Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220405155841
Haythem Hayouni
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consist of sensor nodes with a limited battery life and limited communication distance. The minimization of the energy expended by the sensor nodes and network can be achieved either by reducing the number of communications or by controlling the topology. Thus, energy consumption can be optimized, due to several techniques, such as clustering. Clustering allows the network to be divided into a set of clusters, each of which managed by a cluster head. In a hierarchical cluster based WSN, the cluster head receives the data from its sensor members, aggregates them and sends the result to the base station, which leads to an extra overload. So, the selection of appropriate cluster head plays a very important role in conserving the energy of the sensor nodes and extend the lifetime of the network. This paper introduces an Energy-Efficient Cluster Head election and Cluster Formation algorithms for WSNs, called EECH/CF. To select cluster heads, our proposal election algorithm uses the initial and residual energy level of the sensor nodes, and efficiently creates the different clusters using an appropriate mechanism. Performance evaluation has shown a significant improvement in energy conservation and the network lifetime for EECH/CF in comparison to some existing clustering algorithms. Our proposal election algorithm uses the initial and residual energy level of the sensor nodes, and efficiently creates the different clusters using an appropriate mechanism. Performance evaluation has shown a significant improvement in energy conservation and the network lifetime for EECH/CF in comparison to some existing clustering algorithms. Results show that our clustering algorithms improve the lifetime of the network as we expected. Indeed, the delay before the dead of the first node can be up to seven times longer with EECH/CF.
{"title":"EECH/CF: An Energy-Efficient Cluster Head Election and Cluster Formation Algorithms for WSNs","authors":"Haythem Hayouni","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220405155841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220405155841","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consist of sensor nodes with a limited battery life and limited communication distance. The minimization of the energy expended by the sensor nodes and network can be achieved either by reducing the number of communications or by controlling the topology. Thus, energy consumption can be optimized, due to several techniques, such as clustering. Clustering allows the network to be divided into a set of clusters, each of which managed by a cluster head. In a hierarchical cluster based WSN, the cluster head receives the data from its sensor members, aggregates them and sends the result to the base station, which leads to an extra overload. So, the selection of appropriate cluster head plays a very important role in conserving the energy of the sensor nodes and extend the lifetime of the network. This paper introduces an Energy-Efficient Cluster Head election and Cluster Formation algorithms for WSNs, called EECH/CF. To select cluster heads, our proposal election algorithm uses the initial and residual energy level of the sensor nodes, and efficiently creates the different clusters using an appropriate mechanism. Performance evaluation has shown a significant improvement in energy conservation and the network lifetime for EECH/CF in comparison to some existing clustering algorithms.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our proposal election algorithm uses the initial and residual energy level of the sensor nodes, and efficiently creates the different clusters using an appropriate mechanism.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Performance evaluation has shown a significant improvement in energy conservation and the network lifetime for EECH/CF in comparison to some existing clustering algorithms.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Results show that our clustering algorithms improve the lifetime of the network as we expected. Indeed, the delay before the dead of the first node can be up to seven times longer with EECH/CF.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73050168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220401150410
H. Pradhan
In free space optics (FSO) communication system, turbulence in the atmosphere leads to the intensity fluctuations of the received signal at the receiver end. Due to this reason, the performance of the free space optical communication system gets affected and it results fading of the received signal. Performance improvement of FSO system using sophisticated channel modelling and fading mitigation techniques. This paper presents the performance improvement of FSO system using modified Exponentiated Weibull (MEW) channel model. Moreover, the performance of FSO system is compared using different channel models such as Gamma-Gamma and Exponentiated Weibull. The results in terms of bit error rate (BER) with respect to different signal to noise ratio (SNR) is obtained using MEW, Gamma-Gamma and Exponentiated Weibull channel models. In addition, BER is calculated for different aperture sizes such as 1.8, 5 and 13 mm using the proposed channel model to improve the performance of FSO system. Similarly, the relay assisted technique is utilized to calculate the BER using the proposed channel model. An improvement of free space optical communication system is presented in terms of fading using channel modelling at different atmospheric turbulence conditions. An appropriate channel model is proposed for improving the performance of FSO communication system using fading mitigation techniques. The proposed MEW channel model best describes the strong atmospheric turbulence induced fading. In addition, the performance of free space optics system is improved using fading mitigation techniques such as aperture averaging and relay assisted FSO system.
