Tatiana Benevides Magalhães Braga, Bárbara Penteado Cabral, Alessandro de Magalhães Gemino, Marciana Gonçalves Farinha, Demétrius Alves de França
This paper presents the Brazilian specificities of the development of its public health and social assistance policies since the re-democratization process in the 1980s until today. Besides, it presents a wide range of conflicts between the economic interests and the political activism accountable for the advances of the public policies implementation. This evolution is presented as a subsidy to the reader’s understanding of the development of a clinical solution for non-conventional settings specific to the Brazilian social and economic reality. Successful clinical experiences in health and social assistance based on phenomenology are presented, not only for diagnosis purposes, namely for understanding the people, for the context in the question, as well as the successful management development. The first case describes the provision of a peripatetic group therapy service, prior as a walking clinical practice, where the notion of territoriality and the dynamics of group interaction facilitate the understanding of the patients, while the intrinsic condition of the work also facilitates the establishment of transferential relationships. The second case describes the complexity of social welfare policy challenges through the clinical intervention while presenting a family in a social and economic vulnerability context.
{"title":"Clinical solutions performed in non-conventional settings","authors":"Tatiana Benevides Magalhães Braga, Bárbara Penteado Cabral, Alessandro de Magalhães Gemino, Marciana Gonçalves Farinha, Demétrius Alves de França","doi":"10.21860/j.12.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.12.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the Brazilian specificities of the development of its public health and social assistance policies since the re-democratization process in the 1980s until today. Besides, it presents a wide range of conflicts between the economic interests and the political activism accountable for the advances of the public policies implementation. This evolution is presented as a subsidy to the reader’s understanding of the development of a clinical solution for non-conventional settings specific to the Brazilian social and economic reality. Successful clinical experiences in health and social assistance based on phenomenology are presented, not only for diagnosis purposes, namely for understanding the people, for the context in the question, as well as the successful management development. The first case describes the provision of a peripatetic group therapy service, prior as a walking clinical practice, where the notion of territoriality and the dynamics of group interaction facilitate the understanding of the patients, while the intrinsic condition of the work also facilitates the establishment of transferential relationships. The second case describes the complexity of social welfare policy challenges through the clinical intervention while presenting a family in a social and economic vulnerability context.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81199604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pojavom pandemije COVID-19 u proljeće 2020. čovječanstvo se našlo pred potpuno novim izazovom - kako reagirati i ponašati se u doba pandemije. Odmah na početku pandemije pojavile su se mnogobrojne teorije zavjere kojima je primarna svrha unijeti nemir i strah u javnost. Globalno je počela utrka za razvojem uspješnog cjepiva koje će okončati pandemiju. Zahvaljujući ogromnom trudu velikog broja znanstvenika i desecima milijardi dolara javnog novca uloženih u istraživanje i razvoj cjepiva, krajem 2020. i početkom 2021. počela je kampanja cijepljenja širom planeta. I prije početka kampanje cijepljenja počele su naveliko kolati teorije zavjere koje su dovodile u sumnju učinkovitost cjepiva. Ove teorije zavjere imale su velik učinak na spremnost na cijepljenje jednog dijela javnosti te su oblikovale njihova mišljenja i stavove. Teorije zavjere, s obzirom na njihovu štetnost za zdravlje ljudi, te činjenice da direktno produžuju trajanje pandemije i pridonose nepotrebnom umiranju od koronavirusa, predstavljaju prvorazredno i aktualno bioetičko pitanje. U radu ćemo prikazati navedene tvrdnje teoretičara zavjere, njihov utjecaj na građane Hrvatske te motive zbog kojih gotovo polovina hrvatskih građana oklijeva ili se uopće ne želi cijepiti.
