Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2022.2070956
Robert P. Hager
ABSTRACT World War II has been remembered in the United States as “the good war.” Scholarship on the war and its cause generally concentrates on the events of the 1930s with Adolf Hitler as the chief villain. The works reviewed here argue that this focus is too narrow. Understanding the war’s causes requires one to go back to the ideological struggles unleashed by the Russian Revolution in 1917. Additionally, Hitler was at most peripheral to the Second World War in Asia. Instead, it appears that a focus on the role of Josef Stalin is more appropriate in understanding the war. Additionally, the conflict’s human costs and the fact that it turned so much of humanity over to the dictatorship of Stalin leads to a reassessment of whether it really was the “good war.”
{"title":"Reassessing the Second World War","authors":"Robert P. Hager","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2022.2070956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2022.2070956","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT World War II has been remembered in the United States as “the good war.” Scholarship on the war and its cause generally concentrates on the events of the 1930s with Adolf Hitler as the chief villain. The works reviewed here argue that this focus is too narrow. Understanding the war’s causes requires one to go back to the ideological struggles unleashed by the Russian Revolution in 1917. Additionally, Hitler was at most peripheral to the Second World War in Asia. Instead, it appears that a focus on the role of Josef Stalin is more appropriate in understanding the war. Additionally, the conflict’s human costs and the fact that it turned so much of humanity over to the dictatorship of Stalin leads to a reassessment of whether it really was the “good war.”","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130600412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2022.2070955
Robert P. Hager
{"title":"Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War July 1937-May 1942","authors":"Robert P. Hager","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2022.2070955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2022.2070955","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123091273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-20DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2022.2101262
D. D. Denton
Do not be fooled by the title of Ahmet Kuru’s book, which at first glance may seem to associate Islam with authoritarianism and underdevelopment. The painting on the cover gives the first taste of the work—the Renaissance artist Giorgione’s The Three Philosophers, depicting a Muslim philosopher in between the ancient and Renaissance philosophers. Readers can anticipate a respite from their fatigue over the long-held debate on Islam and democracy, for Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment is a refreshingly pleasant read and a far cry from the repetitive clichés of this controversy. Not only is it painstakingly well-researched, but it is also an engaging and engaged resource that outlines and challenges established theories—all while simultaneously advancing its own. Kuru has an ambitious and admirable aim. He begins with a simple yet bold question: “Why are Muslim-majority countries less peaceful, less democratic, less developed?” (1). Much ink has been spilled on the compatibility of Islam and democracy, and the debate seems to have only been reinvigorated by the failure of this century’s Arab uprisings, not to mention the tide of authoritarianism in their wake. The enormous volume of work in this field testifies to the intellectual relevance of the question. However, the increasing politicization and polarization around the topic have greatly diminished the possibility of a vibrant and factually grounded public debate, making it difficult for readers to navigate and often pushing them deeper into their ideological cocoons. Kuru’s timely book is unsettling across these divides, pushing readers to abandon convenient assumptions andmove beyond their political, ideological, and methodological comfort zones as he stirs the hornet’s nest and picks a daring fight against essentialist Orientalists and Islamists both, and against postcolonial scholars, probably leaving few content. However, Kuru’s valiant intellectual exercise is rich and nuanced, using a historical perspective to analyze contemporary violence, authoritarianism, and socioeconomic underdevelopment. In a non-Marxist sense, Kuru’s research offers a historical class analysis of the political and economic underdevelopment in Muslim-majority countries. He traces the change in the intergroup developmental progress between religious, political, intellectual, and economic classes (3). At first glance, Kuru’s approach, with its longue durée examination of class relations, reminds the reader of Barrington Moore’s canonical comparative study
