammation of the esophagus. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge in the field of EoE. EoE has seen significant progress in its understanding, including its definition, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Consensus criteria have been established for diagnosing EoE, with symptoms commonly including dysphagia, food impaction, and reflux-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, endoscopy, and histological assessment. Therapeutic strategies for EoE aim to alleviate symptoms, induce and maintain remission, and prevent complications. These strategies include dietary modifications, pharmacotherapy, and endoscopic interventions. Treatment choice depends on disease severity, patient preferences, and comorbidities. Despite progress, challenges persist in EoE management. Long-term outcomes and optimal treatment duration are still under investigation. Research efforts focus on identifying predictive markers for treatment response and developing personalized approaches. In conclusion, EoE is a chronic, progressive and recurrent disease with various clinical manifestations and treatment options. Improved understanding has led to better diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies. However, further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis, refine treatment algorithms, and optimize long-term outcomes for individuals with EoE.</p>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"33 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-023-00265-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46177453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-18DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00266-5
Regina Treudler, Julia Zarnowski, Nicola Wagner
Summary
Acute urticaria (AU) is the most common cause of wheal formation. By definition, it does not persist for more than 6 weeks. It can occur at any age and is more commonly seen in atopic diathesis. Acute spontaneous urticaria is distinguished from inducible forms. This review highlights the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, possible triggers, and therapeutic strategies. In childhood as in adulthood, viral infections are very frequently associated with acute urticaria, whereas drugs and food are less frequently described as triggers. However, it is not uncommon for multiple triggers to be present simultaneously. Therapeutically, oral nonsedating H1 antihistamines are mainly used. In some patients, concomitant short-term administration of glucocorticosteroids is also necessary.
{"title":"Acute urticaria—what to do?","authors":"Regina Treudler, Julia Zarnowski, Nicola Wagner","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00266-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00266-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Summary</h2><div><p>Acute urticaria (AU) is the most common cause of wheal formation. By definition, it does not persist for more than 6 weeks. It can occur at any age and is more commonly seen in atopic diathesis. Acute spontaneous urticaria is distinguished from inducible forms. This review highlights the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, possible triggers, and therapeutic strategies. In childhood as in adulthood, viral infections are very frequently associated with acute urticaria, whereas drugs and food are less frequently described as triggers. However, it is not uncommon for multiple triggers to be present simultaneously. Therapeutically, oral nonsedating H1 antihistamines are mainly used. In some patients, concomitant short-term administration of glucocorticosteroids is also necessary.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"32 8","pages":"303 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-023-00266-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43623106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To tackle the growing allergy epidemic, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. One promising avenue is the development of anti-allergen antibody therapies. This passive immunization approach stands out from traditional allergen immunotherapy by not exposing patients to the allergen but also by potentially treating patients who are less responsive or even unresponsive to allergen immunotherapies and providing immediate protection.
Methods
After a review of historical and recently published literature on the topic of anti-allergen antibodies, the status quo and recent advancements are presented. Anti-allergen antibody therapies in the context of immunological changes that occur during allergen immunotherapy are also discussed.
Results
While the protective role of anti-allergen antibodies was recognized decades ago, the advancement of antibody discovery technologies has fueled the field, and now different anti-allergen antibody therapies are approaching clinical use. These developments have also broadened our understanding of the allergens and allergenic epitopes responsible in different allergic diseases, and also the role played by immunoglobulins in shaping the immune system.
Conclusion
The development of anti-allergen antibody therapies offers great potential for the treatment of allergies. Of interest, the efficacy of passive immunization approaches will likely extend beyond allergen neutralization as in the presence of the allergen they might contribute to long-lasting disease modification.
{"title":"Anti-allergen monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of allergies","authors":"Niccolo Pengo PhD, Natascha Wuillemin PhD, Dimitri Bieli PhD, Pascal Gasser PhD","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00263-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00263-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>To tackle the growing allergy epidemic, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. One promising avenue is the development of anti-allergen antibody therapies. This passive immunization approach stands out from traditional allergen immunotherapy by not exposing patients to the allergen but also by potentially treating patients who are less responsive or even unresponsive to allergen immunotherapies and providing immediate protection.</p><h3>Methods\t</h3><p>After a review of historical and recently published literature on the topic of anti-allergen antibodies, the status quo and recent advancements are presented. Anti-allergen antibody therapies in the context of immunological changes that occur during allergen immunotherapy are also discussed.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>While the protective role of anti-allergen antibodies was recognized decades ago, the advancement of antibody discovery technologies has fueled the field, and now different anti-allergen antibody therapies are approaching clinical use. These developments have also broadened our understanding of the allergens and allergenic epitopes responsible in different allergic diseases, and also the role played by immunoglobulins in shaping the immune system.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The development of anti-allergen antibody therapies offers great potential for the treatment of allergies. Of interest, the efficacy of passive immunization approaches will likely extend beyond allergen neutralization as in the presence of the allergen they might contribute to long-lasting disease modification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"32 7","pages":"289 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-023-00263-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41681351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00264-7
Katharina Bastl, Maximilian Bastl, Markus Berger, Lukas Dirr, Uwe E. Berger
Background
Grass pollen allergy is the most common pollen allergy in the world. The grass family (Poaceae) consists of many genera and species of allergenic importance, but all share a uniform pollen grain morphology. Phenology is the key to discriminate different taxa.
