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Neuromorphic Downsampling of Event-Based Camera Output 基于事件的相机输出的神经形态下采样
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584962
Charles Rizzo, C. Schuman, J. Plank
In this work, we address the problem of training a neuromorphic agent to work on data from event-based cameras. Although event-based camera data is much sparser than standard video frames, the sheer number of events can make the observation space too complex to effectively train an agent. We construct multiple neuromorphic networks that downsample the camera data so as to make training more effective. We then perform a case study of training an agent to play the Atari Pong game by converting each frame to events and downsampling them. The final network combines both the downsampling and the agent. We discuss some practical considerations as well.
在这项工作中,我们解决了训练神经形态代理处理基于事件的摄像机数据的问题。尽管基于事件的相机数据比标准视频帧稀疏得多,但事件的绝对数量会使观察空间过于复杂,无法有效地训练代理。我们构建了多个神经形态网络,对相机数据进行下采样,使训练更加有效。然后,我们执行一个案例研究,通过将每个帧转换为事件并对其进行降采样来训练代理玩Atari Pong游戏。最终的网络结合了下采样和代理。我们还讨论了一些实际的考虑。
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引用次数: 4
Translation and Scale Invariance for Event-Based Object tracking 基于事件的目标跟踪的平移和尺度不变性
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584996
Jens Egholm Pedersen, Raghav Singhal, J. Conradt
Without temporal averaging, such as rate codes, it remains challenging to train spiking neural networks for temporal regression tasks. In this work, we present a novel method to accurately predict spatial coordinates from event data with a fully spiking convolutional neural network (SCNN) without temporal averaging. Our method performs on-par with artificial neural networks (ANN) of similar complexity. Additionally, we demonstrate faster convergence in half the time using translation- and scale-invariant receptive fields. To permit comparison with conventional frame-based ANNs, we base our results on a simulated event-based dataset with an unrealistic high density. Therefore, we hypothesize that our method significantly outperform ANNs in settings with lower event density, as seen in real-life event-based data. Our model is fully spiking and can be ported directly to neuromorphic hardware.
如果没有时间平均,比如速率码,训练脉冲神经网络用于时间回归任务仍然是一个挑战。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新的方法来准确地预测空间坐标的事件数据与全尖峰卷积神经网络(SCNN)没有时间平均。我们的方法的性能与类似复杂性的人工神经网络(ANN)相当。此外,我们证明了使用平移不变和规模不变的接受域在一半的时间内更快地收敛。为了与传统的基于框架的人工神经网络进行比较,我们将结果建立在一个模拟的基于事件的数据集上,该数据集具有不切实际的高密度。因此,我们假设我们的方法在事件密度较低的情况下明显优于人工神经网络,正如在现实生活中基于事件的数据中所看到的那样。我们的模型是完全尖峰的,可以直接移植到神经形态硬件。
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引用次数: 0
Spiking LCA in a Neural Circuit with Dictionary Learning and Synaptic Normalization 基于字典学习和突触归一化的神经回路中的脉冲LCA
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584968
Diego Chavez Arana, Alpha Renner, A. Sornborger
The Locally Competitive Algorithm (LCA) [17, 18] was put forward as a model of primary visual cortex [14, 17] and has been used extensively as a sparse coding algorithm for multivariate data. LCA has seen implementations on neuromorphic processors, including IBM’s TrueNorth processor [10], and Intel’s neuromorphic research processor, Loihi, which show that it can be very efficient with respect to the power resources it consumes [8]. When combined with dictionary learning [13], the LCA algorithm encounters synaptic instability [24], where, as a synapse’s strength grows, its activity increases, further enhancing synaptic strength, leading to a runaway condition, where synapses become saturated [3, 15]. A number of approaches have been suggested to stabilize this phenomenon [1, 2, 5, 7, 12]. Previous work demonstrated that, by extending the cost function used to generate LCA updates, synaptic normalization could be achieved, eliminating synaptic runaway [7]. It was also shown that the resulting algorithm could be implemented in a firing rate model [7]. Here, we implement a probabilistic approximation to this firing rate model as a spiking LCA algorithm that includes dictionary learning and synaptic normalization. The algorithm is based on a synfire-gated synfire chain-based information control network in concert with Hebbian synapses [16, 19]. We show that this algorithm results in correct classification on numeric data taken from the MNIST dataset. LA-UR-22-33004