{"title":"Bioetički aspekti utjecaja teorija zavjere na borbu protiv pandemije COVID-19 u Hrvatskoj","authors":"Ivica Kelam, Kristina Dilica","doi":"10.21860/j.12.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.12.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Pojavom pandemije COVID-19 u proljeće 2020. čovječanstvo se našlo pred potpuno novim izazovom - kako reagirati i ponašati se u doba pandemije. Odmah na početku pandemije pojavile su se mnogobrojne teorije zavjere kojima je primarna svrha unijeti nemir i strah u javnost. Globalno je počela utrka za razvojem uspješnog cjepiva koje će okončati pandemiju. Zahvaljujući ogromnom trudu velikog broja znanstvenika i desecima milijardi dolara javnog novca uloženih u istraživanje i razvoj cjepiva, krajem 2020. i početkom 2021. počela je kampanja cijepljenja širom planeta. I prije početka kampanje cijepljenja počele su naveliko kolati teorije zavjere koje su dovodile u sumnju učinkovitost cjepiva. Ove teorije zavjere imale su velik učinak na spremnost na cijepljenje jednog dijela javnosti te su oblikovale njihova mišljenja i stavove. Teorije zavjere, s obzirom na njihovu štetnost za zdravlje ljudi, te činjenice da direktno produžuju trajanje pandemije i pridonose nepotrebnom umiranju od koronavirusa, predstavljaju prvorazredno i aktualno bioetičko pitanje. U radu ćemo prikazati navedene tvrdnje teoretičara zavjere, njihov utjecaj na građane Hrvatske te motive zbog kojih gotovo polovina hrvatskih građana oklijeva ili se uopće ne želi cijepiti.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73599383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vanja Novaković, Tanja Todorović, Darija Rupčić Kelam, Luka Janeš
Višestruke su posljedice krize na ljudsku psihu i tijelo, a u ovom radu evaluirat ćemo na koji se način ponajprije umjetnici i filozofi nose s krizama u društvu te kolika je snaga i propulzivnost kreativnog umjetničkog izražavanja pri suočavanju s aktualnom pandemijskom krizom. Na primjerima avangardnih pokreta uočavamo da su umjetnici u doba kriza zauvijek promijenili formalne karakteristike umjetnosti, umjetničkog djela, ali također i samo razumijevanje umjetničkog procesa. Povijesnim osvrtom izvodimo hipotezu da su pojedini umjetnički pravci u doba aktualne krize uspjeli opstati na periferiji upravo zbog duha avangarde koji nose u sebi. Filozofija, pak, reflektira krizu sinkrono s novim umjetničkim pokretima, te se čini da i „postmoderna umjetnost“ i fenomenologija idu usuprot same realnosti. U diskurzivni centar rada postavljamo analizu samog tijela koje je, postavljamo hipotezu, tradicionalno bivalo zanemareno i često stavljano na najnižu poziciju ontološke ljestvice pri mnogobrojnim filozofskim pokušajima kroz povijest. Zaključno, nastojat ćemo adekvatno argumentirati temeljnu hipotezu članka da je tijelo samo ekspresija krize, a da njezinu dublju osnovu valja tražiti u ljudskoj psihi i strukturama subjektivnosti koje su je uvjetovale. Pri čemu nastojimo „rasplesati“ i „raživotiti“ digitalnu tehničku statiku aktualnog stanja socijalne distance uzrokovane pandemijskom krizom, prilazeći joj kao svojevrsnoj sublimaciji povijesnih kriza koje su joj prethodile.
{"title":"Kriza tijela","authors":"Vanja Novaković, Tanja Todorović, Darija Rupčić Kelam, Luka Janeš","doi":"10.21860/j.12.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.12.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Višestruke su posljedice krize na ljudsku psihu i tijelo, a u ovom radu evaluirat ćemo na koji se način ponajprije umjetnici i filozofi nose s krizama u društvu te kolika je snaga i propulzivnost kreativnog umjetničkog izražavanja pri suočavanju s aktualnom pandemijskom krizom. Na primjerima avangardnih pokreta uočavamo da su umjetnici u doba kriza zauvijek promijenili formalne karakteristike umjetnosti, umjetničkog djela, ali također i samo razumijevanje umjetničkog procesa. Povijesnim osvrtom izvodimo hipotezu da su pojedini umjetnički pravci u doba aktualne krize uspjeli opstati na periferiji upravo zbog duha avangarde koji nose u sebi. Filozofija, pak, reflektira krizu sinkrono s novim umjetničkim pokretima, te se čini da i „postmoderna umjetnost“ i fenomenologija idu usuprot same realnosti. U diskurzivni centar rada postavljamo analizu samog tijela koje je, postavljamo hipotezu, tradicionalno bivalo zanemareno i često stavljano na najnižu poziciju ontološke ljestvice pri mnogobrojnim filozofskim pokušajima kroz povijest. Zaključno, nastojat ćemo adekvatno argumentirati temeljnu hipotezu članka da je tijelo samo ekspresija krize, a da njezinu dublju osnovu valja tražiti u ljudskoj psihi i strukturama subjektivnosti koje su je uvjetovale. Pri čemu nastojimo „rasplesati“ i „raživotiti“ digitalnu tehničku statiku aktualnog stanja socijalne distance uzrokovane pandemijskom krizom, prilazeći joj kao svojevrsnoj sublimaciji povijesnih kriza koje su joj prethodile.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81099025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article concentrates on the question of euthanasia in relation to the emerging life-extension technologies and the immortality industry within the philosophical framework of transhumanism. I begin by sketching the picture of human enhancement and immortality research and industry and pointing to its preliminary assessment of social impact, drawn by Jacobsen (2017). I present immortalism as a specific branch of transhumanism, leading to the rise of postmortal society informed by neohedonism and negative utilitarianism: oriented towards the pursuit of pleasure and minimization of suffering. I ask the question if in the postmortal society the problem of euthanasia will exist. To answer this question, firstly, I briefly present the changes in understanding the notion of a good death; secondly, I discuss the transhumanist approach to euthanasia. And thirdly, I point to the challenges to the biopolitics of death and dying in the postmortal society. The discussion of these areas leads to the conclusion that the problem of euthanasia in the postmortal society will not disappear; rather, it will become more aggravated due to the paradoxical nature of the transhumanist approach to death, personal freedom, autonomy, and dignity.
