Magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) have emerged as a versatile class of nanostructured materials that combine the physicochemical properties of carbon nanotubes with the magnetic responsiveness of incorporated nanoparticles. Their high surface area, tunable surface functionality, excellent thermal and chemical stability, and ease of magnetic separation make them particularly attractive as heterogeneous catalysts. In recent years, MCNTs have been extensively explored in multicomponent reactions (MCRs), a powerful synthetic strategy that enables the rapid and atom‐economical construction of structurally diverse heterocycles with pharmaceutical and agrochemical relevance. This review highlights the design, synthesis, and catalytic applications of MCNTs in MCRs leading to nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing heterocycles reported over the past decade. Special emphasis is placed on how surface functionalization and magnetic modification enhance catalytic efficiency, recyclability, and sustainability. Comparative insights into reaction yields, selectivity, and green chemistry metrics are provided, alongside a discussion of mechanistic aspects and structure–activity relationships. This review explores the design, functionalization, and catalytic applications of magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) in multicomponent synthesis of heterocycles, emphasizing their efficiency, recyclability, and potential for sustainable chemistry. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are addressed, particularly the integration of MCNTs in scalable and environmentally benign heterocyclic synthesis.
{"title":"Magnetic carbon nanotubes in multicomponent reactions: A path to sustainable heterocyclic synthesis","authors":"Mohammad Abushuhel , Radwan Ali , Subbulakshmi Ganesan , Al-Hasnaawei Shaker , Mosstafa Kazemi , Karthikeyan Jayabalan , Renu Sharma , Aashna Sinha","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) have emerged as a versatile class of nanostructured materials that combine the physicochemical properties of carbon nanotubes with the magnetic responsiveness of incorporated nanoparticles. Their high surface area, tunable surface functionality, excellent thermal and chemical stability, and ease of magnetic separation make them particularly attractive as heterogeneous catalysts. In recent years, MCNTs have been extensively explored in multicomponent reactions (MCRs), a powerful synthetic strategy that enables the rapid and atom‐economical construction of structurally diverse heterocycles with pharmaceutical and agrochemical relevance. This review highlights the design, synthesis, and catalytic applications of MCNTs in MCRs leading to nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing heterocycles reported over the past decade. Special emphasis is placed on how surface functionalization and magnetic modification enhance catalytic efficiency, recyclability, and sustainability. Comparative insights into reaction yields, selectivity, and green chemistry metrics are provided, alongside a discussion of mechanistic aspects and structure–activity relationships. This review explores the design, functionalization, and catalytic applications of magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) in multicomponent synthesis of heterocycles, emphasizing their efficiency, recyclability, and potential for sustainable chemistry. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are addressed, particularly the integration of MCNTs in scalable and environmentally benign heterocyclic synthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123943
Rayya A. Al Balushi , Najat Al Riyami , Ashanul Haque , Khalaf M. Alenezi , Muhammad S. Khan , Jonathan M. Skelton
This work reports the synthesis, thermal characterization and optical characterization of a novel Pt(II) di‑yne (M) and poly‑yne (P) incorporating a seven-ring fused (2,8-disubstituted-6,12-dihydro-6,6,12,12-tetrakis(4-octylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene) spacer. The nature of the electronic excitation and the effect of conjugation were studied using time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The model complex (M) and the poly‑yne (P) were used as donor materials to fabricate bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs) by blending with a [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as an electron acceptor. The materials show high thermal stability and absorption in the visible region of the spectrum. Computational modelling shows that alkynylation of the fused dithienoindacenodithiophene spacer, and its subsequent incorporation into a Pt(II) di‑yne, results in a reduction of the HOMO-LUMO gap and concomitant red shift of the absorption edge, and a significant enhancement in the oscillator strength. Both M and P were found to show low photovoltaic performance, tentatively attributed to a limited absorption profile. Overall, this study sheds light on a new member of the family of Pt(II) di-ynes and poly-ynes, for which the electronic properties of the materials can be tuned via linker groups with extended aromatic character.
