Pub Date : 2019-03-05DOI: 10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019425
C. Spitas, A. Amrin, A. Amani, G. Vasileiou, V. Spitas
A method and its computerised implementation are proposed for the modelling of planetary transmission systems. Using a computer symbolic scripting environment, a number of idea class objects and appropriate methods to manipulate them are defined, implementing all the relationships that govern the system kinematics, mechanical efficiency and geometric compatibility. The outcome is a system of equations involving the most pertinent design and performance parameters, which allow a systematic interrogation of the relationships between system design and performance. This method is particularly useful for the synthesis and design of novel automotive planetary transmissions, where very early in the design process an analytical solution to several inverse problems is required, making the proposed computerised symbolic modelling indispensable.
{"title":"Computerised symbolic planetary transmission modelling for automotive design","authors":"C. Spitas, A. Amrin, A. Amani, G. Vasileiou, V. Spitas","doi":"10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019425","url":null,"abstract":"A method and its computerised implementation are proposed for the modelling of planetary transmission systems. Using a computer symbolic scripting environment, a number of idea class objects and appropriate methods to manipulate them are defined, implementing all the relationships that govern the system kinematics, mechanical efficiency and geometric compatibility. The outcome is a system of equations involving the most pertinent design and performance parameters, which allow a systematic interrogation of the relationships between system design and performance. This method is particularly useful for the synthesis and design of novel automotive planetary transmissions, where very early in the design process an analytical solution to several inverse problems is required, making the proposed computerised symbolic modelling indispensable.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83201720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-05DOI: 10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019419
S. Xue, I. Howard
This paper investigates the vibration response from the planetary gearbox with a flexible ring gear, supported by various constraints, resulting in quite different vibration spectra. The ring gear with its supports was modelled in ANSYS as a transient finite element moving load beam problem to formulate the vibration response. The moving load was represented by the dynamic gear mesh forces, which were obtained from a planetary gear lumped-parameter model. Two support conditions were analysed in this research. In the uniform support condition, it was found that the modulation effect from the carrier arm rotation can be accurately predicted and the vibration spectra matched well with previous publications. In the pin support condition, the spectra from different ring gear rim locations can result in different vibration spectra and it provides a primer guideline for further understanding the effect of the sensor location on the planetary gear vibration monitoring.
{"title":"Vibration response from the planetary gear with flexible ring gear","authors":"S. Xue, I. Howard","doi":"10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019419","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the vibration response from the planetary gearbox with a flexible ring gear, supported by various constraints, resulting in quite different vibration spectra. The ring gear with its supports was modelled in ANSYS as a transient finite element moving load beam problem to formulate the vibration response. The moving load was represented by the dynamic gear mesh forces, which were obtained from a planetary gear lumped-parameter model. Two support conditions were analysed in this research. In the uniform support condition, it was found that the modulation effect from the carrier arm rotation can be accurately predicted and the vibration spectra matched well with previous publications. In the pin support condition, the spectra from different ring gear rim locations can result in different vibration spectra and it provides a primer guideline for further understanding the effect of the sensor location on the planetary gear vibration monitoring.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86770343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-05DOI: 10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019429
V. Spitas
In this paper, a new topology of reinforcing plastic gears with carbon fibres is introduced. The reinforcement is placed tangentially to the critical cross section at the tooth fillet to improve bending strength. The mechanical modelling of the fibrous reinforcement is performed using an anisotropic material stiffness matrix derived from the analysis of a representative volume element using commercial stress analysis software. Benchmarking against conventional plastic gears illustrates that the maximum fillet stress, which is responsible for tooth failure in overloading conditions is greatly reduced, therefore rendering these gears suitable for considering their use in high load applications such as in the automotive industry. Also, the effect of the thickness of the reinforcement on the maximum developed tensile stress at the root is examined. The results show significant decrease of the bending stress at the root fillet rendering this design an alternative way in reinforcing plastic gears.
{"title":"Improving strength for automotive plastic gears through directional fibre reinforcement","authors":"V. Spitas","doi":"10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPT.2019.10019429","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new topology of reinforcing plastic gears with carbon fibres is introduced. The reinforcement is placed tangentially to the critical cross section at the tooth fillet to improve bending strength. The mechanical modelling of the fibrous reinforcement is performed using an anisotropic material stiffness matrix derived from the analysis of a representative volume element using commercial stress analysis software. Benchmarking against conventional plastic gears illustrates that the maximum fillet stress, which is responsible for tooth failure in overloading conditions is greatly reduced, therefore rendering these gears suitable for considering their use in high load applications such as in the automotive industry. Also, the effect of the thickness of the reinforcement on the maximum developed tensile stress at the root is examined. The results show significant decrease of the bending stress at the root fillet rendering this design an alternative way in reinforcing plastic gears.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86213399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-05DOI: 10.1504/IJPT.2019.098120
Ehsan Fatourehchi, M. Mohammadpour, P. King, H. Rahnejat, G. Trimmer, B. Womersley, A. Williams
Planetary systems offer the advantage of desired speed-torque variation with a lighter, compact and coaxial construction than the traditional gear trains. Frictional losses and noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) refinement are the main concerns. Modification of gear teeth geometry to reduce friction between the mating teeth flanks of vehicular planetary hubs, as well as refining NVH under varying load-speed conditions is one of the remedial actions. However, implementing modifications can result in reduced structural integrity and system durability. Therefore, a contradiction may arise between assuring a high degree of durability and achieving better transmission efficiency, which necessitates detailed system optimisation. An integrated multi-disciplinary analytical approach, including tribology and sub-surface stress analysis is developed. As a preliminary step, tooth contact analysis (TCA) is performed to obtain contact footprint shape of meshing gear teeth pairs, as well as contact kinematics and applied load distribution. Then, an analytical time-efficient elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis of elliptical point contact of crowned spur gear teeth is carried out to observe the effect of gear tip relief modification upon planetary hub sub-surface stresses.
