Gustav Philip Creutz and Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg, both born in 1731, were two major authors who developed pastoral and epic poetry in Swedish and who were also known for their literary friendship. In Swedish and Finnish national literature, they are known as representatives of a supposedly light, rococo style that fell out of fashion in the nineteenth century. By proposing a queer reading of their poetry, this article takes a new approach to their works, arguing that these can be used as valuable sources for the history of gender, genderqueer and feelings of love and friendship. While previous studies have generally analysed Creutz’s and Gyllenborg’s works separately, they are here seen as a mutual venture in the context of a shifting, gendered public space, however within a strongly classical framework, which allowed the authors to play at several intertextual levels to appeal to the sensitivities of different readers.
{"title":"Viska om mitt qval","authors":"Charlotta Wolff","doi":"10.7557/4.6609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6609","url":null,"abstract":"Gustav Philip Creutz and Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg, both born in 1731, were two major authors who developed pastoral and epic poetry in Swedish and who were also known for their literary friendship. In Swedish and Finnish national literature, they are known as representatives of a supposedly light, rococo style that fell out of fashion in the nineteenth century. By proposing a queer reading of their poetry, this article takes a new approach to their works, arguing that these can be used as valuable sources for the history of gender, genderqueer and feelings of love and friendship. While previous studies have generally analysed Creutz’s and Gyllenborg’s works separately, they are here seen as a mutual venture in the context of a shifting, gendered public space, however within a strongly classical framework, which allowed the authors to play at several intertextual levels to appeal to the sensitivities of different readers.","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87418032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The covid-19 pandemic, along with the debate concerning vaccines, has deeply affected my own views on my work as well as the interest it has received. I am currently writing my doctoral thesis on medical science, mentalities, public health measures, and epidemic prevention in the Swedish kingdom in 1695–1809. Much of my work concentrates on the long shadows of demographic catastrophes. I argue that the quickly growing interest in issues regarding public health and population in mid-eighteenth-century Sweden was to a large extent a consequence of the devastating crises of the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. Smallpox inoculation and, at the end of the eighteenth century, vaccination, are central themes in my research. It has been quite frustrating and at times surreal to encounter, in present-day discourse, anti-vaccine rhetoric and arguments that are eerily similar to the ones I have seen countless times in eighteenth-century sources. Three centuries ago, when smallpox inoculation first began to gain interest in European medical and public discussions, the accusations of it being unnatural, harmful, and against divine will immediately surfaced – and never really disappeared. Inoculation, and later, vaccination, was sometimes even seen as a conspiracy, and across Europe extensive anti-inoculation and anti-vaccination propaganda was circulated, often on religious grounds. To see such viewpoints now being spread consciously and outright maliciously by conspiracy theorists, despite the immeasurable lives that vaccines have saved globally, has been gravely disheartening. It has, however, also made it clearer to me that historical research on these topics has immediate relevance to our own time. At the beginning of my doctoral studies, I often encountered surprised reactions to my chosen topics. Why study such sad themes? Historical demography is sometimes seen as tiresome and with little immediate value. Recently, I have
{"title":"Considering pandemics, history, and ethics","authors":"E. Maaniitty","doi":"10.7557/4.6607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6607","url":null,"abstract":"The covid-19 pandemic, along with the debate concerning vaccines, has deeply affected my own views on my work as well as the interest it has received. I am currently writing my doctoral thesis on medical science, mentalities, public health measures, and epidemic prevention in the Swedish kingdom in 1695–1809. Much of my work concentrates on the long shadows of demographic catastrophes. I argue that the quickly growing interest in issues regarding public health and population in mid-eighteenth-century Sweden was to a large extent a consequence of the devastating crises of the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. Smallpox inoculation and, at the end of the eighteenth century, vaccination, are central themes in my research. It has been quite frustrating and at times surreal to encounter, in present-day discourse, anti-vaccine rhetoric and arguments that are eerily similar to the ones I have seen countless times in eighteenth-century sources. Three centuries ago, when smallpox inoculation first began to gain interest in European medical and public discussions, the accusations of it being unnatural, harmful, and against divine will immediately surfaced – and never really disappeared. Inoculation, and later, vaccination, was sometimes even seen as a conspiracy, and across Europe extensive anti-inoculation and anti-vaccination propaganda was circulated, often on religious grounds. To see such viewpoints now being spread consciously and outright maliciously by conspiracy theorists, despite the immeasurable lives that vaccines have saved globally, has been gravely disheartening. It has, however, also made it clearer to me that historical research on these topics has immediate relevance to our own time. At the beginning of my doctoral studies, I often encountered surprised reactions to my chosen topics. Why study such sad themes? Historical demography is sometimes seen as tiresome and with little immediate value. Recently, I have","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"6 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81031697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Albrektson, Mikael Ahlund, Sara Ekström, Johanna Ethnersson Pontara, Elisabeth Mansén, Vera Sundin, Meike Wagner, Erik Wallrup
In this essay, an interdisciplinary group of researchers sets out to address the period 1780–1840 in Sweden in a new way, by placing nature at its centre. With the help of ecocritical and transcultural theory, combined with renewed attention to the Swedish fine arts, learned discourses, and practices, we suggest a new approach to these revolutionary decades. The perceived dissonance, the interplay between climatic conditions and cultural template in early modern and modern Sweden, has not been fully addressed in current research, despite the fact that the relationship between humankind and the environment is a central issue in contemporary society and scholarship. Representations of nature situate the nation, they negotiate the relationship between a sensed reality and an ideal, between human and more-than-human beings. We suggest a focus on the unpredictable space created by negotiations of nature in Swedish representations during this crucial period, and, furthermore, on the ways in which this creative space is charged with utopian possibilities in the early Anthropocene. This is the background and the driving force of the planned research project ‘Cool Nature: Utopian Landscapes in Sweden 1780–1840’.