Methodology
PubMed was used as the search engine. The publications found were selected based on their relevance and summarized.
Results
Studies with this focus are still rare. The composition of grass genera and species varies largely from region to region. Some taxa play a more important role in terms of pollen release and allergenicity than others.
Conclusion
Phenological routines need deep botanical knowledge and are time-consuming. Nonetheless, they should be integrated into studies on the grass pollen season since they allow a more precise understanding.
{"title":"Phenology as a tool to gain more insights into the grass pollen season","authors":"Katharina Bastl, Maximilian Bastl, Markus Berger, Lukas Dirr, Uwe E. Berger","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00264-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00264-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Grass pollen allergy is the most common pollen allergy in the world. The grass family (Poaceae) consists of many genera and species of allergenic importance, but all share a uniform pollen grain morphology. Phenology is the key to discriminate different taxa.</p><h3>Methodology</h3><p>PubMed was used as the search engine. The publications found were selected based on their relevance and summarized.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Studies with this focus are still rare. The composition of grass genera and species varies largely from region to region. Some taxa play a more important role in terms of pollen release and allergenicity than others.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Phenological routines need deep botanical knowledge and are time-consuming. Nonetheless, they should be integrated into studies on the grass pollen season since they allow a more precise understanding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"33 1","pages":"20 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-023-00264-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41939863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-07DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00268-3
Maximilian Bastl, Katharina Bastl, Lukas Dirr, Markus Berger, Uwe Berger
Background
The measurement of pollen concentrations has been performed according to various protocols in recent decades. In all approaches the following questions were of importance: the positioning of the measuring device (whether at roof or nose level), the reliability as well as the comparability of measurements.
Methods
Current methods for pollen measurements and previous studies on measurement heights are presented and compared.
Results
The most widely used device is the Hirst pollen and spore trap. Its data is widely used for pollen information, pollen prediction models, and clinical studies. The position of the trap at roof level remains the current standard as the pollen concentrations correlate best with “real world” situation and regional symptom data.
Conclusion
The guideline for the detection of pollen and spores for allergy networks (EN 16868:2019-09) in Europe was an important step towards standardization. Modern, automated measurement methods are still in experimental stage in terms of validation and comparability. Harmonization of data from different measurement methods is a future challenge.
{"title":"Methods and standards of pollen monitoring—significance of pollen measurements at different altitudes","authors":"Maximilian Bastl, Katharina Bastl, Lukas Dirr, Markus Berger, Uwe Berger","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00268-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00268-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The measurement of pollen concentrations has been performed according to various protocols in recent decades. In all approaches the following questions were of importance: the positioning of the measuring device (whether at roof or nose level), the reliability as well as the comparability of measurements.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Current methods for pollen measurements and previous studies on measurement heights are presented and compared.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The most widely used device is the Hirst pollen and spore trap. Its data is widely used for pollen information, pollen prediction models, and clinical studies. The position of the trap at roof level remains the current standard as the pollen concentrations correlate best with “real world” situation and regional symptom data.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The guideline for the detection of pollen and spores for allergy networks (EN 16868:2019-09) in Europe was an important step towards standardization. Modern, automated measurement methods are still in experimental stage in terms of validation and comparability. Harmonization of data from different measurement methods is a future challenge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"32 6","pages":"162 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-023-00268-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46783829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00262-9
Sophie Grosse-Kathoefer, Lorenz Aglas, Fatima Ferreira, Lisa Pointner
{"title":"What inhalant allergens can do and not do?—The cooperation of allergens and their source in Th2 polarization and allergic sensitization","authors":"Sophie Grosse-Kathoefer, Lorenz Aglas, Fatima Ferreira, Lisa Pointner","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00262-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00262-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"32 7","pages":"258 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-023-00262-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43346229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00267-4
Lukas Dirr, Katharina Bastl, Maximilian Bastl, Markus Berger, Uwe E. Berger
Summary
Background
The grass pollen season is characterized by a particularly long duration, covering the months May to July in Europe but can vary depending on the altitude and geographical location.
Methods
Three grass species whose flowering period takes place late in the season are discussed in detail: Phragmites australis (common reed), Miscanthus spp. (silvergrass), and Zea mays (maize).
Results
Phragmites australis flowers between August and September and provides significant pollen concentrations at sites with large reed populations. Miscanthus spp. flowers from August to October and is found as an ornamental plant in urban areas and as a crop plant in rural areas. Zea mays flowers from July to October and can cause discomfort especially in the vicinity of cornfields.
Discussion
Phenological observations are an important part of aerobiological routine work to gain insights into regional peculiarities like late-flowering grasses, which play a role in prolonging the duration of the grass pollen season.