{"title":"Is transhumanism the solution to euthanasia?","authors":"Anna Bugajska","doi":"10.21860/j.12.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.12.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The article concentrates on the question of euthanasia in relation to the emerging life-extension technologies and the immortality industry within the philosophical framework of transhumanism. I begin by sketching the picture of human enhancement and immortality research and industry and pointing to its preliminary assessment of social impact, drawn by Jacobsen (2017). I present immortalism as a specific branch of transhumanism, leading to the rise of postmortal society informed by neohedonism and negative utilitarianism: oriented towards the pursuit of pleasure and minimization of suffering. I ask the question if in the postmortal society the problem of euthanasia will exist. To answer this question, firstly, I briefly present the changes in understanding the notion of a good death; secondly, I discuss the transhumanist approach to euthanasia. And thirdly, I point to the challenges to the biopolitics of death and dying in the postmortal society. The discussion of these areas leads to the conclusion that the problem of euthanasia in the postmortal society will not disappear; rather, it will become more aggravated due to the paradoxical nature of the transhumanist approach to death, personal freedom, autonomy, and dignity.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85177569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of reconciliation between Kant’s transcendental idealism and McCarthy’s epistemological point of view on artificial intelligence, which are at first glance likely to be considered contradictory. For this, characterizing the standpoint of J. McCarthy, who coined the word ‘artificial intelligence’ as scientific realism and that of A. Turing, who provided a crucial thought experiment that shaped the contemporary conception of artificial intelligence as behaviorism, we shall compare these two standpoints with the transcendental idealism of I. Kant, who conferred on us a monumental indicator for understanding the human reason. Through this comparison, we shall argue that scientific realism, which is currently a prominent philosophical standpoint of artificial intelligence, is not compatible with Kant’s transcendental idealism but assumes a standpoint strikingly analogous to behaviorism. Nevertheless, we shall also argue that once transcendental idealism is looked at from the viewpoint of behaviorism, scientific realism can be seen as compatible with transcendental idealism. This compatibility we name the possibility of artificial reason in this paper.
{"title":"On a Possibility of Artificial Reason","authors":"Hyeongjoo Kim, Jinkyu Jeong","doi":"10.21860/j.12.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.12.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of reconciliation between Kant’s transcendental idealism and McCarthy’s epistemological point of view on artificial intelligence, which are at first glance likely to be considered contradictory. For this, characterizing the standpoint of J. McCarthy, who coined the word ‘artificial intelligence’ as scientific realism and that of A. Turing, who provided a crucial thought experiment that shaped the contemporary conception of artificial intelligence as behaviorism, we shall compare these two standpoints with the transcendental idealism of I. Kant, who conferred on us a monumental indicator for understanding the human reason. Through this comparison, we shall argue that scientific realism, which is currently a prominent philosophical standpoint of artificial intelligence, is not compatible with Kant’s transcendental idealism but assumes a standpoint strikingly analogous to behaviorism. Nevertheless, we shall also argue that once transcendental idealism is looked at from the viewpoint of behaviorism, scientific realism can be seen as compatible with transcendental idealism. This compatibility we name the possibility of artificial reason in this paper.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"87 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89368386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kvirin Vasilj (1917 – 2006), an authentic thinker of the 20th century, in his philosophical deliberation, he touches on various aspects of human existence, including those that are today identified as bioethical challenges. Thus, bioethics is present in his deliberations, although the term bioethics as such is not found in any of his six hundred works, and they often relate to the meaning, quality, the beginning and the end of human life. Between these two endpoints of an individual’s existence, Vasilj places a considerable emphasis on the very practical dimensions of duration, nature protection, quality of life and more. It should also be noted that Vasilj often uses these themes as a basis on which to present or explain some anthropological, even ontological, issues.