{"title":"Performance Enhancement of FSO System using Modified Exponentiated Weibull Channel Model","authors":"H. Pradhan","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220401150410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220401150410","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In free space optics (FSO) communication system, turbulence in the atmosphere leads to the intensity fluctuations of the received signal at the receiver end. Due to this reason, the performance of the free space optical communication system gets affected and it results fading of the received signal.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Performance improvement of FSO system using sophisticated channel modelling and fading mitigation techniques.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This paper presents the performance improvement of FSO system using modified Exponentiated Weibull (MEW) channel model. Moreover, the performance of FSO system is compared using different channel models such as Gamma-Gamma and Exponentiated Weibull.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results in terms of bit error rate (BER) with respect to different signal to noise ratio (SNR) is obtained using MEW, Gamma-Gamma and Exponentiated Weibull channel models. In addition, BER is calculated for different aperture sizes such as 1.8, 5 and 13 mm using the proposed channel model to improve the performance of FSO system. Similarly, the relay assisted technique is utilized to calculate the BER using the proposed channel model.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000An improvement of free space optical communication system is presented in terms of fading using channel modelling at different atmospheric turbulence conditions. An appropriate channel model is proposed for improving the performance of FSO communication system using fading mitigation techniques. The proposed MEW channel model best describes the strong atmospheric turbulence induced fading. In addition, the performance of free space optics system is improved using fading mitigation techniques such as aperture averaging and relay assisted FSO system.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76746504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220330155032
V. Venkataramanan, R. K. Dehiya, Anshul Vora, Aman Shah, Aishwarya Nafre, Gandhi Prachi
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) mobile communication technology developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In comparison to previous generations of cellular systems, LTE incorporates several innovative technologies. These innovative technologies are used to increase spectrum efficiency and data speeds, as envisioned by designers This study provides a comprehensive investigation of orthogonal frequency division multiple access and Single carrier frequency division multiple access transmission model and investigate physical layer performance of LTE system using MATLAB – Simulink Environment. By providing spectrum flexibility, the SC-FDMA-OFDMA 16 QAM with AWGN Channel Transmission model achieves a higher outcome and has a packet loss rate of 0%. The numerical evaluation is used to illustrate the trade-off between loss of capacity in the time and frequency domains. SC-FDMA has a lower multipath propagation rate and peak to average power ratio than OFDM; therefore, multipath must be eliminated to make it more efficient. The final section of this study contains a full description of the techniques required in simulating a simple communication model.
{"title":"LTE Modulation and Coding Schemes for 6G Networks","authors":"V. Venkataramanan, R. K. Dehiya, Anshul Vora, Aman Shah, Aishwarya Nafre, Gandhi Prachi","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220330155032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220330155032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) mobile communication technology developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In comparison to previous generations of cellular systems, LTE incorporates several innovative technologies. These innovative technologies are used to increase spectrum efficiency and data speeds, as envisioned by designers\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study provides a comprehensive investigation of orthogonal frequency division multiple access and Single carrier frequency division multiple access transmission model and investigate physical layer performance of LTE system using MATLAB – Simulink Environment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000By providing spectrum flexibility, the SC-FDMA-OFDMA 16 QAM with AWGN Channel Transmission model achieves a higher outcome and has a packet loss rate of 0%. The numerical evaluation is used to illustrate the trade-off between loss of capacity in the time and frequency domains.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000SC-FDMA has a lower multipath propagation rate and peak to average power ratio than OFDM; therefore, multipath must be eliminated to make it more efficient. The final section of this study contains a full description of the techniques required in simulating a simple communication model.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"243 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80540660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220325161625
Gautam Verma, D. Sharma
Wireless technology has made a great impact on the whole world by providing us with 5G cellular to backscatter networking, from long-range wireless power to low-power wide-area networks and the list goes on. Being able to see through the walls using wireless signals has made a revolution. May it be military, law enforcement, medical purposes, or gaming, you name it and they have it. This paper has concisely analyzed recent advances in the field of see-through-the-wall technology in order to improve a definitive knowledge of existing models and methodologies as well as provide recommendations for future directions. One of the most recent models is the Xaver ™ LR80, which is the first gadget to detect objects across more than 100 meters Methodology In general, the paper outlines the current level of knowledge in the field of see-through walls technology. It establishes a foundation for comprehending the issue by examining the findings of contemporary research in the field.
