Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.2174/2405520415666220217152355
Ayushi Sharma, Kavita Pandey
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network makes use of Road Side Unit to boost the communication ability and provide internet access to vehicles. Unfortunately, in big cities with dense road network topology, wireless propagation is disrupted due to several obstacles. Hence, a crowded RSU deployment is required for full coverage of the urban environment. However, the installation cost of RSU is immense; researchers thought of solving this issue as an optimization problem whose objective is to cover all parts of the roads with a minimum number of RSUs, in return reducing the cost of the entire VANET deployment. In this article, a brief account has been given on VANET and its challenges, followed by the survey of different methods introduced to solve the RSU deployment problem. It will help the reader to get a quick glance at the progress made in the field over the years.
{"title":"Recent Advancement in techniques used to solve the RSU Deployment Problem in VANETs: A Comprehensive Survey","authors":"Ayushi Sharma, Kavita Pandey","doi":"10.2174/2405520415666220217152355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2405520415666220217152355","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Vehicular Ad Hoc Network makes use of Road Side Unit to boost the communication ability and provide internet access to vehicles. Unfortunately, in big cities with dense road network topology, wireless propagation is disrupted due to several obstacles. Hence, a crowded RSU deployment is required for full coverage of the urban environment. However, the installation cost of RSU is immense; researchers thought of solving this issue as an optimization problem whose objective is to cover all parts of the roads with a minimum number of RSUs, in return reducing the cost of the entire VANET deployment. In this article, a brief account has been given on VANET and its challenges, followed by the survey of different methods introduced to solve the RSU deployment problem. It will help the reader to get a quick glance at the progress made in the field over the years.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78260783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-27DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220127130014
Deepali Binwal, M. Kapoor
Connected vehicles are making intelligent transportation system (ITS) a reality, and because of the increase in the onboard computing capability of vehicles, demand for new applications is growing. Vehicular fog computing (VFC) represents a collaborative multitude of onboard vehicular resources to augment the capacity of fog computing. It is an important concept to address numerous issues related to fog computing like, high installation cost, sub-optimal utilization of resources, and developing many novel applications, etc. Vehicular fog computing research has witnessed different architectural, applications, and implementation challenges, studied by various authors. In this paper, we study the architecture of vehicular fog computing and present various unique characteristics of vehicular fog computing along with providing a detailed comparison with conventional fog computing. We analyze VFC implications in ITS with respect to architecture, applications, and challenges. We discuss and analyze the existing applications and research challenges in them. We also explain a novel application use-case of vehicular fog computing, bridging cellular network coverage holes using vehicular fog computing. Finally, we present new and promising applications and open research challenges therein.
{"title":"A Survey on Architecture, Applications, and Challenges in Vehicular Fog Computing","authors":"Deepali Binwal, M. Kapoor","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220127130014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220127130014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Connected vehicles are making intelligent transportation system (ITS) a reality, and because of the increase in the onboard computing capability of vehicles, demand for new applications is growing. Vehicular fog computing (VFC) represents a collaborative multitude of onboard vehicular resources to augment the capacity of fog computing. It is an important concept to address numerous issues related to fog computing like, high installation cost, sub-optimal utilization of resources, and developing many novel applications, etc. Vehicular fog computing research has witnessed different architectural, applications, and implementation challenges, studied by various authors. In this paper, we study the architecture of vehicular fog computing and present various unique characteristics of vehicular fog computing along with providing a detailed comparison with conventional fog computing. We analyze VFC implications in ITS with respect to architecture, applications, and challenges. We discuss and analyze the existing applications and research challenges in them. We also explain a novel application use-case of vehicular fog computing, bridging cellular network coverage holes using vehicular fog computing. Finally, we present new and promising applications and open research challenges therein.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80445683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-05DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220105143734
U. Chude-Okonkwo
To model molecular signal propagation in confined environment. Molecular communication (MC) is rooted in the concepts of understanding, modeling, and engineering information exchange among naturally and artificially synthesized nanosystems. To develop or analyze an MC system, there is the need to model the communication channel through which the molecular signal diffuse, from the transmitter to the receiver. Many models for the diffusion-based MC channel have been proposed in the literature for evaluating the performance of MC systems. Most of the contemporary works assume, and rightly so for some scenarios, that the MC channels under consideration have infinite boundaries. However, this assumption becomes invalid in bounded domains such as the interiors of natural cells and artificially synthesized nanosystems. In this paper, the model of molecular propagation in a confined. microenvironment is employ to explore the effect of such an environment on the MC system. The mutual information of the channel and specifically the closed-form expression of the channel capacity of the molecular signaling in the confined geometry is derive. Numerical results showing the variation in the channel capacity as the function of the channel dimension are presented. Results showed that the channel capacity increases with the decrease in the channel dimension. Subsequently, as the dimension of the channel tends to the nanoscale range typical of many artificially synthesized nanosystems, the effect of the channel width on the capacity and by induction on many other system metrics increases.