{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic performance of two new platina-ynes functionalized with seven-ring fused dithienoindacenodithiophene spacers","authors":"Rayya A. Al Balushi , Najat Al Riyami , Ashanul Haque , Khalaf M. Alenezi , Muhammad S. Khan , Jonathan M. Skelton","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reports the synthesis, thermal characterization and optical characterization of a novel Pt(II) di‑yne (<strong>M</strong>) and poly‑yne (<strong>P</strong>) incorporating a seven-ring fused (2,8-disubstituted-6,12-dihydro-6,6,12,12-tetrakis(4-octylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene) spacer. The nature of the electronic excitation and the effect of conjugation were studied using time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The model complex (<strong>M</strong>) and the poly‑yne (<strong>P</strong>) were used as donor materials to fabricate bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs) by blending with a [6,6]-phenyl C<sub>71</sub>-butyric acid methyl ester (PC<sub>71</sub>BM) as an electron acceptor. The materials show high thermal stability and absorption in the visible region of the spectrum. Computational modelling shows that alkynylation of the fused dithienoindacenodithiophene spacer, and its subsequent incorporation into a Pt(II) di‑yne, results in a reduction of the HOMO-LUMO gap and concomitant red shift of the absorption edge, and a significant enhancement in the oscillator strength. Both <strong>M</strong> and <strong>P</strong> were found to show low photovoltaic performance, tentatively attributed to a limited absorption profile. Overall, this study sheds light on a new member of the family of Pt(II) di-ynes and poly-ynes, for which the electronic properties of the materials can be tuned <em>via</em> linker groups with extended aromatic character.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123943"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ru(II)–arene organometallic complexes are genuine species that provide a tunable platform for anticancer therapy, rivaling platinum-based drugs through ligand design versatility and diverse mechanisms. In contrast, clinically relevant non-arene Ru(III) coordination compounds such as NAMI-A and BOLD-100 lack direct Ru–C bonds, but are included in this review for their complementary mechanistic and translational relevance. This review integrates recent synthetic advancements, including microwave-assisted synthesis and ligand exchange strategies, with mechanistic insights driving their antitumor, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic effects. Key pathways include reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via GRP78 modulation, and selective inhibition of redox enzymes like thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and cathepsin B. Clinically relevant Ru-based drug candidates include the non-arene Ru(III) coordination compounds NAMI-A ([ImH][trans-RuCl₄(DMSO)(Im)], where Im = imidazole) and BOLD-100 ([Na][trans-RuCl₄(Ind)₂]), as well as the organometallic Ru(II)–arene complex RAPTA-C ([Ru(η⁶-p-cymene)(PTA)Cl₂], where PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane). Among these, only RAPTA-C represents a true piano-stool organometallic complex, whereas NAMI-A and BOLD-100 exemplify Ru(III) coordination (non-arene) species. NAMI-A has shown antimetastatic activity in lung cancer models, BOLD-100 has progressed to phase Ib/IIa trials in gastrointestinal cancers, and RAPTA-C demonstrates anti-invasive efficacy in preclinical studies. Structure–activity relationships (SAR) reveal that arene and auxiliary ligands, such as p-cymene or PTA, modulate lipophilicity, cellular uptake, and tumor selectivity, while Ru(II)/Ru(III) oxidation states govern activation in hypoxic microenvironments. Their inherent polypharmacological profile and multisite binding to diverse biomolecules necessitate a holistic, speciation-aware interpretation of biodistribution and off-target effects. Despite progress, challenges like hydrolytic instability, variable speciation, poor penetration into dense tumors, and regulatory hurdles persist. We propose a roadmap integrating speciation-aware bioassays, DFT/machine learning-driven SAR, biomarker-guided trials, and theranostic formulations with radiolabels (e.g., Ru-97/103) to enhance stability, selectivity, and clinical translation. By distinguishing between Ru(II)–arene organometallic scaffolds and Ru(III) non-arene clinical leads, this review unites synthetic precision with multimodal mechanisms, highlighting the collective potential of ruthenium-based agents to advance precision oncology with lower toxicity and improved efficacy against resistant cancers.
