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Single-Limb Solution: Restructuring Italian Debt 单一解决方案:重组意大利债务
Pub Date : 2019-04-14 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3371976
R. Harrington, Hailey Klabo, Natalie Pita
Italy faces an increasingly unsustainable debt load, now totalling more than €2.4 trillion and representing more than 130% of Italian GDP. The country’s economic indicators do not suggest it will grow its way out of the predicament, and thus immediate and substantial debt relief has become necessary. Other proposals predicated on extending maturities will not help Italy nor its bondholders because they are based on the false presumption that Italy’s economy is about to jump-start. Proposals based on this assumption will be unsuccessful because giving Italy more time will only end with Italy accumulating more debt. This proposal outlines a plan to restructure about a quarter of Italy’s total debt stock, for an amount of roughly €500 billion. To accomplish this, we suggest that Italy, pursuant to its power under the Public Debt Consolidated Act, unilaterally retrofit an aggregated, single-limb collective action clause (“CAC”) to government bonds that were issued prior to 2013, under Italian law, and with a maturity date greater than one year. European Central Bank (“ECB”)-held bonds also would be exempted. Restructuring the debt incrementally in this fashion would achieve the following: 1) immediate and substantial debt relief, as even 25% of Italy’s debt would more than easily double the size of the Greek restructuring, while providing a legally sound and streamlined model Italy could employ should further restructuring be required; 2) the power to functionally eliminate blocking positions for potential holdouts, while still giving affected bondholders the power to “fight” a restructuring by negotiating prior to the vote; and 3) reduced legal risk by using an internationally recognized International Capital Market Association (“ICMA”)-style single limb CAC to restructure the pre-2013 bonds, while also avoiding the legal uncertainty attendant with any restructuring of the post-2013 bonds containing EuroCACs.
意大利面临着越来越不可持续的债务负担,目前债务总额超过2.4万亿欧元,占意大利GDP的130%以上。该国的经济指标并不表明它将通过增长摆脱困境,因此,立即大幅减免债务已成为必要。其他以延长债务期限为前提的提议对意大利及其债券持有人都没有帮助,因为它们是基于意大利经济即将启动的错误假设。基于这一假设的提议不会成功,因为给意大利更多时间只会导致意大利积累更多债务。该提案概述了一项重组意大利总债务存量约四分之一的计划,金额约为5000亿欧元。为实现这一目标,我们建议意大利根据《公共债务合并法》赋予的权力,对2013年之前根据意大利法律发行的、到期日超过一年的政府债券,单方面修改汇总、单一条款集体行动条款(“CAC”)。欧洲中央银行(ECB)持有的债券也将被豁免。以这种方式逐步重组债务将实现以下目标:1)立即大幅减免债务,因为即使意大利债务的25%也很容易使希腊的债务重组规模翻一番,同时为意大利提供一个法律上合理且精简的模式,如果需要进一步重组,意大利可以采用;2)有权从功能上消除潜在债权人的阻碍地位,同时仍赋予受影响的债券持有人在投票前通过谈判“对抗”重组的权力;3)通过使用国际公认的国际资本市场协会(“ICMA”)式的单分支CAC来重组2013年前的债券,降低了法律风险,同时也避免了2013年后包含欧洲CAC的债券重组所带来的法律不确定性。
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引用次数: 0
Russia's External Debt: No Threats to Stability 俄罗斯的外债:不威胁稳定
Pub Date : 2018-09-17 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3250680
P. Trunin
In 2018 Russia continues to reduce, since the 2014–2015 crisis, its external debt. An additional factor contributing to the reduction of debt to non-residents is that non-residents have reduced their holdings of OFZ bonds over fears of new sanctions against Russia. Therefore the today’s level of external debt poses no threat to financial stability of the country.
自2014-2015年危机以来,2018年俄罗斯继续减少外债。导致对非居民债务减少的另一个因素是,由于担心对俄罗斯实施新的制裁,非居民减少了他们持有的OFZ债券。因此,目前的外债水平不会对该国的金融稳定构成威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Debt, Information, and Illiquidity 债务、信息和非流动性
Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.3386/W25054
Efraim Benmelech, Nittai K. Bergman
We analyze the empirical determinants of liquidity in debt markets in light of predictions stemming from debt-based information theories. We conduct a battery of tests confirming predictions of asymmetric information models of bond liquidity, including those that predict a``hockey-stick" relation between bond liquidity and underlying fundamental value. When debt is deep in the money, it becomes informationally insensitive and more liquid. In contrast, when firm value deteriorates towards the left tail, the value of debt becomes informationally sensitive and less liquid. We alleviate endogeneity concerns using exogenous variation in firm value that is plausibly not driven by bond liquidity. Our results shed new empirical light on the determination of liquidity in debt markets.