{"title":"Bioethical topics in the works of Kvirin Vasilj (1917 – 2006)","authors":"Draženko Tomić","doi":"10.21860/j.11.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.11.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Kvirin Vasilj (1917 – 2006), an authentic thinker of the 20th century, in his philosophical deliberation, he touches on various aspects of human existence, including those that are today identified as bioethical challenges. Thus, bioethics is present in his deliberations, although the term bioethics as such is not found in any of his six hundred works, and they often relate to the meaning, quality, the beginning and the end of human life. Between these two endpoints of an individual’s existence, Vasilj places a considerable emphasis on the very practical dimensions of duration, nature protection, quality of life and more. It should also be noted that Vasilj often uses these themes as a basis on which to present or explain some anthropological, even ontological, issues.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85034449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Are Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW) outstanding patients? One might answer in the affirmative. Is not their refusal of blood transfusions, a treatment traditionally considered as a life-saving treatment, problematic both from the medical and legal viewpoint? However, traditions are not everlasting. Both modern medical science and legal standards have greatly improved during the last two decades. Over the last few years, JW medical choice has become standard treatment for many physicians specialized in bloodless surgeries. From the legal standpoint, laws and case-law worldwide have been moving in the same direction: a patient endowed with discernment has the absolute right to choose the treatment he/she deems the most appropriate according to his/her own personal values. In light of this evolution worldwide, JW patients have become ordinary patients. Since this is not the case in Croatia yet, this article seeks to put the Croatian legislation in harmony with the international standards by using the example of JW. It does so by answering five fundamental questions: 1) Should a JW patient be forced to undergo a blood transfusion against his or her will? 2) Should a JW patient be forced to undergo a blood transfusion in an emergency situation where life is at risk, and the patient is unconscious? 3) Can a doctor refuse to treat a JW patient because the patient refuses to accept a treatment deemed life-saving? 4) Can a doctor be held liable for respecting a JW patient’s wishes if the patient dies? 5) Can a doctor be held liable for overriding a JW patient’s wishes and administering a blood transfusion by force?
{"title":"Is the Croatian Medical law in harmony with the International comparative standards on the right to self-determination?","authors":"Petr Muzny","doi":"10.21860/j.11.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.11.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Are Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW) outstanding patients? One might answer in the affirmative. Is not their refusal of blood transfusions, a treatment traditionally considered as a life-saving treatment, problematic both from the medical and legal viewpoint? However, traditions are not everlasting. Both modern medical science and legal standards have greatly improved during the last two decades. Over the last few years, JW medical choice has become standard treatment for many physicians specialized in bloodless surgeries. From the legal standpoint, laws and case-law worldwide have been moving in the same direction: a patient endowed with discernment has the absolute right to choose the treatment he/she deems the most appropriate according to his/her own personal values. In light of this evolution worldwide, JW patients have become ordinary patients.\u0000Since this is not the case in Croatia yet, this article seeks to put the Croatian legislation in harmony with the international standards by using the example of JW. It does so by answering five fundamental questions: 1) Should a JW patient be forced to undergo a blood transfusion against his or her will? 2) Should a JW patient be forced to undergo a blood transfusion in an emergency situation where life is at risk, and the patient is unconscious? 3) Can a doctor refuse to treat a JW patient because the patient refuses to accept a treatment deemed life-saving? 4) Can a doctor be held liable for respecting a JW patient’s wishes if the patient dies? 5) Can a doctor be held liable for overriding a JW patient’s wishes and administering a blood transfusion by force?","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79956928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyses key examples of unethical medical experimentation on humans. The first part deals with racism, its ideology, and connectedness with concepts of medical racism. Concepts of the race that first emerged during the colonial expansion were defined by following their origins and function and not the philosophical thought. The second part builds upon the autonomy of patients. It includes the right to informed consent, protection of privacy, right of confidence, and persons with limited autonomy, all from a historical perspective on medical racism. In this section, the selected cases of medical racism show that the development of legal regulations and ethical norms importantly influenced the medical practice and the protection of subjects. The historical evidence also witnesses that even if the formal protection existed, there were deviations from it. The deviations were closely related to socio-political regulation and the rapid development of medicine that was a step before ethical norms. Additionally, war crimes against humanity were connected with personal ideological orientations of doctors whose racist, discriminatory beliefs were far beyond medical ethics and the purpose of medical practice. In the end, the article deals with the questions whether the results from unethical and unscientific experiments should be used and in what way medical racism endangers vulnerable groups today.