局部竞争算法(local Competitive Algorithm, LCA)[17,18]作为初级视觉皮层的一种模型被提出[14,17],并被广泛用作多变量数据的稀疏编码算法。LCA已经在神经形态处理器上实现,包括IBM的TrueNorth处理器[10]和英特尔的神经形态研究处理器Loihi,这表明它可以非常高效地消耗功率资源[8]。当与字典学习相结合[13]时,LCA算法会遇到突触不稳定性[24],随着突触强度的增加,其活动也会增加,从而进一步增强突触强度,从而导致突触饱和的失控状态[3,15]。已经提出了许多方法来稳定这一现象[1,2,5,7,12]。先前的研究表明,通过扩展用于生成LCA更新的代价函数,可以实现突触归一化,从而消除突触失控[7]。研究还表明,所得算法可以在发射速率模型中实现[7]。在这里,我们实现了这个放电率模型的概率近似,作为一个包括字典学习和突触归一化的尖峰LCA算法。该算法基于与Hebbian突触协同的同步同步链信息控制网络[16,19]。我们证明了该算法对MNIST数据集中的数字数据进行了正确的分类。拉-乌尔- 22 - 33004
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引用次数: 0
Demonstration of neuromorphic sequence learning on a memristive array 记忆阵列上神经形态序列学习的演示
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3585000
Sebastian Siegel, Tobias Ziegler, Younes Bouhadjar, T. Tetzlaff, R. Waser, R. Dittmann, D. Wouters
Sequence learning and prediction are considered principle computations performed by biological brains. Machine learning algorithms solve this type of task, but they require large amounts of training data and a substantial energy budget. An approach to overcome these issues and enable sequence learning with brain-like performance is neuromorphic hardware with brain-inspired learning algorithms. The Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) is an algorithm inspired by the working principles of the neocortex and is able to learn and predict continuous sequences of elements. In a previous study, we showed that memristive devices, an emerging non-volatile memory technology, that is considered for energy efficient neuromorphic hardware, can be used as synapses in a biologically plausible version of the temporal memory algorithm of the HTM model. We subsequently presented a simulation study of an analog-mixed signal memristive hardware architecture that can implement the temporal learning algorithm. This architecture, which we refer to as MemSpikingTM, is based on a memristive crossbar array and a control circuitry implementing the neurons and the learning mechanism. In the study presented here, we demonstrate the functionality of the MemSpikingTM algorithm on a real memristive crossbar array, taped out in a commercially available 130nm CMOS technology node co-integrated with HfO based memristive devices. We explain the algorithm and the functionality of the crossbar array and peripheral circuitry and finally demonstrate context-dependent sequence learning using high-order sequences.
序列学习和预测被认为是由生物大脑进行的基本计算。机器学习算法可以解决这类任务,但它们需要大量的训练数据和大量的能量预算。克服这些问题并实现具有类脑性能的序列学习的一种方法是具有大脑启发学习算法的神经形态硬件。分层时间记忆(HTM)是一种受新皮层工作原理启发的算法,能够学习和预测元素的连续序列。在之前的一项研究中,我们发现记忆装置是一种新兴的非易失性记忆技术,被认为是节能的神经形态硬件,可以在HTM模型的时间记忆算法的生物学可信版本中用作突触。我们随后提出了一个模拟混合信号忆阻硬件架构的仿真研究,可以实现时间学习算法。这种架构,我们称之为MemSpikingTM,是基于记忆交叉棒阵列和实现神经元和学习机制的控制电路。在这项研究中,我们展示了MemSpikingTM算法在一个真实的忆阻交叉棒阵列上的功能,该阵列与基于HfO的忆阻器件共集成在一个商用的130nm CMOS技术节点上。我们解释了交叉棒阵列和外围电路的算法和功能,最后演示了使用高阶序列的上下文相关序列学习。
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引用次数: 2
Additive manufacture of polymeric organometallic ferroelectric diodes (POMFeDs) for structural neuromorphic hardware 用于结构神经形态硬件的聚合物有机金属铁电二极管的增材制造
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584998
Davin Browner, S. Sareh, Paul Anderson
Hardware design and implementation for online machine learning applications is complicated by a number of facets of conventional artificial neural networks (ANN), e.g. deep neural networks (DNNs), such as reliance on atemporal locality, offline learning using large datasets, potential difficulties in transfer from model to substrates, and issues with processing of noisy sensory data using energy-efficient and asynchronous information processing modalities. Analog or mixed-signal spiking neural networks (SNNs) have promise for lower power, temporally localised, and stimuli selective sensing and inference but are difficult fabricate at low cost. Investigation of beyond-CMOS alternative organic substrates may be worthwhile for development of unconventional neuromorphic hardware with pseudo-spiking dynamics for structural electronics integration in bio-signal processing and robotics. Here, polymeric organometallic ferroelectric diodes (POMFeDs) are introduced for development of printable ferroelectric in-sensor SNNs.