{"title":"Cool Nature","authors":"Anna Albrektson, Mikael Ahlund, Sara Ekström, Johanna Ethnersson Pontara, Elisabeth Mansén, Vera Sundin, Meike Wagner, Erik Wallrup","doi":"10.7557/4.6575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6575","url":null,"abstract":"In this essay, an interdisciplinary group of researchers sets out to address the period 1780–1840 in Sweden in a new way, by placing nature at its centre. With the help of ecocritical and transcultural theory, combined with renewed attention to the Swedish fine arts, learned discourses, and practices, we suggest a new approach to these revolutionary decades. The perceived dissonance, the interplay between climatic conditions and cultural template in early modern and modern Sweden, has not been fully addressed in current research, despite the fact that the relationship between humankind and the environment is a central issue in contemporary society and scholarship. Representations of nature situate the nation, they negotiate the relationship between a sensed reality and an ideal, between human and more-than-human beings. We suggest a focus on the unpredictable space created by negotiations of nature in Swedish representations during this crucial period, and, furthermore, on the ways in which this creative space is charged with utopian possibilities in the early Anthropocene. This is the background and the driving force of the planned research project ‘Cool Nature: Utopian Landscapes in Sweden 1780–1840’.","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80256331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wolfgang Schmale, Gesellschaftliche Orientierung: Geschichte der “Aufklärung” in der globalen Neuzeit (19. bis 21. Jahrhundert) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2021). 379 pp.","authors":"Laura Tarkka","doi":"10.7557/4.6605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6605","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85194785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2020 var et år som de fleste i verden som levde gjennom det vil huske livet ut. For meg personlig var deler av dets minneverdighet forventet, siden jeg leverte min avhandling januar 2020. Da jeg forsvarte avhandlingen i begynnelsen av oktober samme år hadde verden forandret seg betydelig, og aktualiteten av temaet hadde endret seg på en måte jeg ikke forventet. Avhandlingen behandler kunnskap om venerisk sykdom i Norge på 1700-tallet, et skjæringspunkt mellom medisinog kunnskapshistorie. Arbeidet ble påbegynt midt i diskusjoner om fake news og en tillitsbrist til eksperter generelt og akademikere spesielt. Pandemiens utbrudd bidro til at det medisinhistoriske fikk større aktualitet, samtidig som tillitskrisen til eksperter også gjorde seg gjeldende. Med nedstenginger, karantene og formidling av medisinhistorie fra hjemmekontoret ble 2020 en merkelig konvergens av fag og privatliv, mellom fortid og nåtid. Som historiker spesialisert på medisin og medisinsk kunnskap fra 1700-tallet har temaet mitt ofte krevd en del forklaring i sosiale settinger. Dette kan kanskje sees i lys av en samtidig, spesielt vestlig forståelse av medisin som svært teleologisk fundert – vårt helsesystem er på ingen måte perfekt, men vi er nå i kunnskapens spydspiss når det gjelder forståelse av kroppen og muligheter for å kurere den. Fortidig medisin, spesielt den før 1800-tallet, faller av kartet og blir ofte latterliggjort eller fremsatt som inhuman i sin mangel på å leve opp til moderne idealer knyttet til helse og kropp. Kanskje var det en viss porsjon av selvgodhet i den brede forståelsen av medisin, en idé om at vi langt på vei har mestret mange av kroppens hemmeligheter, som ga en distanse til medisinske katastrofer. Enorme epidemier ble forstått som noe som kun fant sted i andre land, på fjerne kontinenter eller i vår egen fortid. Helseepidemiene debattert i vesten var knyttet til stillesitting, skjermbruk og overkonsumpsjon av (feil) mat – igjen bevis på vår egen sofistikasjon. Muligens var det nettopp derfor sjokket var så stort da en sykdom
{"title":"Refleksjoner fra en medisinhistoriker i en pandemi","authors":"Susanne Holmberg","doi":"10.7557/4.6606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6606","url":null,"abstract":"2020 var et år som de fleste i verden som levde gjennom det vil huske livet ut. For meg personlig var deler av dets minneverdighet forventet, siden jeg leverte min avhandling januar 2020. Da jeg forsvarte avhandlingen i begynnelsen av oktober samme år hadde verden forandret seg betydelig, og aktualiteten av temaet hadde endret seg på en måte jeg ikke forventet. Avhandlingen behandler kunnskap om venerisk sykdom i Norge på 1700-tallet, et skjæringspunkt mellom medisinog kunnskapshistorie. Arbeidet ble påbegynt midt i diskusjoner om fake news og en