根据基于债务的信息理论的预测,我们分析了债务市场流动性的经验决定因素。我们进行了一系列测试,证实了债券流动性的非对称信息模型的预测,包括那些预测债券流动性与潜在基本价值之间“曲棍球棒”关系的模型。当债务深埋于货币中时,它在信息上变得不敏感,流动性更强。相反,当企业价值向左尾恶化时,债务价值变得信息敏感,流动性较差。我们利用看似不受债券流动性驱动的公司价值的外生变化来缓解内生性问题。我们的研究结果为债券市场流动性的决定提供了新的实证启示。
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引用次数: 28
To Formalize or Not to Formalize: Creditor-Debtor Engagement in Sovereign Debt Restructurings 正式化还是不正式化:主权债务重组中的债权人-债务人参与
Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3209258
M. Waibel
Creditor-debtor engagement in one form or another has been a feature of many sovereign debt restructurings. In some cases, debtor-creditor engagement has been formalized and took the specific form of creditor committees. Views differ considerably on the merits and demerits of CCs, and on the level of prescription and detail that is desirable from a policy perspective. The incentives of the main actors in sovereign debt also differ with respect to creditor engagement, particularly as regards ex ante contractual clauses. The article focuses on the possible content of creditor-debtor engagement. Creditor-debtor engagement can take four main forms: (i) the insertion ex ante of contractual clauses in bond documentation for creditor committees (CCs); (ii) ex ante best practices for formal creditor committees; (iii) ex ante best practices for engagement between creditors and debtors or (iv) ex post agreement between the debtor and creditor on creditor engagement or CCs.
债权人与债务人以一种或另一种形式的约定一直是许多主权债务重组的一个特点。在某些情况下,债务人与债权人的约定已正式确定,并采取了债权人委员会的具体形式。关于CCs的优缺点,以及从政策角度来看,处方和细节的程度有很大的不同。主权债务的主要行为者的激励也因债权人的参与而有所不同,特别是在事前合同条款方面。本文着重探讨了债权债务人承诺的可能内容。债权人与债务人之间的约定可以采取四种主要形式:(i)在债权人委员会的债券文件中预先插入合同条款;(ii)正式债权人委员会的事前最佳做法;(iii)债权人和债务人之间事先约定的最佳做法或(iv)债务人和债权人之间就债权人约定或担保达成的事后协议。
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引用次数: 0
Sovereign Debt Restructurings 主权债务重组
Pub Date : 2018-06-25 DOI: 10.20955/wp.2018.013
Maximiliano A. Dvorkin, Juan M. Sánchez, Horacio. Sapriza, Emircan Yurdagul
Sovereign debt crises involve debt restructurings characterized by a mix of face value haircuts and maturity extensions. The prevalence of maturity extensions has been hard to reconcile with economic theory. We develop a model of endogenous debt restructuring that captures key facts of sovereign debt and restructuring episodes. While debt dilution pushes for negative maturity extensions, three factors are important in overcoming the effects of dilution and generating maturity extensions upon restructurings: income recovery after default, credit exclusion after restructuring, and regulatory costs of book value haircuts. We employ dynamic discrete choice methods that allow for smoother decision rules, rendering the problem tractable. (JEL E44, F34, F41, H63)
主权债务危机涉及债务重组,其特点是面值减值和期限延长。期限延长的盛行很难与经济理论相协调。我们开发了一个内生债务重组模型,该模型捕捉了主权债务和重组事件的关键事实。虽然债务稀释会导致负期限延长,但要克服稀释的影响并在重组时产生期限延长,三个因素很重要:违约后的收入恢复、重组后的信贷排除以及账面价值减记的监管成本。我们采用动态离散选择方法,允许更平滑的决策规则,使问题易于处理。(凝胶e44, f34, f41, h63)
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引用次数: 60
Performance of Stock and Treasury Bills Under Inflation and Floating: Evidence from Egypt 通货膨胀和浮动条件下股票和国库券的表现:来自埃及的证据
Pub Date : 2018-05-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3180597
Osama Wagdi, Yasmine Tarek, Nihad Edres
The aim of this study is comparing the performance of common stock & treasury bills, according to the central bank of Egypt and their monetary policy during the time period between “1994-2017”, using descriptive & inferential statistical methods. The Study concluded that there is a strong positive relationship between inflation rate & returns of Egyptian treasury bills, as the same relation as with floating Egyptian pound. in addition, the study found the impact of Inflation and Floating on the return of Egyptian T-bills, but don’t found this impact on the return of Egyptian common stock. Finally, the study founds the same average return but a different at variances of this return & the Coefficient of variation.