{"title":"Medical racism","authors":"M. Ramšak","doi":"10.21860/j.11.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.11.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses key examples of unethical medical experimentation on humans. The first part deals with racism, its ideology, and connectedness with concepts of medical racism. Concepts of the race that first emerged during the colonial expansion were defined by following their origins and function and not the philosophical thought. The second part builds upon the autonomy of patients. It includes the right to informed consent, protection of privacy, right of confidence, and persons with limited autonomy, all from a historical perspective on medical racism. In this section, the selected cases of medical racism show that the development of legal regulations and ethical norms importantly influenced the medical practice and the protection of subjects. The historical evidence also witnesses that even if the formal protection existed, there were deviations from it. The deviations were closely related to socio-political regulation and the rapid development of medicine that was a step before ethical norms. Additionally, war crimes against humanity were connected with personal ideological orientations of doctors whose racist, discriminatory beliefs were far beyond medical ethics and the purpose of medical practice. In the end, the article deals with the questions whether the results from unethical and unscientific experiments should be used and in what way medical racism endangers vulnerable groups today.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80832201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U radu ću iznijeti prijedlog jednog etičkog okvira za promišljanje moralnog obzira spram ljudskih i ne-ljudskih živih bića koji se temelji na pojmu samoostvarivanja. Takva etička pozicija, koja za moralno ispravno djelovanje drži ono djelovanje koje stremi omogućavanju samoostvarivanja svakom živom biću, pokušava utemeljiti biocentrički obzir ne udaljavajući se suviše od klasičnih etičkih kategorija. Uz to, ona je podesna za prosudbu suvremenih konkretnih moralnih problema, u što svakako spada pitanje opravdanosti genetičke modifikacije organizama u poljoprivredi. Osim što se čovjekove intervencije u intimnu strukturu živih bića koje bespotrebno ugrožavaju njihovo samoostvarivanje pokazuju moralno sumnjivima, s aspekta ljudskog samoostvarivanja problematičnim se pokazuje i čitav znanstveni, tehnološki i ekonomski sklop kojemu takve radnje pripadaju. Upravo fokusiranjem na ovaj sklop približavamo se onome što držimo za predzadatak morala, naime, izbjegavanju sukoba razloga obvezatnosti spram samoostvarivanja različitih živih bića, čime se istovremeno razotkrivaju i potencijali za utopičnost (bio)etičkog mišljenja. Stoga se namjesto klasičnog pro et contra pristupa problematici GMO-a u poljoprivredi ovdje bavimo propitivanjem često nepropitanih uvjeta u kojima se genetičke modifikacije u tom polju odvijaju.
