Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030327
Yifan Zhang, T. Sun, Yuejiu Zheng, X. Lai
Battery state estimation is a key technology for battery management systems for electric vehicles, and state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of battery is the basis for numerous state estimations. In this paper, five fractional order equivalent circuit models are compared and evaluated based on a LiNMC cell. First of all, the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is used to identify the parameters of the fractional order models, and the fractional Kalman filter algorithm is further adopted to estimate the SOC and compared with the SOC estimation obtained by the integral order models. The results indicate that the fractional battery model has higher accuracy, especially in the low SOC interval. Through comparative analysis of several fractional order models, it is found that the fractional order model with the Warburg component can be better describe the battery characteristics in the low SOC interval. From the perspective of model accuracy and computational cost, the addition of the Warburg element to the fractional second-order RC model is the best choice.
{"title":"A comparative study of integral order and fractional order models for estimating state-of-charge of lithium-ion battery","authors":"Yifan Zhang, T. Sun, Yuejiu Zheng, X. Lai","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030327","url":null,"abstract":"Battery state estimation is a key technology for battery management systems for electric vehicles, and state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of battery is the basis for numerous state estimations. In this paper, five fractional order equivalent circuit models are compared and evaluated based on a LiNMC cell. First of all, the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is used to identify the parameters of the fractional order models, and the fractional Kalman filter algorithm is further adopted to estimate the SOC and compared with the SOC estimation obtained by the integral order models. The results indicate that the fractional battery model has higher accuracy, especially in the low SOC interval. Through comparative analysis of several fractional order models, it is found that the fractional order model with the Warburg component can be better describe the battery characteristics in the low SOC interval. From the perspective of model accuracy and computational cost, the addition of the Warburg element to the fractional second-order RC model is the best choice.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84476831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030328
Chaymae Fahassa, M. Akherraz, Yassine Zahraoui
This article presents the adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based direct torque control (DTC) for induction motor (IM). DTC is distinguished by merging a simple structure with a good dynamic behavior. Despite these cited advantages, some disadvantages are also present. For this aim, which consists of reducing the ripples in electromagnetic torque, flux and current; and to improve the IM response characteristics, the conventional hysteresis comparators of the torque, flux and the proportional integral (PI) speed controller are replaced by others based on ANFIS technique. Furthermore, an intelligent dual observer is implemented to achieve sensorless control; merging a Luenberger observer (LO) based on ANFIS to insure the adaptation mechanism in order to estimate the rotor speed, and a Kalman filter (KF) to insure the flux components estimation. The proposed sensorless ANFIS-DTC shows a robust performance; reduced ripples, decreased overshoots, short time of rising and settling, and high resistance to perturbations.
{"title":"ANFIS-based hysteresis comparators with intelligent dual observer and speed controller of a direct torque control","authors":"Chaymae Fahassa, M. Akherraz, Yassine Zahraoui","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030328","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based direct torque control (DTC) for induction motor (IM). DTC is distinguished by merging a simple structure with a good dynamic behavior. Despite these cited advantages, some disadvantages are also present. For this aim, which consists of reducing the ripples in electromagnetic torque, flux and current; and to improve the IM response characteristics, the conventional hysteresis comparators of the torque, flux and the proportional integral (PI) speed controller are replaced by others based on ANFIS technique. Furthermore, an intelligent dual observer is implemented to achieve sensorless control; merging a Luenberger observer (LO) based on ANFIS to insure the adaptation mechanism in order to estimate the rotor speed, and a Kalman filter (KF) to insure the flux components estimation. The proposed sensorless ANFIS-DTC shows a robust performance; reduced ripples, decreased overshoots, short time of rising and settling, and high resistance to perturbations.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83676712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030331
Yi Yang, Haiyan Zhang, Wangling Yu, Lizhe Tan
This paper aims at proposing a discrete-time fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller, which can stabilise the variation of the idle speed of an internal combustion engine due to the occurrence of the external load disturbance. The nonlinear idle speed dynamics is linearised to be approximated by a first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model so that the FOPID controller can be initialised by a Ziegler-Nichols type tuning rule. The initialised FOPID controller can stabilise the linearised model, but it may lose its control capability in nonlinear idle speed dynamics. Therefore, an optimisation problem is solved through genetic algorithm (GA) to minimise a cost function within a small region around the FOPID's initial parameters. The optimal discrete-time FOPID controller are compared to a conventional discrete-time PID controller. The simulation study reveals that the optimal discrete-time FOPID controller secures an excellent control performance to the nonlinear idle speed model.