本研究的目的是比较普通股和国库券的表现,根据埃及中央银行和他们的货币政策在“1994-2017”期间,使用描述性和推断性统计方法。研究得出结论,通货膨胀率与埃及国库券收益率之间存在很强的正相关关系,与浮动埃及镑的关系相同。此外,研究发现通货膨胀和浮动对埃及国库券收益率的影响,但没有发现这对埃及普通股收益率的影响。最后,研究发现平均收益相同,但该收益的方差&变异系数不同。
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引用次数: 0
Problems of NPA in Banking Sector in India & Debt Recovery Remedies 印度银行业不良资产问题及债务追回补救措施
Pub Date : 2018-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3380757
V. Jha
The issue of Non Performing Assets has been discussed at length for financial system all over the world. The problem of NPAs is not only affecting the banks but also the whole economy. In fact level of NPAs in Indian banks is nothing but a reflection of the state of health of the industry and trade. Granting of credit for economic activities is the prime duty of banking. Apart from raising resources through fresh deposits, borrowings and recycling of funds received back from borrowers constitute a major part of funding credit dispensation activity. Lending is generally encouraged because it has the effect of funds being transferred from the system to productive purposes, which results into economic growth. However, lending also carries a risk called credit risk, which arises from the failure of borrower. Non-recovery of loans along with interest forms a major hurdle in the process of credit cycle. These loans affect the bank’s profitability on a large scale. The rising NPA has had posed a great challenge on the survival of Banking Industry in India and with this tenuous Banking Industry smitten with NPA, our desire to become an economic superpower would just be a daydream, thus, recent steps taken by RBI and Government of India to mitigate the deleterious effect of NPA has been discussed in this paper.
不良资产问题一直是世界各国金融体系讨论的热点问题。不良资产问题不仅影响着银行,也影响着整个经济。事实上,印度银行的不良资产水平只是反映了行业和贸易的健康状况。为经济活动提供信贷是银行的主要职责。除了通过新的存款筹集资源外,借款和回收从借款人收到的资金是信贷分配活动的主要部分。贷款通常受到鼓励,因为它具有将资金从系统转移到生产目的的效果,从而导致经济增长。然而,贷款也有信用风险,这是由于借款人的失败而产生的。贷款利息无法收回是信用周期过程中的一大障碍。这些贷款在很大程度上影响了银行的盈利能力。不断上升的NPA对印度银行业的生存构成了巨大的挑战,随着这个脆弱的银行业受到NPA的打击,我们成为经济超级大国的愿望将只是一个白日梦,因此,印度储备银行和印度政府最近采取的措施,以减轻NPA的有害影响,本文进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 1
Official Debt Restructurings and Development 官方债务重组和发展
Pub Date : 2018-04-20 DOI: 10.24149/gwp339
Gong Cheng, Javier Díaz-Cassou, Aitor Erce
Despite the frequency of official debt restructurings, little systematic evidence has been produced on their characteristics and implications. Using a dataset covering more than 400 Paris Club agreements, this paper fills that gap. It provides a comprehensive description of the evolving characteristics of these operations and studies their impact on debtors. The progressive introduction of new terms of treatment gradually turned the Paris Club from an institution primarily concerned with preserving creditors’ claims into an instrument to foster development in the world’s poorer nations, among other objectives. Our study finds that more generous restructuring conditions involving nominal relief are associated with an acceleration of per capita GDP growth and with a reduction in poverty and inequality. We also find that countries receiving nominal relief tend to receive lower aid flows subsequently, the opposite being the case for countries receiving high reductions in the net present value of their obligations, but no nominal haircuts.
尽管官方债务重组频繁发生,但关于其特点和影响的系统证据却很少。本文利用涵盖400多项巴黎俱乐部协议的数据集填补了这一空白。它全面说明了这些业务的演变特点,并研究了它们对债务人的影响。逐步采用新的待遇条件,逐渐使巴黎俱乐部从一个主要关心维护债权国债权的机构变成一个促进世界上较贫穷国家发展的工具,除其他目标外。我们的研究发现,涉及名义减免的更慷慨的重组条件与人均GDP增长的加速以及贫困和不平等的减少有关。我们还发现,接受名义救济的国家随后往往会收到较低的援助流量,而那些接受其义务净现值大幅减少但没有名义减值的国家的情况正好相反。
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引用次数: 13
A Primer on Managing Sovereign Debt-Portfolio Risks 主权债务投资组合风险管理入门
Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.5089/9781484350546.001
Thordur Jonasson, Michael G. Papaioannou
This paper provides an overview of sovereign debt portfolio risks and discusses various liability management operations (LMOs) and instruments used by public debt managers to mitigate these risks. Debt management strategies analyzed in the context of helping reach debt portfolio targets and attain desired portfolio structures. Also, the paper outlines how LMOs could be integrated into a debt management strategy and serve as policy tools to reduce potential debt portfolio vulnerabilities. Further, the paper presents operational issues faced by debt managers, including the need to develop a risk management framework, interactions of debt management with fiscal policy, monetary policy, and financial stability, as well as efficient government bond markets.