tillitsbrist til eksperter generelt og akademikere spesielt. Pandemiens utbrudd bidro til at det medisinhistoriske fikk større aktualitet, samtidig som tillitskrisen til eksperter også gjorde seg gjeldende. Med nedstenginger, karantene og formidling av medisinhistorie fra hjemmekontoret ble 2020 en merkelig konvergens av fag og privatliv, mellom fortid og nåtid. Som historiker spesialisert på medisin og medisinsk kunnskap fra 1700-tallet har temaet mitt ofte krevd en del forklaring i sosiale settinger. Dette kan kanskje sees i lys av en samtidig, spesielt vestlig forståelse av medisin som svært teleologisk fundert – vårt helsesystem er på ingen måte perfekt, men vi er nå i kunnskapens spydspiss når det gjelder forståelse av kroppen og muligheter for å kurere den. Fortidig medisin, spesielt den før 1800-tallet, faller av kartet og blir ofte latterliggjort eller fremsatt som inhuman i sin mangel på å leve opp til moderne idealer knyttet til helse og kropp. Kanskje var det en viss porsjon av selvgodhet i den brede forståelsen av medisin, en idé om at vi langt på vei har mestret mange av kroppens hemmeligheter, som ga en distanse til medisinske katastrofer. Enorme epidemier ble forstått som noe som kun fant sted i andre land, på fjerne kontinenter eller i vår egen fortid. Helseepidemiene debattert i vesten var knyttet til stillesitting, skjermbruk og overkonsumpsjon av (feil) mat – igjen bevis på vår egen sofistikasjon. Muligens var det nettopp derfor sjokket var så stort da en sykdom","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78201429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mikael Alm’s book is a deep dive into the notions that characterised attitudes towards clothing in the late eighteenth century, a time when the established cor-relations between everyday dress and social order based on differentiation and regulations were challenged. Previous research on the period has shown a grow-ing tension between a traditional, highly regulated worldview, where social po-sition determined the individual’s sartorial choices, and an emerging modern consumer culture where wealth, wider access to fashion items, and the desire for personal expression through dress became increasingly prominent. People of the time acknowledged the inefficiency of sumptuary legislation and called for new, more drastic measures to maintain visible hierarchies. In 1773, the Swedish Royal Patriotic Society announced a prize competition in which answers were sought as to what advantages and possible disadvantages the introduction of a national dress would entail for Sweden. The responses, essays by approximately 65 writers, constitute the main source for Alm’s study. The essays illustrate widespread perceptions of how social order and sartorial practices were connected, and provide insight into a variety of individual imaginary worlds with personally coloured solutions to the clothing problem. The study is organised around the themes identified in the sources, resulting in three rich empirical chapters where the essay writers’ voices about social order, disorder in the sartorial world, and the importance of and means for maintaining visible differences in dress between groups in society are discussed in relation to each other and to current historical research. Although the source material is uniform, the content, which spans wide, sprawling fields, and presents contradictory, inconsistent arguments, requires deep insights into many aspects of the
迈克尔·阿尔姆(Mikael Alm)的书深入探讨了18世纪晚期人们对服装的态度，当时，基于差异化和法规的日常着装与社会秩序之间的既定关系受到了挑战。先前对这一时期的研究表明，传统的、高度规范的世界观(社会地位决定了个人的服装选择)与新兴的现代消费文化(财富、更广泛的时尚商品渠道以及通过服装表达个人的愿望日益突出)之间的紧张关系日益加剧。当时的人们认识到有关奢侈的立法效率低下，并呼吁采取新的、更严厉的措施来维持可见的等级制度。1773年，瑞典皇家爱国协会(Swedish Royal Patriotic Society)宣布了一项有奖竞赛，征集关于引入民族服装会给瑞典带来哪些好处和可能的坏处的答案。这些回应，大约65位作家的文章，构成了Alm研究的主要来源。这些文章阐述了社会秩序和服装实践是如何联系在一起的普遍看法，并提供了对各种个人想象世界的洞察力，并为服装问题提供了个人色彩的解决方案。该研究围绕来源中确定的主题进行组织，形成三个丰富的实证章节，其中论文作者关于社会秩序的声音，服装世界中的混乱，以及保持社会群体之间明显差异的重要性和手段，讨论了彼此之间的关系和当前的历史研究。虽然来源材料是统一的，但内容跨越广泛，杂乱无章的领域，并提出矛盾，不一致的论点，需要对许多方面有深刻的见解
{"title":"Mikael Alm, Sartorial Practices and Social Order in Eighteenth-Century Sweden: Fashioning Difference (New York & London: Routledge, 2022). 