{"title":"Optimal design of discrete-time fractional-order PID controller for idle speed control of an IC engine","authors":"Yi Yang, Haiyan Zhang, Wangling Yu, Lizhe Tan","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030331","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at proposing a discrete-time fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller, which can stabilise the variation of the idle speed of an internal combustion engine due to the occurrence of the external load disturbance. The nonlinear idle speed dynamics is linearised to be approximated by a first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model so that the FOPID controller can be initialised by a Ziegler-Nichols type tuning rule. The initialised FOPID controller can stabilise the linearised model, but it may lose its control capability in nonlinear idle speed dynamics. Therefore, an optimisation problem is solved through genetic algorithm (GA) to minimise a cost function within a small region around the FOPID's initial parameters. The optimal discrete-time FOPID controller are compared to a conventional discrete-time PID controller. The simulation study reveals that the optimal discrete-time FOPID controller secures an excellent control performance to the nonlinear idle speed model.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83216033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030325
Zengyang Wu, Libing Wang, Tiegang Fang
This study investigates the spray characteristics under flash boiling conditions from an outwardly opening piezoelectric injector in an optically accessible constant volume chamber. Distinct spray structure is noticed under flash boiling spray regime and spray deforms from a hollow-cone structure to a diamond-like shape with a long central plume at the downstream of the spray. Liquid signals of the plume are much weaker than the original hollow-cone shape region. A higher ambient pressure leads to a shorter central plume. Spray penetration length is greatly enlarged due to the change in spray structure. Fuel injection pressure and fuel injection duration has little effect on spray front penetration length. Especially, the highest spray front penetration velocity observed at 0.01 bar is expected to approach to the local sound speed. Compared to isooctane fuel, commercial gasoline generates stronger flash boiling due to the wide boiling range, but the spray structures are quite similar.
{"title":"Flash boiling hollow-cone fuel spray from a piezoelectric fuel injector under low ambient pressure","authors":"Zengyang Wu, Libing Wang, Tiegang Fang","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030325","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the spray characteristics under flash boiling conditions from an outwardly opening piezoelectric injector in an optically accessible constant volume chamber. Distinct spray structure is noticed under flash boiling spray regime and spray deforms from a hollow-cone structure to a diamond-like shape with a long central plume at the downstream of the spray. Liquid signals of the plume are much weaker than the original hollow-cone shape region. A higher ambient pressure leads to a shorter central plume. Spray penetration length is greatly enlarged due to the change in spray structure. Fuel injection pressure and fuel injection duration has little effect on spray front penetration length. Especially, the highest spray front penetration velocity observed at 0.01 bar is expected to approach to the local sound speed. Compared to isooctane fuel, commercial gasoline generates stronger flash boiling due to the wide boiling range, but the spray structures are quite similar.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83285377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030345
G. Rizzo, F. A. Tiano
The diffusion of electric and hybrid electric vehicles is accounted to be the most feasible solution for the mitigation of world energy consumption and environmental protection. However, massive electrification is not behind the corner due to the need of charging infrastructure, the increase of renewable energy production and the scrapping of the circulating fleets. In this study a life cycle assessment approach is proposed to address the issue of sustainable mobility. By using the GREET model software, the analysis shows that a sustainable option for reducing total energy consumption, greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions is the conversion of existing vehicles into electric car or into hybrid solar vehicle. Conversion of vehicles should be addressed by institutions in order to enact rules and directives for a more conscious choice in terms of sustainable mobility.