本文概述了主权债务投资组合的风险,并讨论了公共债务管理者用于减轻这些风险的各种负债管理操作(LMOs)和工具。在帮助达到债务投资组合目标和获得期望的投资组合结构的背景下分析债务管理策略。此外,本文还概述了如何将lmo纳入债务管理战略,并作为减少潜在债务组合脆弱性的政策工具。此外,本文还提出了债务管理者面临的操作问题,包括制定风险管理框架的必要性,债务管理与财政政策、货币政策和金融稳定的相互作用,以及有效的政府债券市场。
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引用次数: 7
On Fiscal Austerity and National Debt: A Retrospective Approach to the Public Finances of Greece 财政紧缩与国家债务:对希腊公共财政的回顾性分析
Pub Date : 2017-10-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3060777
Christos F. Stournaras
The growth considerations of fiscal policy reflecting budgetary imbalances, public debt evolution and methods of government finance, as well as the policy ensuing dynamic effects of the transition path toward equilibrium positions continue to be the dominant issues in international macroeconomics. Of paramount importance in both theoretical advances and empirical strategies is the crucial issue of fiscal austerity, and particularly its self-defeating attributes, as a means to correcting budget deficits while maintaining the sustainability of national debt, in conjunction to the worldwide impact of financial recession along with the procyclicality bias of the fiscal authorities, fraught with political-economy vagaries emerging in the process, which challenged many of the founding tenets of the traditional macrofinancial policy mix in smoothing aggregate demand and supporting a solid recovery trajectory with viable output growth rates and employment prospects. The core purpose of the present policy paper, reflecting upon the continuously traumatic Greek experience with persistently large imbalances in the general accounts of public finances, is to work as a notional bridge, by reconciling descriptive analyses with prescriptive methodologies, and as such produce a somewhat convenient basis for theoretical advances in the research field of appropriately defined fiscalist rules and effectively designed debt stabilisation policies. In accomplishing such a hybrid task, it adopts an over-simplistic arithmetic exercise underlying the stock-flow adjustment of pertinent policy variables and then, through a macro-financial approach to assessing the rate of interest impact and wealth effects of governmental sovereign finance, under conditions of both (im)perfect substitutability between domestic and foreign assets, for private capital accumulation and aggregate output productivity, it advances the relevant policy issues by recourse to a formal growth-modelling analysis of the equilibrium fundamentals aimed at addressing internalexternal imbalances, arising from varying budgetary constraints and accordingly adaptable debt stabilisation rules, hence ensuring the corresponding solvency constraint, and thereby underpinning the newer steady-state economy that helps enhance a rather modified index characterising the fiscal-growth nexus. Such a fiscal policy rationale on the output growth-debt dynamics interplay, although open to several alternative interpretations upon structural functional modifications, might prove both theoretically informative and technically consistent, perhaps optimistically, for conducting a conclusive policy design enriched with a robust flavour of practical applicability.
反映预算失衡的财政政策的增长考虑、公共债务的演变和政府财政的方法,以及随之而来的向均衡位置过渡路径的动态效应的政策,仍然是国际宏观经济学中的主要问题。在理论进展和经验战略中,最重要的是财政紧缩的关键问题,特别是其自我挫败的属性,作为在保持国家债务可持续性的同时纠正预算赤字的一种手段,再加上金融衰退的全球影响以及财政当局的顺周期性偏见,在这一过程中充满了政治经济的不可预测性。这挑战了传统宏观金融政策组合的许多基本原则,即平滑总需求,并以可行的产出增长率和就业前景支持坚实的复苏轨迹。本政策文件的核心目的是,通过调和描述性分析与规定性方法,反思希腊在公共财政一般账户中持续存在的巨大失衡所带来的持续创伤,作为一个概念上的桥梁,从而为在适当定义的财政主义规则和有效设计的债务稳定政策的研究领域取得理论进展提供某种方便的基础。在完成这一混合任务时,它采用了一种过于简单的算术练习,其基础是相关政策变量的存量流量调整,然后,通过宏观金融方法,在国内外资产之间(不)完全可替代性的条件下,评估私人资本积累和总产出生产率对政府主权财政的利率影响和财富效应。它通过对平衡基本原理的正式增长模型分析来推进相关的政策问题,旨在解决由不同的预算约束和相应的适应性债务稳定规则引起的内部外部失衡,从而确保相应的偿付能力约束,从而支撑新的稳态经济,有助于增强表征财政增长关系的一个相当修改的指数。这种关于产出增长-债务动态相互作用的财政政策理论,尽管在结构功能修改方面存在几种不同的解释,但对于进行一项具有实际适用性的结论性政策设计,可能在理论上提供了信息,在技术上是一致的,这也许是乐观的。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
PSN: Debt (Topic)
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