{"title":"Effect of tooth profile modification on the durability of planetary hub gears","authors":"Ehsan Fatourehchi, M. Mohammadpour, P. King, H. Rahnejat, G. Trimmer, B. Womersley, A. Williams","doi":"10.1504/IJPT.2019.098120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPT.2019.098120","url":null,"abstract":"Planetary systems offer the advantage of desired speed-torque variation with a lighter, compact and coaxial construction than the traditional gear trains. Frictional losses and noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) refinement are the main concerns. Modification of gear teeth geometry to reduce friction between the mating teeth flanks of vehicular planetary hubs, as well as refining NVH under varying load-speed conditions is one of the remedial actions. However, implementing modifications can result in reduced structural integrity and system durability. Therefore, a contradiction may arise between assuring a high degree of durability and achieving better transmission efficiency, which necessitates detailed system optimisation. An integrated multi-disciplinary analytical approach, including tribology and sub-surface stress analysis is developed. As a preliminary step, tooth contact analysis (TCA) is performed to obtain contact footprint shape of meshing gear teeth pairs, as well as contact kinematics and applied load distribution. Then, an analytical time-efficient elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis of elliptical point contact of crowned spur gear teeth is carried out to observe the effect of gear tip relief modification upon planetary hub sub-surface stresses.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80151919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026391
Naoui Mohamed, F. Aymen, B. Mouna
The objective of this paper is to define correctly the overall components of the wireless recharge system and study its efficiency in relation to the vehicle situation under various speeds values. This study required a detailed mathematical analysis and needs to define the correct relationship between more than parameters as the vehicle speed, the battery SOC, the distance between the two coils, the injected electrical power and the transmitter/receiver dimension and number. Also, the recharge time factor was taken in consideration in this phase. The analysis study was elaborated using Matlab/Simulink software and the obtained results were showed that the efficiency of this recharge system depends, numerous and essential factors, especially the vehicle speed. So, a selective recommendation was given at the end of this study.
{"title":"Inductive charger efficiency under internal and external parameters variation for an electric vehicle in motion","authors":"Naoui Mohamed, F. Aymen, B. Mouna","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026391","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to define correctly the overall components of the wireless recharge system and study its efficiency in relation to the vehicle situation under various speeds values. This study required a detailed mathematical analysis and needs to define the correct relationship between more than parameters as the vehicle speed, the battery SOC, the distance between the two coils, the injected electrical power and the transmitter/receiver dimension and number. Also, the recharge time factor was taken in consideration in this phase. The analysis study was elaborated using Matlab/Simulink software and the obtained results were showed that the efficiency of this recharge system depends, numerous and essential factors, especially the vehicle speed. So, a selective recommendation was given at the end of this study.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83334004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026388
P. Vaghela, J. Prajapati
The focus of this work is a geometric parameter of an asymmetric involute spur gear tooth. Gear strength is influenced by tooth geometry. So, knowledge of tooth geometric is required which will help to improve the strength of a gear tooth. In this article, a data generated from an equations and presented in form of graph for better interpretation of the effect of drive side pressure angle on various parameters like contact ratio, HPSTC radius, load angle, tip thickness, thickness of tooth at pitch circle radius, critical section thickness, bending moment arm height, etc. Parametric analysis of gear tooth gives an idea about how different parameters affect tooth geometry of an asymmetric involute spur gear tooth which is essential for modelling and manufacturing. Parametric analysis helps to calculate optimise drive side pressure angle. It is also predicted or calculates % reduction in bending stress at the root of the tooth without using FEA. It is explained with illustration and results are compared to justify it.