{"title":"Prolonging the period of allergenic burden: late-flowering grasses and local peculiarities","authors":"Lukas Dirr, Katharina Bastl, Maximilian Bastl, Markus Berger, Uwe E. Berger","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00267-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00267-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Summary</h2><div><h3>Background</h3><p>The grass pollen season is characterized by a particularly long duration, covering the months May to July in Europe but can vary depending on the altitude and geographical location.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Three grass species whose flowering period takes place late in the season are discussed in detail: <i>Phragmites australis </i>(common reed), <i>Miscanthus </i>spp. (silvergrass), and <i>Zea mays </i>(maize).</p><h3>Results</h3><p><i>Phragmites australis </i>flowers between August and September and provides significant pollen concentrations at sites with large reed populations. <i>Miscanthus </i>spp. flowers from August to October and is found as an ornamental plant in urban areas and as a crop plant in rural areas. <i>Zea mays </i>flowers from July to October and can cause discomfort especially in the vicinity of cornfields.</p><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Phenological observations are an important part of aerobiological routine work to gain insights into regional peculiarities like late-flowering grasses, which play a role in prolonging the duration of the grass pollen season.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"32 6","pages":"157 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-023-00267-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50518060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00267-4
Lukas Dirr, K. Bastl, Maximilian Bastl, M. Berger, U. Berger
{"title":"Prolonging the period of allergenic burden: late-flowering grasses and local peculiarities","authors":"Lukas Dirr, K. Bastl, Maximilian Bastl, M. Berger, U. Berger","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00267-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-023-00267-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"32 1","pages":"157 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52735577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.1007/s40629-023-00260-x
Christiane Hilger PhD, Stephanie Dramburg, Alexandra F. Santos, Leticia de las Vecillas, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
The first Molecular Allergology User’s Guide was published in 2016 and quickly became a key reference for many clinicians and scientists worldwide. The rapid development of our knowledge on allergen molecules as well as the availability of new assays and new clinical studies created a need for an update of the guide. In a concerted effort by almost 100 authors, all chapters of the first edition were revised and new chapters added, creating the most up-to-date and freely available guide on molecular allergology for daily practice. This article gives a summary of the most important additions to the 2022 edition, MAUG 2.0.
{"title":"The Molecular Allergology User’s Guide 2.0: Update on relevant new content","authors":"Christiane Hilger PhD, Stephanie Dramburg, Alexandra F. Santos, Leticia de las Vecillas, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00260-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00260-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The first Molecular Allergology User’s Guide was published in 2016 and quickly became a key reference for many clinicians and scientists worldwide. The rapid development of our knowledge on allergen molecules as well as the availability of new assays and new clinical studies created a need for an update of the guide. In a concerted effort by almost 100 authors, all chapters of the first edition were revised and new chapters added, creating the most up-to-date and freely available guide on molecular allergology for daily practice. This article gives a summary of the most important additions to the 2022 edition, MAUG 2.0.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"32 7","pages":"233 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-023-00260-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45421657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Molecular technologies have paved the way to improved understanding of allergic diseases in many ways, ranging from molecular allergens to tailor-made tools for analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. Engineering of such molecules has become a mainstay in most biotechnical and biomedical areas. A not so new kid on the block is the nanobody, a single-domain antibody obtained from primarily camelid species. Despite their large promise and potential, it took nanobodies a long time to also enter the stage in allergology.
Methods
This review summarizes the state of the art and the feasibility of engineering nanobody-based tools for applications in allergology.
Results
In recent years, nanobodies with specificity for allergens have been increasingly generated. In parallel, their molecular engineering has enabled the development of derivatives that offer many advantages compared to standard antibody approaches. Hence, different application forms of nanobody-based molecules have been developed and reported in proof-of-concept studies.
Discussion
Recent studies give a first glimpse of the future possibilities of nanobody technologies in a complex system such as allergic diseases. It has become clear that the simplicity of the approaches as compared to regular antibody technologies will both broaden and deepen the scope of applications in allergology.
{"title":"Molecular engineering of nanobodies as tools in allergology: diagnostics and beyond","authors":"Josephine Baunvig Aagaard, Anne-Sofie Ravn Ballegaard, Pernille Ommen Andersen, Edzard Spillner","doi":"10.1007/s40629-023-00261-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-023-00261-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Summary</h2><div><h3>Background</h3><p>Molecular technologies have paved the way to improved understanding of allergic diseases in many ways, ranging from molecular allergens to tailor-made tools for analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. Engineering of such molecules has become a mainstay in most biotechnical and biomedical areas. A not so new kid on the block is the nanobody, a single-domain antibody obtained from primarily camelid species. Despite their large promise and potential, it took nanobodies a long time to also enter the stage in allergology.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This review summarizes the state of the art and the feasibility of engineering nanobody-based tools for applications in allergology.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In recent years, nanobodies with specificity for allergens have been increasingly generated. In parallel, their molecular engineering has enabled the development of derivatives that offer many advantages compared to standard antibody approaches. Hence, different application forms of nanobody-based molecules have been developed and reported in proof-of-concept studies.</p><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Recent studies give a first glimpse of the future possibilities of nanobody technologies in a complex system such as allergic diseases. It has become clear that the simplicity of the approaches as compared to regular antibody technologies will both broaden and deepen the scope of applications in allergology.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":"32 7","pages":"240 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48947422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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