176 pp.","authors":"Pernilla Rasmussen","doi":"10.7557/4.6599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6599","url":null,"abstract":"Mikael Alm’s book is a deep dive into the notions that characterised attitudes towards clothing in the late eighteenth century, a time when the established cor-relations between everyday dress and social order based on differentiation and regulations were challenged. Previous research on the period has shown a grow-ing tension between a traditional, highly regulated worldview, where social po-sition determined the individual’s sartorial choices, and an emerging modern consumer culture where wealth, wider access to fashion items, and the desire for personal expression through dress became increasingly prominent. People of the time acknowledged the inefficiency of sumptuary legislation and called for new, more drastic measures to maintain visible hierarchies. In 1773, the Swedish Royal Patriotic Society announced a prize competition in which answers were sought as to what advantages and possible disadvantages the introduction of a national dress would entail for Sweden. The responses, essays by approximately 65 writers, constitute the main source for Alm’s study. The essays illustrate widespread perceptions of how social order and sartorial practices were connected, and provide insight into a variety of individual imaginary worlds with personally coloured solutions to the clothing problem. The study is organised around the themes identified in the sources, resulting in three rich empirical chapters where the essay writers’ voices about social order, disorder in the sartorial world, and the importance of and means for maintaining visible differences in dress between groups in society are discussed in relation to each other and to current historical research. Although the source material is uniform, the content, which spans wide, sprawling fields, and presents contradictory, inconsistent arguments, requires deep insights into many aspects of the","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83227799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a consequence of a large-scale volcanic outburst, the Laki eruption in 1783–1784, the focus of the world turned suddenly towards Iceland, a province of the Danish crown. The dynamic volcano in Iceland had far-reaching consequences for the outside world as the pollution was carried further by the wind, causing dramatic changes in weather conditions. The temperature in Europe fell by 1.5 °C over a two-year period. Icelanders endured extreme hardship as sulphuric haze swept the country during the summer of 1783 and temperature dropped dramatically for a time. The period which followed is termed ‘The Famine of the Mist’ in Icelandic history due to the thick fog caused by the eruption and the extreme cold weather. This article will discuss the experience the people of Iceland underwent at the time. Correspondence, which is the main source of the article, gives an intimate glimpse of people’s lives during this critical period caused by the Laki eruption. The letters reveal that, albeit exhausted and traumatized, people were striving to remain optimistic. The eyes of Europe and the enlightened world of scientists were cast on Iceland during these dramatic times. Icelandic contacts with the outside world, despite Iceland being located far away in the North Atlantic, were various and flowed in more than one direction. The administration of Iceland was centred in Copenhagen where a plan for free trade was already in preparation at the outbreak of the eruption.
{"title":"Facing natural extremes","authors":"Margrét Gunnarsdóttir","doi":"10.7557/4.6611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/4.6611","url":null,"abstract":"As a consequence of a large-scale volcanic outburst, the Laki eruption in 1783–1784, the focus of the world turned suddenly towards Iceland, a province of the Danish crown. The dynamic volcano in Iceland had far-reaching consequences for the outside world as the pollution was carried further by the wind, causing dramatic changes in weather conditions. The temperature in Europe fell by 1.5 °C over a two-year period. Icelanders endured extreme hardship as sulphuric haze swept the country during the summer of 1783 and temperature dropped dramatically for a time. The period which followed is termed ‘The Famine of the Mist’ in Icelandic history due to the thick fog caused by the eruption and the extreme cold weather. This article will discuss the experience the people of Iceland underwent at the time. Correspondence, which is the main source of the article, gives an intimate glimpse of people’s lives during this critical period caused by the Laki eruption. The letters reveal that, albeit exhausted and traumatized, people were striving to remain optimistic. The eyes of Europe and the enlightened world of scientists were cast on Iceland during these dramatic times. Icelandic contacts with the outside world, despite Iceland being located far away in the North Atlantic, were various and flowed in more than one direction. The administration of Iceland was centred in Copenhagen where a plan for free trade was already in preparation at the outbreak of the eruption.","PeriodicalId":37573,"journal":{"name":"Sjuttonhundratal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80772398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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