在线机器学习应用的硬件设计和实现由于传统人工神经网络(ANN)的许多方面而变得复杂,例如深度神经网络(dnn),例如依赖于非时变局部性,使用大数据集的离线学习,从模型转移到基板的潜在困难,以及使用节能和异步信息处理方式处理噪声感官数据的问题。模拟或混合信号尖峰神经网络(snn)有望实现低功耗、暂时局部化和刺激选择性传感和推理,但难以以低成本制造。研究超越cmos的替代有机衬底对于开发具有伪尖峰动力学的非常规神经形态硬件在生物信号处理和机器人技术中的结构电子集成是有价值的。本文介绍了聚合物有机金属铁电二极管(POMFeDs)用于开发可打印铁电传感器内snn。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Noisy Input on Evolved Spiking Neural Networks for Neuromorphic Systems 噪声输入对神经形态系统演化尖峰神经网络的影响
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584969
Karan P. Patel, Catherine D. Schuman
In this work we leverage a simple spiking neuromorphic processor and an evolutionary-based training method to train and test networks in classification and control applications with noise injection in order to explore the resilience and robustness of spiking neural networks on neuromorphic systems. Through our implementation, we were able to observe that injecting noise within the training phase produces more robust networks that are more resilient to noise within the testing phase. Compared to the performance of other popular classifiers on simple data classification tasks, SNNs perform behind nearest neighbors and linear SVM, and above decision trees and traditional neural networks, with respect to performance in the presence of input noise.
在这项工作中,我们利用一个简单的尖峰神经形态处理器和基于进化的训练方法来训练和测试带有噪声注入的分类和控制应用中的网络,以探索尖峰神经网络在神经形态系统上的弹性和鲁棒性。通过我们的实现,我们能够观察到在训练阶段注入噪声会产生更健壮的网络,并且在测试阶段对噪声更有弹性。与其他流行的分类器在简单数据分类任务上的性能相比,snn在存在输入噪声的情况下的性能落后于最近邻和线性支持向量机,而优于决策树和传统神经网络。
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引用次数: 1
SIFT-ONN: SIFT Feature Detection Algorithm Employing ONNs for Edge Detection SIFT- onn:利用onn进行边缘检测的SIFT特征检测算法
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584999
Madeleine Abernot, S. Gauthier, T. Gonos, A. Todri-Sanial
Mobile robot navigation tasks can be applied in various domains, such as in space, underwater, and transportation industries, among others. In navigation, robots analyze their environment from sensors and navigate safely up to target points by avoiding obstacles. Numerous methods exist to perform each navigation task. In this work, we focus on robot localization based on feature extraction algorithms using images as sensory data. ORB, and SURF are state-of-the-art algorithms for feature-based robot localization thanks to their fast computation time, even if ORB lacks precision. SIFT is state-of-the-art for high precision feature detection but it is slow and not compatible with real-time robotic applications. Thus, in our work, we explore how to speed up SIFT algorithm for real-time robot localization by employing an unconventional computing paradigm with oscillatory neural networks (ONNs). We present a hybrid SIFT-ONN algorithm that replaces the computation of Difference of Gaussian in SIFT with ONNs by performing image edge detection. We report on SIFT-ONN algorithm performances, which are similar to the state-of-the-art ORB algorithm.
移动机器人导航任务可应用于空间、水下、交通等多个领域。在导航中,机器人通过传感器分析环境,并通过避开障碍物安全地导航到目标点。存在许多方法来执行每个导航任务。在这项工作中,我们专注于基于图像作为感官数据的特征提取算法的机器人定位。ORB和SURF是基于特征的机器人定位的最先进算法,这要归功于它们的快速计算时间,即使ORB缺乏精度。SIFT是最先进的高精度特征检测,但速度慢,与实时机器人应用不兼容。因此,在我们的工作中,我们探索了如何通过采用振荡神经网络(ONNs)的非常规计算范式来加速SIFT算法用于实时机器人定位。提出了一种混合SIFT- onn算法,该算法通过对图像进行边缘检测,将SIFT中的高斯差分计算替换为onn。我们报告了SIFT-ONN算法的性能,它类似于最先进的ORB算法。
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引用次数: 2
Exploring Information-Theoretic Criteria to Accelerate the Tuning of Neuromorphic Level-Crossing ADCs 探索加速神经形态平交adc调谐的信息论准则
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584994
A. Safa, Jonah Van Assche, C. Frenkel, A. Bourdoux, F. Catthoor, G. Gielen
Level-crossing analog-to-digital converters (LC-ADCs) are neuromorphic, event-driven data converters that are gaining much attention for resource-constrained applications where intelligent sensing must be provided at the extreme edge, with tight energy and area budgets. LC-ADCs translate real-world analog signals (such as ECG, EEG, etc.) into sparse spiking signals, providing significant data bandwidth reduction and inducing savings of up to two orders of magnitude in area and energy consumption at the system level compared to the use of conventional ADCs. In addition, the spiking nature of LC-ADCs make their use a natural choice for ultra-low-power, event-driven spiking neural networks (SNNs). Still, the compressed nature of LC-ADC spiking signals can jeopardize the performance of downstream tasks such as signal classification accuracy, which is highly sensitive to the LC-ADC tuning parameters. In this paper, we explore the use of popular information criteria found in model selection theory for the tuning of the LC-ADC parameters. We experimentally demonstrate that information metrics such as the Bayesian, Akaike and corrected Akaike criteria can be used to tune the LC-ADC parameters in order to maximize downstream SNN classification accuracy. We conduct our experiments using both full-resolution weights and 4-bit quantized SNNs, on two different bio-signal classification tasks. We believe that our findings can accelerate the tuning of LC-ADC parameters without resorting to computationally-expensive grid searches that require many SNN training passes.
