Gustav Philip Creutz and Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg, both born in 1731, were two major authors who developed pastoral and epic poetry in Swedish and who were also known for their literary friendship. In Swedish and Finnish national literature, they are known as representatives of a supposedly light, rococo style that fell out of fashion in the nineteenth century. By proposing a queer reading of their poetry, this article takes a new approach to their works, arguing that these can be used as valuable sources for the history of gender, genderqueer and feelings of love and friendship. While previous studies have generally analysed Creutz’s and Gyllenborg’s works separately, they are here seen as a mutual venture in the context of a shifting, gendered public space, however within a strongly classical framework, which allowed the authors to play at several intertextual levels to appeal to the sensitivities of different readers.
{"title":"Viska om mitt qval","authors":"Charlotta Wolff","doi":"10.7557/4.6609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6609","url":null,"abstract":"Gustav Philip Creutz and Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg, both born in 1731, were two major authors who developed pastoral and epic poetry in Swedish and who were also known for their literary friendship. In Swedish and Finnish national literature, they are known as representatives of a supposedly light, rococo style that fell out of fashion in the nineteenth century. By proposing a queer reading of their poetry, this article takes a new approach to their works, arguing that these can be used as valuable sources for the history of gender, genderqueer and feelings of love and friendship. While previous studies have generally analysed Creutz’s and Gyllenborg’s works separately, they are here seen as a mutual venture in the context of a shifting, gendered public space, however within a strongly classical framework, which allowed the authors to play at several intertextual levels to appeal to the sensitivities of different readers.","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87418032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The covid-19 pandemic, along with the debate concerning vaccines, has deeply affected my own views on my work as well as the interest it has received. I am currently writing my doctoral thesis on medical science, mentalities, public health measures, and epidemic prevention in the Swedish kingdom in 1695–1809. Much of my work concentrates on the long shadows of demographic catastrophes. I argue that the quickly growing interest in issues regarding public health and population in mid-eighteenth-century Sweden was to a large extent a consequence of the devastating crises of the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. Smallpox inoculation and, at the end of the eighteenth century, vaccination, are central themes in my research. It has been quite frustrating and at times surreal to encounter, in present-day discourse, anti-vaccine rhetoric and arguments that are eerily similar to the ones I have seen countless times in eighteenth-century sources. Three centuries ago, when smallpox inoculation first began to gain interest in European medical and public discussions, the accusations of it being unnatural, harmful, and against divine will immediately surfaced – and never really disappeared. Inoculation, and later, vaccination, was sometimes even seen as a conspiracy, and across Europe extensive anti-inoculation and anti-vaccination propaganda was circulated, often on religious grounds. To see such viewpoints now being spread consciously and outright maliciously by conspiracy theorists, despite the immeasurable lives that vaccines have saved globally, has been gravely disheartening. It has, however, also made it clearer to me that historical research on these topics has immediate relevance to our own time. At the beginning of my doctoral studies, I often encountered surprised reactions to my chosen topics. Why study such sad themes? Historical demography is sometimes seen as tiresome and with little immediate value. Recently, I have
{"title":"Considering pandemics, history, and ethics","authors":"E. Maaniitty","doi":"10.7557/4.6607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6607","url":null,"abstract":"The covid-19 pandemic, along with the debate concerning vaccines, has deeply affected my own views on my work as well as the interest it has received. I am currently writing my doctoral thesis on medical science, mentalities, public health measures, and epidemic prevention in the Swedish kingdom in 1695–1809. Much of my work concentrates on the long shadows of demographic catastrophes. I argue that the quickly growing interest in issues regarding public health and population in mid-eighteenth-century Sweden was to a large extent a consequence of the devastating crises of the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. Smallpox inoculation and, at the end of the eighteenth century, vaccination, are central themes in my research. It has been quite frustrating