{"title":"Ruthenium-based anticancer agents: Focus on mononuclear Ru(II)–arene organometallic scaffolds and Ru(III) non-arene coordination compounds as clinical leads","authors":"Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh , Luma Hussain Saleh , G. PadmaPriya , Subhashree Ray , Amrita Pal , Vimal Arora , Khalmurat Iliev , Zukhra Atamuratova , Davronbek Yulchiev , Aseel Smerat , Shahad Muthana Qasim","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ru(II)–arene organometallic complexes are genuine species that provide a tunable platform for anticancer therapy, rivaling platinum-based drugs through ligand design versatility and diverse mechanisms. In contrast, clinically relevant non-arene Ru(III) coordination compounds such as NAMI-A and BOLD-100 lack direct Ru–C bonds, but are included in this review for their complementary mechanistic and translational relevance. This review integrates recent synthetic advancements, including microwave-assisted synthesis and ligand exchange strategies, with mechanistic insights driving their antitumor, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic effects. Key pathways include reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via GRP78 modulation, and selective inhibition of redox enzymes like thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and cathepsin B. Clinically relevant Ru-based drug candidates include the non-arene Ru(III) coordination compounds NAMI-A ([ImH][trans-RuCl₄(DMSO)(Im)], where Im = imidazole) and BOLD-100 ([Na][trans-RuCl₄(Ind)₂]), as well as the organometallic Ru(II)–arene complex RAPTA-C ([Ru(η⁶-p-cymene)(PTA)Cl₂], where PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane). Among these, only RAPTA-C represents a true piano-stool organometallic complex, whereas NAMI-A and BOLD-100 exemplify Ru(III) coordination (non-arene) species. NAMI-A has shown antimetastatic activity in lung cancer models, BOLD-100 has progressed to phase Ib/IIa trials in gastrointestinal cancers, and RAPTA-C demonstrates anti-invasive efficacy in preclinical studies. Structure–activity relationships (SAR) reveal that arene and auxiliary ligands, such as p-cymene or PTA, modulate lipophilicity, cellular uptake, and tumor selectivity, while Ru(II)/Ru(III) oxidation states govern activation in hypoxic microenvironments. Their inherent polypharmacological profile and multisite binding to diverse biomolecules necessitate a holistic, speciation-aware interpretation of biodistribution and off-target effects. Despite progress, challenges like hydrolytic instability, variable speciation, poor penetration into dense tumors, and regulatory hurdles persist. We propose a roadmap integrating speciation-aware bioassays, DFT/machine learning-driven SAR, biomarker-guided trials, and theranostic formulations with radiolabels (e.g., Ru-97/103) to enhance stability, selectivity, and clinical translation. By distinguishing between Ru(II)–arene organometallic scaffolds and Ru(III) non-arene clinical leads, this review unites synthetic precision with multimodal mechanisms, highlighting the collective potential of ruthenium-based agents to advance precision oncology with lower toxicity and improved efficacy against resistant cancers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123981"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123959
Jin Zhang , Zhan Zhou
The application of nanobiotechnology in the detection and treatment of contemporary illnesses has expanded quickly. At low concentrations, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) offer biomedical qualities and are an environmentally friendly, economical, and biocompatible method. In this study, we used the leaves of Mentha pulegium to report on biogenic supported silver nanoparticles. The leaves of Mentha pulegium were utilized as a green reducing agent and a superior stabilizer for the silver nanoparticles that were synthesized. The created Ag NPs/M. pulegium has been characterized using UV–Vis, TEM, FE-SEM, EDX, and ICP-OES. Further, the catalytic performance of this navel material has been examined in the generation of pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole compounds via A3 coupling reaction between aldehydes, ethynylbenzene and 3-aminoindazoles with good yields under solid-state conditions. Once the reaction was finished, the Ag NPs/M. pulegium catalyst could be easily recycled and used again for 5 runs without remarkable decrease in its efficiency. Ag NPs that were biologically produced were evaluated for their anti-human cervical cancer properties against cell line of cervical cancer. By using the MTT assay, Ag NPs' anti-cervical cancer qualities could effectively eradicate the HeLa cancer cells that was dependent on both concentration and time. Ag NPs induce cell death, which is followed by downregulation of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 and overexpression of the pro-apoptotic markers Bax and cleaved caspase-8. Furthermore, in contrast to their corresponding control, Ag NPs prevented colony formation. More significantly, the investigation of treated cells molecular pathway with Ag NPs showed that Ag NPs inhibited the expression of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in cells. This implies that the nanoparticles pharmacological effects on human cervical cancer cells were mostly caused by PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway.