{"title":"Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison","authors":"D. D. Denton","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2022.2101262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2022.2101262","url":null,"abstract":"Do not be fooled by the title of Ahmet Kuru’s book, which at first glance may seem to associate Islam with authoritarianism and underdevelopment. The painting on the cover gives the first taste of the work—the Renaissance artist Giorgione’s The Three Philosophers, depicting a Muslim philosopher in between the ancient and Renaissance philosophers. Readers can anticipate a respite from their fatigue over the long-held debate on Islam and democracy, for Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment is a refreshingly pleasant read and a far cry from the repetitive clichés of this controversy. Not only is it painstakingly well-researched, but it is also an engaging and engaged resource that outlines and challenges established theories—all while simultaneously advancing its own. Kuru has an ambitious and admirable aim. He begins with a simple yet bold question: “Why are Muslim-majority countries less peaceful, less democratic, less developed?” (1). Much ink has been spilled on the compatibility of Islam and democracy, and the debate seems to have only been reinvigorated by the failure of this century’s Arab uprisings, not to mention the tide of authoritarianism in their wake. The enormous volume of work in this field testifies to the intellectual relevance of the question. However, the increasing politicization and polarization around the topic have greatly diminished the possibility of a vibrant and factually grounded public debate, making it difficult for readers to navigate and often pushing them deeper into their ideological cocoons. Kuru’s timely book is unsettling across these divides, pushing readers to abandon convenient assumptions andmove beyond their political, ideological, and methodological comfort zones as he stirs the hornet’s nest and picks a daring fight against essentialist Orientalists and Islamists both, and against postcolonial scholars, probably leaving few content. However, Kuru’s valiant intellectual exercise is rich and nuanced, using a historical perspective to analyze contemporary violence, authoritarianism, and socioeconomic underdevelopment. In a non-Marxist sense, Kuru’s research offers a historical class analysis of the political and economic underdevelopment in Muslim-majority countries. He traces the change in the intergroup developmental progress between religious, political, intellectual, and economic classes (3). At first glance, Kuru’s approach, with its longue durée examination of class relations, reminds the reader of Barrington Moore’s canonical comparative study","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131010889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-23DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2022.2039126
P. Jackson
ABSTRACT This paper provides cross-cultural application of the iceberg model of political extremism 1 conceptualizing hate crimes as reflecting the dangerous base that gives rise to mass casualty right-wing extremist attacks. Evidence is reviewed demonstrating that both offenses are motivated by the same prejudices and that right-wing violent extremists are more likely than other extremists to have engaged in pre-radicalization crime. 2 This discussion goes beyond previous considerations of the iceberg model by applying it across societies and showing its relationship to democratic backsliding. Comparison of the United States with countries in western and east-central Europe is centered on hate crime and far-right anti-government white supremacist extremism. The importance of recognizing hate crimes as a national security issue 3 overlapping domestic violent extremism is demonstrated as are the consequences of current limitations on the availability of data on both problems. 4
{"title":"Hate Crimes Nourish Domestic Terror in the United States and Europe","authors":"P. Jackson","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2022.2039126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2022.2039126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper provides cross-cultural application of the iceberg model of political extremism 1 conceptualizing hate crimes as reflecting the dangerous base that gives rise to mass casualty right-wing extremist attacks. Evidence is reviewed demonstrating that both offenses are motivated by the same prejudices and that right-wing violent extremists are more likely than other extremists to have engaged in pre-radicalization crime. 2 This discussion goes beyond previous considerations of the iceberg model by applying it across societies and showing its relationship to democratic backsliding. Comparison of the United States with countries in western and east-central Europe is centered on hate crime and far-right anti-government white supremacist extremism. The importance of recognizing hate crimes as a national security issue 3 overlapping domestic violent extremism is demonstrated as are the consequences of current limitations on the availability of data on both problems. 4","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126980354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2021.2010550
Holly Ann Garnett, Jean-Nicolas Bordeleau
ABSTRACT The role of security forces, be they domestic or international, military or police, remains understudied in the research on electoral integrity and electoral violence. Nonetheless, we expect that they should be a crucial component of keeping all electoral actors and materials secure. This article introduces a new dataset on the presence of security forces in elections worldwide between 2012–2018 using data from election observation reports. It considers the questions: Where and when are security forces deployed during electoral events? Are they domestic or international? What sorts of roles did they fulfill? And in what stages of the electoral cycle were they active? The responses to these questions provide a broad overview of how security forces interact with the electoral process around the globe.