and at times surreal to encounter, in present-day discourse, anti-vaccine rhetoric and arguments that are eerily similar to the ones I have seen countless times in eighteenth-century sources. Three centuries ago, when smallpox inoculation first began to gain interest in European medical and public discussions, the accusations of it being unnatural, harmful, and against divine will immediately surfaced – and never really disappeared. Inoculation, and later, vaccination, was sometimes even seen as a conspiracy, and across Europe extensive anti-inoculation and anti-vaccination propaganda was circulated, often on religious grounds. To see such viewpoints now being spread consciously and outright maliciously by conspiracy theorists, despite the immeasurable lives that vaccines have saved globally, has been gravely disheartening. It has, however, also made it clearer to me that historical research on these topics has immediate relevance to our own time. At the beginning of my doctoral studies, I often encountered surprised reactions to my chosen topics. Why study such sad themes? Historical demography is sometimes seen as tiresome and with little immediate value. Recently, I have","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"6 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81031697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Albrektson, Mikael Ahlund, Sara Ekström, Johanna Ethnersson Pontara, Elisabeth Mansén, Vera Sundin, Meike Wagner, Erik Wallrup
In this essay, an interdisciplinary group of researchers sets out to address the period 1780–1840 in Sweden in a new way, by placing nature at its centre. With the help of ecocritical and transcultural theory, combined with renewed attention to the Swedish fine arts, learned discourses, and practices, we suggest a new approach to these revolutionary decades. The perceived dissonance, the interplay between climatic conditions and cultural template in early modern and modern Sweden, has not been fully addressed in current research, despite the fact that the relationship between humankind and the environment is a central issue in contemporary society and scholarship. Representations of nature situate the nation, they negotiate the relationship between a sensed reality and an ideal, between human and more-than-human beings. We suggest a focus on the unpredictable space created by negotiations of nature in Swedish representations during this crucial period, and, furthermore, on the ways in which this creative space is charged with utopian possibilities in the early Anthropocene. This is the background and the driving force of the planned research project ‘Cool Nature: Utopian Landscapes in Sweden 1780–1840’.
{"title":"Cool Nature","authors":"Anna Albrektson, Mikael Ahlund, Sara Ekström, Johanna Ethnersson Pontara, Elisabeth Mansén, Vera Sundin, Meike Wagner, Erik Wallrup","doi":"10.7557/4.6575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6575","url":null,"abstract":"In this essay, an interdisciplinary group of researchers sets out to address the period 1780–1840 in Sweden in a new way, by placing nature at its centre. With the help of ecocritical and transcultural theory, combined with renewed attention to the Swedish fine arts, learned discourses, and practices, we suggest a new approach to these revolutionary decades. The perceived dissonance, the interplay between climatic conditions and cultural template in early modern and modern Sweden, has not been fully addressed in current research, despite the fact that the relationship between humankind and the environment is a central issue in contemporary society and scholarship. Representations of nature situate the nation, they negotiate the relationship between a sensed reality and an ideal, between human and more-than-human beings. We suggest a focus on the unpredictable space created by negotiations of nature in Swedish representations during this crucial period, and, furthermore, on the ways in which this creative space is charged with utopian possibilities in the early Anthropocene. This is the background and the driving force of the planned research project ‘Cool Nature: Utopian Landscapes in Sweden 1780–1840’.","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80256331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wolfgang Schmale, Gesellschaftliche Orientierung: Geschichte der “Aufklärung” in der globalen Neuzeit (19. bis 21. Jahrhundert) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2021). 