{"title":"Green generation of silver nanoparticles mediated by Mentha pulegium leaf extract: Investigation of its catalytic activity in the A3 coupling reaction, and its anti-cervical cancer effects","authors":"Jin Zhang , Zhan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of nanobiotechnology in the detection and treatment of contemporary illnesses has expanded quickly. At low concentrations, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) offer biomedical qualities and are an environmentally friendly, economical, and biocompatible method. In this study, we used the leaves of <em>Mentha pulegium</em> to report on biogenic supported silver nanoparticles. The leaves of <em>Mentha pulegium</em> were utilized as a green reducing agent and a superior stabilizer for the silver nanoparticles that were synthesized. The created Ag NPs/<em>M. pulegium</em> has been characterized using UV–Vis, TEM, FE-SEM, EDX, and ICP-OES. Further, the catalytic performance of this navel material has been examined in the generation of pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole compounds via A<sup>3</sup> coupling reaction between aldehydes, ethynylbenzene and 3-aminoindazoles with good yields under solid-state conditions. Once the reaction was finished, the Ag NPs/<em>M. pulegium</em> catalyst could be easily recycled and used again for 5 runs without remarkable decrease in its efficiency. Ag NPs that were biologically produced were evaluated for their anti-human cervical cancer properties against cell line of cervical cancer. By using the MTT assay, Ag NPs' anti-cervical cancer qualities could effectively eradicate the HeLa cancer cells that was dependent on both concentration and time. Ag NPs induce cell death, which is followed by downregulation of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 and overexpression of the pro-apoptotic markers Bax and cleaved caspase-8. Furthermore, in contrast to their corresponding control, Ag NPs prevented colony formation. More significantly, the investigation of treated cells molecular pathway with Ag NPs showed that Ag NPs inhibited the expression of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in cells. This implies that the nanoparticles pharmacological effects on human cervical cancer cells were mostly caused by PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123959"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123960
Athmar Ali Kadhim , Muhammad Abdel Hasan Shallal , Karrar Majeed Obaid , Hayfaa A. Mubarak
This study highlights the critical role of novel Pd-based nanocatalysts in advancing sustainable organic synthesis, particularly in cross-coupling reactions. In this study, a hybrid catalyst was fabricated by functionalizing graphene oxide (GO) with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (TCT), and piperazine, followed by immobilization of palladium nanoparticles (APTMS-TCT-GO-Piperazine-Pd Nanoparticle). The synthesis of APTMS-TCT-GO-Piperazine-Pd involved multiple steps, including GO preparation via Hummer’s method, surface functionalization with APTMS, further modification with TCT, linkage with piperazine, and finally, Pd nanoparticle loading. Comprehensive characterization techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) confirmed successful fabrication, with Pd nanoparticles averaging 12.5 nm in size and high Pd loading (∼226 ppm). The catalyst demonstrated exceptional efficiency in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions under both thermal and microwave conditions. Optimum conditions included using K₂CO₃ as base in a water/DMF solvent system, yielding biaryl products in high yields (82–97 %) across various aryl halides, including challenging chlorides. Reaction times ranged from minutes under microwave irradiation to hours thermally, with excellent catalyst recyclability over at least seven consecutive cycles, retaining high activity and minimal Pd leaching. The catalyst's advantageous features easy separation, reusability, broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, and outstanding yield highlight its potential for sustainable industrial applications, notably in pharmaceutical and materials synthesis, aligning with eco-friendly and economic objectives in catalysis research.