{"title":"Parametric analysis of asymmetric involute spur gear tooth","authors":"P. Vaghela, J. Prajapati","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026388","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this work is a geometric parameter of an asymmetric involute spur gear tooth. Gear strength is influenced by tooth geometry. So, knowledge of tooth geometric is required which will help to improve the strength of a gear tooth. In this article, a data generated from an equations and presented in form of graph for better interpretation of the effect of drive side pressure angle on various parameters like contact ratio, HPSTC radius, load angle, tip thickness, thickness of tooth at pitch circle radius, critical section thickness, bending moment arm height, etc. Parametric analysis of gear tooth gives an idea about how different parameters affect tooth geometry of an asymmetric involute spur gear tooth which is essential for modelling and manufacturing. Parametric analysis helps to calculate optimise drive side pressure angle. It is also predicted or calculates % reduction in bending stress at the root of the tooth without using FEA. It is explained with illustration and results are compared to justify it.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86253854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026390
J. Götz, K. Stahl
The development of transmission types for passenger cars clearly shows a significant increase in vehicles with an electrified powertrain. Due to the electrification of the powertrain the total number of necessary gears is drastically reduced in battery electrical vehicles (BEV). Transmissions become lighter, more compact and their complexity is decreased. These changes leave the question open whether transmissions are still needed in the future. However, the requirements in terms of power density, efficiency and NVH are becoming more demanding. To meet these requirements, a large number of research projects are in progress which face the challenges in electrified transmissions. The following paper gives a broad overview over those research projects and shows the essential necessity of transmissions in electrified powertrains in the future.
{"title":"On the future of gears in electrified drive trains","authors":"J. Götz, K. Stahl","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026390","url":null,"abstract":"The development of transmission types for passenger cars clearly shows a significant increase in vehicles with an electrified powertrain. Due to the electrification of the powertrain the total number of necessary gears is drastically reduced in battery electrical vehicles (BEV). Transmissions become lighter, more compact and their complexity is decreased. These changes leave the question open whether transmissions are still needed in the future. However, the requirements in terms of power density, efficiency and NVH are becoming more demanding. To meet these requirements, a large number of research projects are in progress which face the challenges in electrified transmissions. The following paper gives a broad overview over those research projects and shows the essential necessity of transmissions in electrified powertrains in the future.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75802841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2019.10021006
J. Walker, M. Mohammadpour, C. Oglieve, I. Medina Huerta, S. R. Bewsher
{"title":"Fuel consumption and emission reduction by using a CVT in series with conventional multi-speed transmission","authors":"J. Walker, M. Mohammadpour, C. Oglieve, I. Medina Huerta, S. R. Bewsher","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2019.10021006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2019.10021006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79930656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2019.10022563
Bo Liu, Zhenhui Yao, Ling Su, M. Hong, Anjian Zhou
{"title":"Back-stepping speed control for internal combustion engines","authors":"Bo Liu, Zhenhui Yao, Ling Su, M. Hong, Anjian Zhou","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2019.10022563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2019.10022563","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84677176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026387
Hatim Ameziane, Kamal Zared, H. Qjidaa
This paper presents an energy harvesting system to reduce the mass of the cables within an aircraft, focusing on the development of a power conversion chain to harvest energy from data lines, which is eventually used to supply the aircraft sensors or wireless monitoring. This proposed interface harvests energy from data CAN bus without disturbing the data transmission, providing an output current up to 60 mA and an output voltage of 1.65 V at the output of the fully-integrated-LDO and an output voltage of 5.035 V at the output of the charge pump within a very short settling time of less than 5 ms and a low voltage ripple of 158.2 mV, in order to feed the aircraft sensors. The most common energy harvester sources are solar cells, wind turbines, vibration energy and thermoelectric generators. The energy harvesting chain (EHC), which does not depend on the environment, is composed by fast analogue devices that are based on integrating a fully-integrated-LDO with a fast transient response, in order to make the aircraft sensors self-powered and operate in real time. The harvesting system is designed in 0.18 μm CMOS technology, the simulation results prove the advantage of the proposed architecture.
{"title":"Improving latency time of an energy harvesting chain by implementing a fully-integrated-LDO for aircraft WSN","authors":"Hatim Ameziane, Kamal Zared, H. Qjidaa","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2019.10026387","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an energy harvesting system to reduce the mass of the cables within an aircraft, focusing on the development of a power conversion chain to harvest energy from data lines, which is eventually used to supply the aircraft sensors or wireless monitoring. This proposed interface harvests energy from data CAN bus without disturbing the data transmission, providing an output current up to 60 mA and an output voltage of 1.65 V at the output of the fully-integrated-LDO and an output voltage of 5.035 V at the output of the charge pump within a very short settling time of less than 5 ms and a low voltage ripple of 158.2 mV, in order to feed the aircraft sensors. The most common energy harvester sources are solar cells, wind turbines, vibration energy and thermoelectric generators. The energy harvesting chain (EHC), which does not depend on the environment, is composed by fast analogue devices that are based on integrating a fully-integrated-LDO with a fast transient response, in order to make the aircraft sensors self-powered and operate in real time. The harvesting system is designed in 0.18 μm CMOS technology, the simulation results prove the advantage of the proposed architecture.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77636219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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