379 pp.","authors":"Laura Tarkka","doi":"10.7557/4.6605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6605","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85194785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2020 var et år som de fleste i verden som levde gjennom det vil huske livet ut. For meg personlig var deler av dets minneverdighet forventet, siden jeg leverte min avhandling januar 2020. Da jeg forsvarte avhandlingen i begynnelsen av oktober samme år hadde verden forandret seg betydelig, og aktualiteten av temaet hadde endret seg på en måte jeg ikke forventet. Avhandlingen behandler kunnskap om venerisk sykdom i Norge på 1700-tallet, et skjæringspunkt mellom medisinog kunnskapshistorie. Arbeidet ble påbegynt midt i diskusjoner om fake news og en tillitsbrist til eksperter generelt og akademikere spesielt. Pandemiens utbrudd bidro til at det medisinhistoriske fikk større aktualitet, samtidig som tillitskrisen til eksperter også gjorde seg gjeldende. Med nedstenginger, karantene og formidling av medisinhistorie fra hjemmekontoret ble 2020 en merkelig konvergens av fag og privatliv, mellom fortid og nåtid. Som historiker spesialisert på medisin og medisinsk kunnskap fra 1700-tallet har temaet mitt ofte krevd en del forklaring i sosiale settinger. Dette kan kanskje sees i lys av en samtidig, spesielt vestlig forståelse av medisin som svært teleologisk fundert – vårt helsesystem er på ingen måte perfekt, men vi er nå i kunnskapens spydspiss når det gjelder forståelse av kroppen og muligheter for å kurere den. Fortidig medisin, spesielt den før 1800-tallet, faller av kartet og blir ofte latterliggjort eller fremsatt som inhuman i sin mangel på å leve opp til moderne idealer knyttet til helse og kropp. Kanskje var det en viss porsjon av selvgodhet i den brede forståelsen av medisin, en idé om at vi langt på vei har mestret mange av kroppens hemmeligheter, som ga en distanse til medisinske katastrofer. Enorme epidemier ble forstått som noe som kun fant sted i andre land, på fjerne kontinenter eller i vår egen fortid. Helseepidemiene debattert i vesten var knyttet til stillesitting, skjermbruk og overkonsumpsjon av (feil) mat – igjen bevis på vår egen sofistikasjon. Muligens var det nettopp derfor sjokket var så stort da en sykdom
{"title":"Refleksjoner fra en medisinhistoriker i en pandemi","authors":"Susanne Holmberg","doi":"10.7557/4.6606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6606","url":null,"abstract":"2020 var et år som de fleste i verden som levde gjennom det vil huske livet ut. For meg personlig var deler av dets minneverdighet forventet, siden jeg leverte min avhandling januar 2020. Da jeg forsvarte avhandlingen i begynnelsen av oktober samme år hadde verden forandret seg betydelig, og aktualiteten av temaet hadde endret seg på en måte jeg ikke forventet. Avhandlingen behandler kunnskap om venerisk sykdom i Norge på 1700-tallet, et skjæringspunkt mellom medisinog kunnskapshistorie. Arbeidet ble påbegynt midt i diskusjoner om fake news og en tillitsbrist til eksperter generelt og akademikere spesielt. Pandemiens utbrudd bidro til at det medisinhistoriske fikk større aktualitet, samtidig som tillitskrisen til eksperter også gjorde seg gjeldende. Med nedstenginger, karantene og formidling av medisinhistorie fra hjemmekontoret ble 2020 en merkelig konvergens av fag og privatliv, mellom fortid og nåtid. Som historiker spesialisert på medisin og medisinsk kunnskap fra 1700-tallet har temaet mitt ofte krevd en del forklaring i sosiale settinger. Dette kan kanskje sees i lys av en samtidig, spesielt vestlig forståelse av medisin som svært teleologisk fundert – vårt helsesystem er på ingen måte perfekt, men vi er nå i kunnskapens spydspiss når det gjelder forståelse av kroppen og muligheter for å kurere den. Fortidig medisin, spesielt den før 1800-tallet, faller av kartet og blir ofte latterliggjort eller fremsatt som inhuman i sin mangel på å leve opp til moderne idealer knyttet til helse og kropp. Kanskje var det en viss porsjon av selvgodhet i den brede forståelsen av medisin, en idé om at vi langt på vei har mestret mange av kroppens hemmeligheter, som ga en distanse til medisinske katastrofer. Enorme epidemier ble forstått som noe som kun fant sted i andre land, på fjerne kontinenter eller i vår egen fortid. Helseepidemiene debattert i vesten var knyttet til stillesitting, skjermbruk og overkonsumpsjon av (feil) mat – igjen bevis på vår egen sofistikasjon. Muligens var det nettopp derfor sjokket var så stort da en sykdom","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78201429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses two lesser known proponents of animal rights in early eighteenth-century Northern Europe. In Sweden, Johan Upmarck argued for an “analogy” of rights of animals in 1714. German scholar Immanuel Proeleus proposed a set of animal rights and human duties towards animals in 1709. Both authors place restrictions on these rights. In the case of Upmarck, the rights are described through the notion of an “analogy”. The rights of animals are only rights in an improper sense, and not comparable to the rights humans have. In the case of Proeleus, animal rights are placed on a foundational level, as a category of rights that are common to both men and other animals. This gives them a stronger position than is the case in Upmarck’s argument, but animal rights are in the final analysis nonetheless relegated to a subordinate status. However, Proeleus goes much further in detailing the exact nature of the rights of animals and the duties of humans to care for and protect them, although Upmarck also delineates what constitutes “illicit cruelty” towards animals and discusses their experience of suffering.