{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of APTMS-TCT-GO-Piperazine-Pd nanoparticle as a heterogeneous and reusable catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction under thermal and microwave conditions","authors":"Athmar Ali Kadhim , Muhammad Abdel Hasan Shallal , Karrar Majeed Obaid , Hayfaa A. Mubarak","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study highlights the critical role of novel Pd-based nanocatalysts in advancing sustainable organic synthesis, particularly in cross-coupling reactions. In this study, a hybrid catalyst was fabricated by functionalizing graphene oxide (GO) with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (TCT), and piperazine, followed by immobilization of palladium nanoparticles (APTMS-TCT-GO-Piperazine-Pd Nanoparticle). The synthesis of APTMS-TCT-GO-Piperazine-Pd involved multiple steps, including GO preparation via Hummer’s method, surface functionalization with APTMS, further modification with TCT, linkage with piperazine, and finally, Pd nanoparticle loading. Comprehensive characterization techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) confirmed successful fabrication, with Pd nanoparticles averaging 12.5 nm in size and high Pd loading (∼226 ppm). The catalyst demonstrated exceptional efficiency in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions under both thermal and microwave conditions. Optimum conditions included using K₂CO₃ as base in a water/DMF solvent system, yielding biaryl products in high yields (82–97 %) across various aryl halides, including challenging chlorides. Reaction times ranged from minutes under microwave irradiation to hours thermally, with excellent catalyst recyclability over at least seven consecutive cycles, retaining high activity and minimal Pd leaching. The catalyst's advantageous features easy separation, reusability, broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, and outstanding yield highlight its potential for sustainable industrial applications, notably in pharmaceutical and materials synthesis, aligning with eco-friendly and economic objectives in catalysis research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123960"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), exhibiting tunable size-dependent optical and electronic characteristics, have become revolutionary materials in different fields of science. This review is particularly devoted to their utilization in carbon conversion, which is an essential area to address climate change and reach net-zero emissions. High surface area, tunability of the band gap and excellent photochemical stability of QDs make them quite suitable for CO2 adsorption and reduction. In the review, various QD synthesis methods such as chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, and other methods are discussed that offer the possibility to regulate their size and characteristics. It also explores their incorporation with other hybrid systems such as metal organic frameworks and graphene to improve the carbon conversion performance. In addition, application of QDs in photocatalytic reduction of CO2 is also presented, as they show great promise in the conversion of CO2 to advantageous fuels and chemicals. Issues like scalability of the system, environmental issues and sustainability of the solution are also discussed. This systematic review summarizes future research and emphasizes the potential of QDs to transform carbon to attain the global carbon neutrality.