平交叉模数转换器(lc - adc)是一种神经形态的、事件驱动的数据转换器,在资源受限的应用中越来越受到关注,在这些应用中,智能传感必须在极端边缘提供,能源和面积预算紧张。lc - adc将现实世界的模拟信号(如ECG, EEG等)转换为稀疏的尖峰信号,与使用传统adc相比,提供显著的数据带宽减少,并在系统层面上节省高达两个数量级的面积和能耗。此外,lc - adc的尖峰特性使其成为超低功耗、事件驱动的尖峰神经网络(snn)的自然选择。尽管如此,LC-ADC尖峰信号的压缩特性可能会危及下游任务的性能,如信号分类精度,这对LC-ADC调谐参数高度敏感。在本文中,我们探讨了在模型选择理论中发现的用于LC-ADC参数调谐的流行信息准则的使用。我们通过实验证明,Bayesian、Akaike和修正的Akaike标准等信息度量可用于调整LC-ADC参数,以最大限度地提高下游SNN分类精度。我们在两种不同的生物信号分类任务上使用全分辨率权重和4位量化snn进行实验。我们相信我们的研究结果可以加速LC-ADC参数的调整,而无需诉诸于需要许多SNN训练通道的计算昂贵的网格搜索。
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引用次数: 2
Shunting Inhibition as a Neural-Inspired Mechanism for Multiplication in Neuromorphic Architectures 分流抑制是神经形态结构中神经激发的增殖机制
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584965
Frances S. Chance, S. Cardwell
Shunting inhibition is a potential mechanism by which biological systems multiply two time-varying signals, most recently proposed in single neurons of the fly visual system. Our work demonstrates this effect in a biological neuron model and the equivalent circuit in neuromorphic hardware modeling dendrites. We present a multi-compartment neuromorphic dendritic model that produces a multiplication-like effect using the shunting inhibition mechanism by varying leakage along the dendritic cable. Dendritic computation in neuromorphic architectures has the potential to increase complexity in single neurons and reduce the energy footprint for neural networks by enabling computation in the interconnect.
分流抑制是生物系统将两个时变信号叠加的一种潜在机制,最近在果蝇视觉系统的单个神经元中被提出。我们的工作在生物神经元模型和神经形态硬件模拟树突中的等效电路中证明了这种效应。我们提出了一个多室神经形态树突模型,通过改变沿树突电缆的泄漏,利用分流抑制机制产生倍增效应。神经形态架构中的树突计算有可能增加单个神经元的复杂性,并通过在互连中进行计算来减少神经网络的能量足迹。
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引用次数: 1
Modeling Coordinate Transformations in the Dragonfly Nervous System 蜻蜓神经系统中的坐标变换建模
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1145/3584954.3584959
Claire Plunkett, Frances S. Chance
Coordinate transformations are a fundamental operation that must be performed by any animal relying upon sensory information to interact with the external world. We present a neural network model that performs a coordinate transformation from the dragonfly eye’s frame of reference to the body’s frame of reference while hunting. We demonstrate that the model successfully calculates turns required for interception, and discuss how future work will compare our model with biological dragonfly neural circuitry and guide neural-inspired neuromorphic implementations of coordinate transformations.
坐标变换是任何动物依靠感官信息与外部世界互动的基本操作。我们提出了一个神经网络模型,该模型在蜻蜓狩猎时从眼睛的参照系到身体的参照系进行坐标转换。我们证明了该模型成功地计算了拦截所需的转弯,并讨论了未来的工作将如何将我们的模型与生物蜻蜓神经回路进行比较,并指导神经启发的神经形态实现坐标转换。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Proceedings of the 2023 Annual Neuro-Inspired Computational Elements Conference
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