{"title":"Deploying Democracy: Security Forces’ Involvement in Elections","authors":"Holly Ann Garnett, Jean-Nicolas Bordeleau","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2021.2010550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2021.2010550","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The role of security forces, be they domestic or international, military or police, remains understudied in the research on electoral integrity and electoral violence. Nonetheless, we expect that they should be a crucial component of keeping all electoral actors and materials secure. This article introduces a new dataset on the presence of security forces in elections worldwide between 2012–2018 using data from election observation reports. It considers the questions: Where and when are security forces deployed during electoral events? Are they domestic or international? What sorts of roles did they fulfill? And in what stages of the electoral cycle were they active? The responses to these questions provide a broad overview of how security forces interact with the electoral process around the globe.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125316301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2022.2029002
Robert P. Hager
{"title":"Proxy Wars: Suppressing Violence through Local Agents","authors":"Robert P. Hager","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2022.2029002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2022.2029002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129071525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2022.2029003
Brandon D. Stewart
{"title":"Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart","authors":"Brandon D. Stewart","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2022.2029003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2022.2029003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131790442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2021.2023357
Katarzyna Gruszko, T. Gajewski
ABSTRACT Social, cultural, ideological and political background of different states define their behavior and international relations. According to logos, these actions should be rational and pragmatic. However, emotions – metaphorically symbolized by pathos – contribute to states’ international activities. Authors attempt to analyze emotional driving forces in international relations and estimate their impact. Second purpose of the paper is to explore the instances of the use of emotions in offensive actions in international relations with the crisis-torn European Union as a case study. English School theory and elements of constructivism will provide a theoretical and methodological lens for the study.
{"title":"Logos and Pathos in International Relations","authors":"Katarzyna Gruszko, T. Gajewski","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2021.2023357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2021.2023357","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social, cultural, ideological and political background of different states define their behavior and international relations. According to logos, these actions should be rational and pragmatic. However, emotions – metaphorically symbolized by pathos – contribute to states’ international activities. Authors attempt to analyze emotional driving forces in international relations and estimate their impact. Second purpose of the paper is to explore the instances of the use of emotions in offensive actions in international relations with the crisis-torn European Union as a case study. English School theory and elements of constructivism will provide a theoretical and methodological lens for the study.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117122476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2021.2010551
D. Niven
ABSTRACT Can the presence of police outside a polling place deter African American voting in the United States? To address this question, this study compares voter turnout at polling places in a 2017 U.S. Senate special election in Alabama based on whether police were present. In short, the presence of police is associated with a 32% reduction in African American participation. That is, if the African American population is 10% of a precinct’s registered voter base, the presence of police is estimated to reduce the African American share of the participating electorate to 7%. The results are the first to quantify the effect of police presence on voting in the United States and indicate that election participation and election outcomes can be affected by the presence of police. These results stand in stark contrast to assertions advanced by both scholars and the courts that the presence of police and other poll watchers in and around polling places has no meaningful consequence for participation.
{"title":"Policing Polling Places in the United States: The Negative Effect of Police Presence on African American Turnout in an Alabama Election","authors":"D. Niven","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2021.2010551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2021.2010551","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Can the presence of police outside a polling place deter African American voting in the United States? To address this question, this study compares voter turnout at polling places in a 2017 U.S. Senate special election in Alabama based on whether police were present. In short, the presence of police is associated with a 32% reduction in African American participation. That is, if the African American population is 10% of a precinct’s registered voter base, the presence of police is estimated to reduce the African American share of the participating electorate to 7%. The results are the first to quantify the effect of police presence on voting in the United States and indicate that election participation and election outcomes can be affected by the presence of police. These results stand in stark contrast to assertions advanced by both scholars and the courts that the presence of police and other poll watchers in and around polling places has no meaningful consequence for participation.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116173426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2021.2016404
Z. Umbetbayeva, S. Z. Suleimenova, Zh. Amanzholov, G. Kuanaliyeva, D. Ospanova
ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to study the environmental protection activities of states in atmospheric air protection. An emphasis is placed on the fact that this vital component of the human environment is still insufficiently protected from the negative influences on methodological and legal level. An important conclusion was also made that the quality of atmospheric air directly affects the state of transboundary pollution over long distances, climate change, and the ozone layer of the Earth. The authors focus on the need for proper and well-thought-out organization of legal protection of the atmospheric air by states.
{"title":"Legal Protection of Atmospheric Air as a Priority in Environmental Activities of States","authors":"Z. Umbetbayeva, S. Z. Suleimenova, Zh. Amanzholov, G. Kuanaliyeva, D. Ospanova","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2021.2016404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2021.2016404","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to study the environmental protection activities of states in atmospheric air protection. An emphasis is placed on the fact that this vital component of the human environment is still insufficiently protected from the negative influences on methodological and legal level. An important conclusion was also made that the quality of atmospheric air directly affects the state of transboundary pollution over long distances, climate change, and the ozone layer of the Earth. The authors focus on the need for proper and well-thought-out organization of legal protection of the atmospheric air by states.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124551490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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