{"title":"Life cycle assessment study for different options of sustainable mobility, including vehicle conversion","authors":"G. Rizzo, F. A. Tiano","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030345","url":null,"abstract":"The diffusion of electric and hybrid electric vehicles is accounted to be the most feasible solution for the mitigation of world energy consumption and environmental protection. However, massive electrification is not behind the corner due to the need of charging infrastructure, the increase of renewable energy production and the scrapping of the circulating fleets. In this study a life cycle assessment approach is proposed to address the issue of sustainable mobility. By using the GREET model software, the analysis shows that a sustainable option for reducing total energy consumption, greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions is the conversion of existing vehicles into electric car or into hybrid solar vehicle. Conversion of vehicles should be addressed by institutions in order to enact rules and directives for a more conscious choice in terms of sustainable mobility.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78279796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10033138
A. Gholami, S. Jazayeri, Q. Esmaili
{"title":"Marine powertrain simulation for design and operational performance evaluation","authors":"A. Gholami, S. Jazayeri, Q. Esmaili","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10033138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10033138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73524925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10031897
D. Prabha, D. Sudharson
{"title":"Improved EM algorithm in software reliability growth models","authors":"D. Prabha, D. Sudharson","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10031897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10031897","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73363843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10033152
T. Reinhart, A. Matheaus, C. Sharp, Bryar Peters, M. Pieczko, J. McCarthy
Cylinder deactivation has been shown to provide higher grade heat to improve diesel aftertreatment performance during low load operation while providing a fuel and CO2 savings. This paper evaluates engine and aftertreatment performance along with engine vibration over eight drive cycles in a dynamometer test cell. The eight drive cycles include the heavy-duty federal test protocol, low load cycle, Orange County Transit Authority bus cycle, New York bus cycle, Air Resource Board cycle and a portion of the 55-mph cruise cycle. Results show the tailpipe NOx and CO2 reduction along with both linear and torsional vibration to quantify NVH. The emission results were quantified using both conventional and close-coupled aftertreatment systems. The linear vibration from the engine during CDA was generally consistent with normal operation; thus, removing NVH as a barrier for implementation. Adding a low NOx aftertreatment system to the CDA engine showed emission levels within proposed future regulations.
{"title":"Vibration and emissions quantification over key drive cycles using cylinder deactivation","authors":"T. Reinhart, A. Matheaus, C. Sharp, Bryar Peters, M. Pieczko, J. McCarthy","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10033152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10033152","url":null,"abstract":"Cylinder deactivation has been shown to provide higher grade heat to improve diesel aftertreatment performance during low load operation while providing a fuel and CO2 savings. This paper evaluates engine and aftertreatment performance along with engine vibration over eight drive cycles in a dynamometer test cell. The eight drive cycles include the heavy-duty federal test protocol, low load cycle, Orange County Transit Authority bus cycle, New York bus cycle, Air Resource Board cycle and a portion of the 55-mph cruise cycle. Results show the tailpipe NOx and CO2 reduction along with both linear and torsional vibration to quantify NVH. The emission results were quantified using both conventional and close-coupled aftertreatment systems. The linear vibration from the engine during CDA was generally consistent with normal operation; thus, removing NVH as a barrier for implementation. Adding a low NOx aftertreatment system to the CDA engine showed emission levels within proposed future regulations.","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76260813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10031905
R. Boopathi, M. Ansari, R. Jayanthi
{"title":"A novel hybrid space vector-based modulation technique for power quality improvement in a wind energy conversion system","authors":"R. Boopathi, M. Ansari, R. Jayanthi","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10031905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10031905","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90766513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030336
Bryan P. Maldonado, A. Stefanopoulou, M. V. Nieuwstadt, B. Fulton, J. Hoard, Mitchell Bieniek
{"title":"Modelling and estimation of combustion variability for fast light-off of diesel aftertreatment","authors":"Bryan P. Maldonado, A. Stefanopoulou, M. V. Nieuwstadt, B. Fulton, J. Hoard, Mitchell Bieniek","doi":"10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2020.10030336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37550,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Powertrains","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86105378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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