{"title":"State-of-art of quantum dots: A comprehensive review on photocatalytic carbon conversion","authors":"Sonia , Youssef Trabelsi , Ajay Kumari , M. Manjula , Sonam Goyal , Ashok Kumar , Lakshita Phor , Nidhi Rathee , Surjeet Chahal","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), exhibiting tunable size-dependent optical and electronic characteristics, have become revolutionary materials in different fields of science. This review is particularly devoted to their utilization in carbon conversion, which is an essential area to address climate change and reach net-zero emissions. High surface area, tunability of the band gap and excellent photochemical stability of QDs make them quite suitable for CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption and reduction. In the review, various QD synthesis methods such as chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, and other methods are discussed that offer the possibility to regulate their size and characteristics. It also explores their incorporation with other hybrid systems such as metal organic frameworks and graphene to improve the carbon conversion performance. In addition, application of QDs in photocatalytic reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> is also presented, as they show great promise in the conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to advantageous fuels and chemicals. Issues like scalability of the system, environmental issues and sustainability of the solution are also discussed. This systematic review summarizes future research and emphasizes the potential of QDs to transform carbon to attain the global carbon neutrality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123980
Meng Hu, Hai-Juan Shuai, Xiao-Meng Jin, Chen Gao, Chuan-Ming Jin
This work presents the synthesis of four bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC metallomacrocyclic assemblies Ag-NHC-1, 2, 3, and 4, through silver oxide reacted with the corresponding bi-NHC precursors NHC-1, 2, 3, and 4 based on imidazole and triazole rings, and an isomerization process from Ag-NHC-4 to the bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC metallomacrocyclic polymer Ag-NHC-P4. They were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI–MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis. X-ray crystallography revealed that Ag-NHC-1, 2, 3, and 4 are box-type, U-shape and square-type bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC [2M+2L] metallomacrocyclic supramolecular assemblies with intramolecular Ag-π interactions, intramolecular and intermolecular π–π stacking interactions, whereas Ag-NHC-P4 functioned as an infinite 1D linearly arranged polymer containing two distinct square-type bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC metallomacrocyclic units. The in vitro cytotoxic activity observed in Ag-NHC-1, 2, 3, and 4 against lung cancer cells H157 indicates that they had significant inhibitory effects on lung cancer cells growth with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value at 1.55, 0.25, 0.08 and 1.74 μM in H157 cells, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity order is Ag-NHC-3 > Ag-NHC-2 > Ag-NHC-1 > Ag-NHC-4, revealed this possibility to improve the anti-cancer activity of Ag(I)-NHC complexes through inducing N-heterocyclic carbene based on triazole rings and functional quinoline groups, owing to the naked N atoms of triazole and quinoline rings may be tuning the geometric structure of bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC assemblies and their biological compatibility.
{"title":"Four bi-nuclear Ag(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene metallomacrocyclic assemblies: Crystal structure, anti-lung cancer activity and isomerization to 1D Ag(I)-NHC polymer","authors":"Meng Hu, Hai-Juan Shuai, Xiao-Meng Jin, Chen Gao, Chuan-Ming Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents the synthesis of four bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC metallomacrocyclic assemblies Ag-NHC-1, 2, 3, and 4, through silver oxide reacted with the corresponding bi-NHC precursors NHC-1, 2, 3, and 4 based on imidazole and triazole rings, and an isomerization process from Ag-NHC-4 to the bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC metallomacrocyclic polymer Ag-NHC-P4. They were characterized by <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, ESI–MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis. X-ray crystallography revealed that Ag-NHC-1, 2, 3, and 4 are box-type, U-shape and square-type bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC [2M+2L] metallomacrocyclic supramolecular assemblies with intramolecular Ag-π interactions, intramolecular and intermolecular π–π stacking interactions, whereas Ag-NHC-P4 functioned as an infinite 1D linearly arranged polymer containing two distinct square-type bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC metallomacrocyclic units. The in vitro cytotoxic activity observed in Ag-NHC-1, 2, 3, and 4 against lung cancer cells H157 indicates that they had significant inhibitory effects on lung cancer cells growth with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) value at 1.55, 0.25, 0.08 and 1.74 μM in H157 cells, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity order is Ag-NHC-3 > Ag-NHC-2 > Ag-NHC-1 > Ag-NHC-4, revealed this possibility to improve the anti-cancer activity of Ag(I)-NHC complexes through inducing N-heterocyclic carbene based on triazole rings and functional quinoline groups, owing to the naked N atoms of triazole and quinoline rings may be tuning the geometric structure of bi-nuclear Ag(I)-NHC assemblies and their biological compatibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123980"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123970
Ali B.M. Ali , Ammar Yasir Ahmed , Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh , Alejandro Pérez-Larios , Carlos Soto-Robles , Osmin Áviles-García , P. Jangir , Mustafa Diab , H. Amin El Sabban , Mutabar Latipova , Ruslanbek Siddikov , Mumtaj Shah
This exclusive innovation work presents the creation and development of silver nanoparticles coated Mentha pulegium extract-enhanced Zn–Al-layered double hydroxide (Zn-Al LDH/MPextract), a novel nanocatalyst. The created Zn-Al LDH/MPextract served as an effective protective and reducing framework for the in situ formation of Ag NPs. A wide array of cutting-edge techniques, such as TEM, FE-SEM, EDX, ICP-OES, elemental mapping, and XRD, were utilized to investigate the structural properties of the Zn-Al LDH/MPextract/Ag nanoparticles. The catalytic efficiency of the Zn-Al LDH/MPextract/Ag NPs was examined for the generation of 2-amino-4H-chromenes through a 3-component condensation involving resorcinol, aldehydes, and malononitrile. The Zn-Al LDH/MPextract/Ag NPs nanocatalyst was shown good recyclability until 6 cycles without notable decrease in its performance.