{"title":"Samoostvarivanje živih bića i GMO-a u poljoprivredi","authors":"Josip Guć","doi":"10.21860/j.10.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.10.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"U radu ću iznijeti prijedlog jednog etičkog okvira za promišljanje moralnog obzira spram ljudskih i ne-ljudskih živih bića koji se temelji na pojmu samoostvarivanja. Takva etička pozicija, koja za moralno ispravno djelovanje drži ono djelovanje koje stremi omogućavanju samoostvarivanja svakom živom biću, pokušava utemeljiti biocentrički obzir ne udaljavajući se suviše od klasičnih etičkih kategorija. Uz to, ona je podesna za prosudbu suvremenih konkretnih moralnih problema, u što svakako spada pitanje opravdanosti genetičke modifikacije organizama u poljoprivredi. Osim što se čovjekove intervencije u intimnu strukturu živih bića koje bespotrebno ugrožavaju njihovo samoostvarivanje pokazuju moralno sumnjivima, s aspekta ljudskog samoostvarivanja problematičnim se pokazuje i čitav znanstveni, tehnološki i ekonomski sklop kojemu takve radnje pripadaju. Upravo fokusiranjem na ovaj sklop približavamo se onome što držimo za predzadatak morala, naime, izbjegavanju sukoba razloga obvezatnosti spram samoostvarivanja različitih živih bića, čime se istovremeno razotkrivaju i potencijali za utopičnost (bio)etičkog mišljenja. Stoga se namjesto klasičnog pro et contra pristupa problematici GMO-a u poljoprivredi ovdje bavimo propitivanjem često nepropitanih uvjeta u kojima se genetičke modifikacije u tom polju odvijaju.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73210310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biotehnologija, genetički inženjering, transgeni ili genetički modificirani organizmi (GMO) izazivaju brojne kontroverze širom zemljine kugle u posljednjih dvadesetak godina. Znanstvene studije o produkciji i upotrebi GMO-a, premda nemaju jednoznačan aksiološki predznak niti nude simplificirane odgovore na iskazane dileme, pokazuju da GM hrana donosi mogući rizik po ljudsko zdravlje, štetan utjecaj na okruženje i generalno pogoršanje kvalitete poljoprivrednih kultura. Ovome treba dodati i klasična bioetička pitanja u vezi s potencijalno nenadoknadivom štetom koju sadašnjoj, ali i budućim generacijama, može donijeti na ovakav način izmijenjeno biološko nasljeđe. Implementacija ove, kako je njeni pobornici nazivaju, najbrže usvojene biljne tehnologije u modernoj historiji čovječanstva, ugrožava, sa socijalne strane gledano, tradicionalnu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju i produbljuje i onako veliku društvenu nejednakosti između bogatih i siromašnih farmera. Evidentne su, također, intervencije velikih država i biotehnoloških kompanija prilikom donošenja ili korigiranja odgovarajućih zakona i uredbi o GMO-u, koje, iako deklarativno naglašavaju opće potrebe i zajedničku dobrobit, ustvari (ne)vješto prikrivaju vlastite partikularne interese. Analize mnogih znanstvenika i bioetičara, konačno, pokazuju da teza da će „genska revolucija” riješiti problem gladi u svijetu jednostavno nije dokazana u protekla dva desetljeća.
{"title":"Genetički modificirane biljke – bioetički pristup","authors":"Željko Kaluđerović","doi":"10.21860/j.10.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21860/j.10.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Biotehnologija, genetički inženjering, transgeni ili genetički modificirani organizmi (GMO) izazivaju brojne kontroverze širom zemljine kugle u posljednjih dvadesetak godina. Znanstvene studije o produkciji i upotrebi GMO-a, premda nemaju jednoznačan aksiološki predznak niti nude simplificirane odgovore na iskazane dileme, pokazuju da GM hrana donosi mogući rizik po ljudsko zdravlje, štetan utjecaj na okruženje i generalno pogoršanje kvalitete poljoprivrednih kultura. Ovome treba dodati i klasična bioetička pitanja u vezi s potencijalno nenadoknadivom štetom koju sadašnjoj, ali i budućim generacijama, može donijeti na ovakav način izmijenjeno biološko nasljeđe. Implementacija ove, kako je njeni pobornici nazivaju, najbrže usvojene biljne tehnologije u modernoj historiji čovječanstva, ugrožava, sa socijalne strane gledano, tradicionalnu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju i produbljuje i onako veliku društvenu nejednakosti između bogatih i siromašnih farmera. Evidentne su, također, intervencije velikih država i biotehnoloških kompanija prilikom donošenja ili korigiranja odgovarajućih zakona i uredbi o GMO-u, koje, iako deklarativno naglašavaju opće potrebe i zajedničku dobrobit, ustvari (ne)vješto prikrivaju vlastite partikularne interese. Analize mnogih znanstvenika i bioetičara, konačno, pokazuju da teza da će „genska revolucija” riješiti problem gladi u svijetu jednostavno nije dokazana u protekla dva desetljeća.","PeriodicalId":37490,"journal":{"name":"Jahr","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85543996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：