{"title":"Channel Capacity of Molecular Signaling via Diffusion in Confined Microenvironment","authors":"U. Chude-Okonkwo","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220105143734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220105143734","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000To model molecular signal propagation in confined environment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Molecular communication (MC) is rooted in the concepts of understanding, modeling, and engineering information exchange among naturally and artificially synthesized nanosystems. To develop or analyze an MC system, there is the need to model the communication channel through which the molecular signal diffuse, from the transmitter to the receiver. Many models for the diffusion-based MC channel have been proposed in the literature for evaluating the performance of MC systems. Most of the contemporary works assume, and rightly so for some scenarios, that the MC channels under consideration have infinite boundaries. However, this assumption becomes invalid in bounded domains such as the interiors of natural cells and artificially synthesized nanosystems.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this paper, the model of molecular propagation in a confined. microenvironment is employ to explore the effect of such an environment on the MC system.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The mutual information of the channel and specifically the closed-form expression of the channel capacity of the molecular signaling in the confined geometry is derive.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Numerical results showing the variation in the channel capacity as the function of the channel dimension are presented.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Results showed that the channel capacity increases with the decrease in the channel dimension. Subsequently, as the dimension of the channel tends to the nanoscale range typical of many artificially synthesized nanosystems, the effect of the channel width on the capacity and by induction on many other system metrics increases.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87320211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666211224105634
Jibran R. Khan, Shariq Mahmood Khan, F. Siddiqui
The last few decades bring an astonishing revolution in technology and electronics which enabling small pieces of electronic devices into handy equipment, called sensors. The sensors enable 75% area of the world covered by water. Which is hardly 5% been explored and has numerous applications. The security of underwater wireless sensors network (UWNS) communication is a prime concern to protect advantages from technology and application purpose. This paper explores UWSN architecture, vulnerabilities, attacks, and possible factors that challenge UWSN security and its applications. The primary objective of this work is to analyze the vulnerable factors that cause security challenges and threats to UWSN applications. This study focuses on the intermediate uplink point of UWSN architecture and evaluates it in three different test cases. This would be beneficial to build a better solution by devising an appropriate scheme in the future. The denial of service (DoS) attack is simulated using ns-3 and Aquasim-ng simulator to determine which factor(s) threatening to the UWSN environment. The simulation is performed under three idealized underwater scenarios; 1) depicts general UWSN (a hybrid architecture), 2) a special case depicts UWSN environment with only underwater components, ands 3) depicts another special case with underwater sink UWSN environment. Assuming all three test case environments are vulnerable and threats to UWSN security. In all three scenarios, the average network performance in the normal transmission is 88% and about ± 3% deviation is observed. Also, it observed that scenarios 1 and 2 are influenced by the adversary interference or malicious activity while there are no such effects that occur in scenario 3 in the absence of intermediate radio link or surface sink node(s). Thus, experiments found that among others, the intermediate radio link(s) of the onshore surface sink(s) or surface buoy(s) are vulnerable and threats to UWSN. The simulation results and observations found that the intermediate up-link in UWSN architecture found to be more vulnerable which makes it insecure. While, in a pure underwater environment, seem to be more secure compared to the general UWSN environment. In the future, more factors will be evaluate in the same or different cases to determine the UWSN issues and other vulnerable factors
{"title":"An Investigative Analysis of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) Security","authors":"Jibran R. Khan, Shariq Mahmood Khan, F. Siddiqui","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666211224105634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666211224105634","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The last few decades bring an astonishing revolution in technology and electronics which enabling small pieces of electronic devices into handy equipment, called sensors. The sensors enable 75% area of the world covered by water. Which is hardly 5% been explored and has numerous applications. The security of underwater wireless sensors network (UWNS) communication is a prime concern to protect advantages from technology and application purpose. This paper explores UWSN architecture, vulnerabilities, attacks, and possible factors that challenge UWSN security and its applications. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The primary objective of this work is to analyze the vulnerable factors that cause security challenges and threats to UWSN applications. This study focuses on the intermediate uplink point of UWSN architecture and evaluates it in three different test cases. This would be beneficial to build a better solution by devising an appropriate scheme in the future.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The denial of service (DoS) attack is simulated using ns-3 and Aquasim-ng simulator to determine which factor(s) threatening to the UWSN environment. The simulation is performed under three idealized underwater scenarios; 1) depicts general UWSN (a hybrid architecture), 2) a special case depicts UWSN environment with only underwater components, ands 3) depicts another special case with underwater sink UWSN environment. Assuming all three test case environments are vulnerable and threats to UWSN security. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 In all three scenarios, the average network performance in the normal transmission is 88% and about ± 3% deviation is observed. Also, it observed that scenarios 1 and 2 are influenced by the adversary interference or malicious activity while there are no such effects that occur in scenario 3 in the absence of intermediate radio link or surface sink node(s). Thus, experiments found that among others, the intermediate radio link(s) of the onshore surface sink(s) or surface buoy(s) are vulnerable and threats to UWSN.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The simulation results and observations found that the intermediate up-link in UWSN architecture found to be more vulnerable which makes it insecure. While, in a pure underwater environment, seem to be more secure compared to the general UWSN environment. In the future, more factors will be evaluate in the same or different cases to determine the UWSN issues and other vulnerable factors\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80674950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.2174/2210327911009211018121121
James Lam
{"title":"Meet the Editorial Board Member","authors":"James Lam","doi":"10.2174/2210327911009211018121121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327911009211018121121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85580059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-13DOI: 10.2174/2210327911666211013140728
Gbolahan Aiyetoro, P. Owolawi
The massive amount of deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices via wireless communications has presented a new paradigm in next generation mobile networks. The rapid growth in the deployment of the IoT devices can be linked to the diverse use of several IoT applications for home automations, smart systems, and other forms of innovations in businesses and industry 4.0. There is need for a robust network infrastructure to actualize the huge traffic demand of the IoT communications in this new paradigm across the globe including rural and remote areas. However, due to technical and economical constraints, the terrestrial network infrastructure is not able to fulfil this requirement. Hence, the need for satellite network infrastructure. This solution will be of inmense benefit to the provision of remote health care, disaster management, remote sensing, and asset tracking and environmental monitoring to name a few. While this remain an interesting solution, the packet scheduling which is one of the key radio resource management functions is still a challenging issue that remains undefined especially in a satellite network scenario that has its own peculiarities and challenges. Hence, the goal of this research work is to design a new packet scheduling scheme that will be suitable for machine type communications and also mixed use case scenario in satellite network scenario. The performance evaluation of the proposed packet scheduler is conducted through simulations. The newly proposed packet scheduling scheme provides at an improvement of approximately 7 Mbps and 0.5 bps/Hz in terms of throughput and spectral efficiency performances respectively in mixed use case scenario, when compared to known throughput optimal packet schedulers, without serious compromise to other performance metrics.
{"title":"Packet Scheduling for Internet of Remote Things (IoRT) devices in Next Generation Satellite Networks","authors":"Gbolahan Aiyetoro, P. Owolawi","doi":"10.2174/2210327911666211013140728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327911666211013140728","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The massive amount of deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices via wireless communications has presented a new paradigm in next generation mobile networks. The rapid growth in the deployment of the IoT devices can be linked to the diverse use of several IoT applications for home automations, smart systems, and other forms of innovations in businesses and industry 4.0. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000There is need for a robust network infrastructure to actualize the huge traffic demand of the IoT communications in this new paradigm across the globe including rural and remote areas. However, due to technical and economical constraints, the terrestrial network infrastructure is not able to fulfil this requirement. Hence, the need for satellite network infrastructure. This solution will be of inmense benefit to the provision of remote health care, disaster management, remote sensing, and asset tracking and environmental monitoring to name a few. While this remain an interesting solution, the packet scheduling which is one of the key radio resource management functions is still a challenging issue that remains undefined especially in a satellite network scenario that has its own peculiarities and challenges. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Hence, the goal of this research work is to design a new packet scheduling scheme that will be suitable for machine type communications and also mixed use case scenario in satellite network scenario. The performance evaluation of the proposed packet scheduler is conducted through simulations. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The newly proposed packet scheduling scheme provides at an improvement of approximately 7 Mbps and 0.5 bps/Hz in terms of throughput and spectral efficiency performances respectively in mixed use case scenario, when compared to known throughput optimal packet schedulers, without serious compromise to other performance metrics.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88034700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.2174/221032791108211018093334
K. Veer
{"title":"Meet the Editorial Board Member","authors":"K. Veer","doi":"10.2174/221032791108211018093334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/221032791108211018093334","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78909179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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