{"title":"Silver nanoparticles immobilized over Zn–Al-layered double hydroxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of chromene derivatives","authors":"Ali B.M. Ali , Ammar Yasir Ahmed , Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh , Alejandro Pérez-Larios , Carlos Soto-Robles , Osmin Áviles-García , P. Jangir , Mustafa Diab , H. Amin El Sabban , Mutabar Latipova , Ruslanbek Siddikov , Mumtaj Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This exclusive innovation work presents the creation and development of silver nanoparticles coated <em>Mentha pulegium</em> extract-enhanced Zn–Al-layered double hydroxide (Zn-Al LDH/MPextract), a novel nanocatalyst. The created Zn-Al LDH/MPextract served as an effective protective and reducing framework for the in <em>situ</em> formation of Ag NPs. A wide array of cutting-edge techniques, such as TEM, FE-SEM, EDX, ICP-OES, elemental mapping, and XRD, were utilized to investigate the structural properties of the Zn-Al LDH/MPextract/Ag nanoparticles. The catalytic efficiency of the Zn-Al LDH/MPextract/Ag NPs was examined for the generation of 2-amino-4H-chromenes through a 3-component condensation involving resorcinol, aldehydes, and malononitrile. The Zn-Al LDH/MPextract/Ag NPs nanocatalyst was shown good recyclability until 6 cycles without notable decrease in its performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123970"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123984
Mehdi Heshmati, Hamideh Sarreshtehdar Aslaheh, Ahmad Poursattar Marjani
This study looks at recent developments from 2020 to 2025 in using chitosan and its derivatives as eco-friendly supports for metal immobilization in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The review covers metal nanoparticles like Pd, Ni, Au, and Sb, as well as the immobilization of metal ions in different structures. These include ligand-free metals supported by chitosan, hybrids of chitosan with other organic and inorganic polymers, base-shift derivatives of chitosan, porous chitosan microspheres, and chitosan modified with amino acids, amines, amides, carbons, and other modifications.
{"title":"Chitosan-based catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions: recent advances and future perspectives (2020–2025)","authors":"Mehdi Heshmati, Hamideh Sarreshtehdar Aslaheh, Ahmad Poursattar Marjani","doi":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jorganchem.2025.123984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study looks at recent developments from 2020 to 2025 in using chitosan and its derivatives as eco-friendly supports for metal immobilization in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The review covers metal nanoparticles like Pd, Ni, Au, and Sb, as well as the immobilization of metal ions in different structures. These include ligand-free metals supported by chitosan, hybrids of chitosan with other organic and inorganic polymers, base-shift derivatives of chitosan, porous chitosan microspheres, and chitosan modified with amino acids, amines, amides, carbons, and other modifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Organometallic Chemistry","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Article 123984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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