{"title":"'Ihre defension zu führen'","authors":"Andreas Hellerstedt","doi":"10.7557/4.6545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6545","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses two lesser known proponents of animal rights in early eighteenth-century Northern Europe. In Sweden, Johan Upmarck argued for an “analogy” of rights of animals in 1714. German scholar Immanuel Proeleus proposed a set of animal rights and human duties towards animals in 1709.\u0000Both authors place restrictions on these rights. In the case of Upmarck, the rights are described through the notion of an “analogy”. The rights of animals are only rights in an improper sense, and not comparable to the rights humans have. In the case of Proeleus, animal rights are placed on a foundational level, as a category of rights that are common to both men and other animals. This gives them a stronger position than is the case in Upmarck’s argument, but animal rights are in the final analysis nonetheless relegated to a subordinate status. However, Proeleus goes much further in detailing the exact nature of the rights of animals and the duties of humans to care for and protect them, although Upmarck also delineates what constitutes “illicit cruelty” towards animals and discusses their experience of suffering.","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79443975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a consequence of a large-scale volcanic outburst, the Laki eruption in 1783–1784, the focus of the world turned suddenly towards Iceland, a province of the Danish crown. The dynamic volcano in Iceland had far-reaching consequences for the outside world as the pollution was carried further by the wind, causing dramatic changes in weather conditions. The temperature in Europe fell by 1.5 °C over a two-year period. Icelanders endured extreme hardship as sulphuric haze swept the country during the summer of 1783 and temperature dropped dramatically for a time. The period which followed is termed ‘The Famine of the Mist’ in Icelandic history due to the thick fog caused by the eruption and the extreme cold weather. This article will discuss the experience the people of Iceland underwent at the time. Correspondence, which is the main source of the article, gives an intimate glimpse of people’s lives during this critical period caused by the Laki eruption. The letters reveal that, albeit exhausted and traumatized, people were striving to remain optimistic. The eyes of Europe and the enlightened world of scientists were cast on Iceland during these dramatic times. Icelandic contacts with the outside world, despite Iceland being located far away in the North Atlantic, were various and flowed in more than one direction. The administration of Iceland was centred in Copenhagen where a plan for free trade was already in preparation at the outbreak of the eruption.
{"title":"Facing natural extremes","authors":"Margrét Gunnarsdóttir","doi":"10.7557/4.6611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6611","url":null,"abstract":"As a consequence of a large-scale volcanic outburst, the Laki eruption in 1783–1784, the focus of the world turned suddenly towards Iceland, a province of the Danish crown. The dynamic volcano in Iceland had far-reaching consequences for the outside world as the pollution was carried further by the wind, causing dramatic changes in weather conditions. The temperature in Europe fell by 1.5 °C over a two-year period. Icelanders endured extreme hardship as sulphuric haze swept the country during the summer of 1783 and temperature dropped dramatically for a time. The period which followed is termed ‘The Famine of the Mist’ in Icelandic history due to the thick fog caused by the eruption and the extreme cold weather. This article will discuss the experience the people of Iceland underwent at the time. Correspondence, which is the main source of the article, gives an intimate glimpse of people’s lives during this critical period caused by the Laki eruption. The letters reveal that, albeit exhausted and traumatized, people were striving to remain optimistic. The eyes of Europe and the enlightened world of scientists were cast on Iceland during these dramatic times. Icelandic contacts with the outside world, despite Iceland being located far away in the North Atlantic, were various and flowed in more than one direction. The administration of Iceland was centred in Copenhagen where a plan for free trade was already in preparation at the outbreak of the eruption.","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80772398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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