{"title":"Seeing Through the Walls with Wireless Technology: A Review","authors":"Gautam Verma, D. Sharma","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220325161625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220325161625","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Wireless technology has made a great impact on the whole world by providing us with 5G cellular to backscatter networking, from long-range wireless power to low-power wide-area networks and the list goes on. Being able to see through the walls using wireless signals has made a revolution. May it be military, law enforcement, medical purposes, or gaming, you name it and they have it.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This paper has concisely analyzed recent advances in the field of see-through-the-wall technology in order to improve a definitive knowledge of existing models and methodologies as well as provide recommendations for future directions. One of the most recent models is the Xaver ™ LR80, which is the first gadget to detect objects across more than 100 meters\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Methodology\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In general, the paper outlines the current level of knowledge in the field of see-through walls technology. It establishes a foundation for comprehending the issue by examining the findings of contemporary research in the field.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"312 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72620342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220325143103
Salam Khrissi, H. Lifi, Mohamed Lifi, Naima Nossir, Y. Tabbai, S. Hnawi
In this paper, a surface acoustic wave sensor (SAW) for dangerous gas sensing applications has been designed and experimented. The Glucose Sensor applications has been simulated to show that the piezoelectric material has a high significance for use in detection. Detection of gases is one of the major applications SAW gas sensor extend its services into the field of medical and even in power plants. A Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave that propagates on the surface of an elastic material (usually a solid), with an amplitude that decreases with the depth of the substrate. SAW devices typically use electrodes on a piezoelectric material to convert an electrical signal to a SAW. This paper reviews the significance of piezoelectric materials and focuses on MEMS based SAW, and we investigate the resonance frequencies of a SAW gas sensor, which consists of an Inter Digitated Transducer (IDT) etched onto a piezoelectric substrate and covered with a thin Poly Isobutylene (PIB) film. The mass of the PIB film increases as PIB selectivity adsorbs CH2Cl2 (Dichloromethane, DCM) in the air. This causes a shift in resonance to a slightly lower frequency. Our characterization of the piezoelectric material have shown a high significance when a sensitive layer of gas is etch for detected the dangerous gases, we used it in another application Glucose Sensor to show the importance of our system. The sensor of the Glucose Gensor application has been designed and simulated by a finite element analysis which was conducted on LiNbO3 pellets. This model is applied to verify the sensing properties of DCM and the glucose. On the other hand, the Glucose Sensor and the toxic gas detection allow measurement of the concentration,whether it is for the dangerous gases or glucose. The concentration of external glucose and the current density versus glucose concentration were measured by a finite element.
{"title":"Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesters with Distinct Interdigitated Electrodes were Used for Toxic Gas Detection and in a Numerical Simulation for a Glucose Sensor Application","authors":"Salam Khrissi, H. Lifi, Mohamed Lifi, Naima Nossir, Y. Tabbai, S. Hnawi","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220325143103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220325143103","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In this paper, a surface acoustic wave sensor (SAW) for dangerous gas sensing applications has been designed and experimented. The Glucose Sensor applications has been simulated to show that the piezoelectric material has a high significance for use in detection.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Detection of gases is one of the major applications SAW gas sensor extend its services into the field of medical and even in power plants. A Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave that propagates on the surface of an elastic material (usually a solid), with an amplitude that decreases with the depth of the substrate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000SAW devices typically use electrodes on a piezoelectric material to convert an electrical signal to a SAW.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This paper reviews the significance of piezoelectric materials and focuses on MEMS based SAW, and we investigate the resonance frequencies of a SAW gas sensor, which consists of an Inter Digitated Transducer (IDT) etched onto a piezoelectric substrate and covered with a thin Poly Isobutylene (PIB) film.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The mass of the PIB film increases as PIB selectivity adsorbs CH2Cl2 (Dichloromethane, DCM) in the air. This causes a shift in resonance to a slightly lower frequency.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our characterization of the piezoelectric material have shown a high significance when a sensitive layer of gas is etch for detected the dangerous gases, we used it in another application Glucose Sensor to show the importance of our system. The sensor of the Glucose Gensor application has been designed and simulated by a finite element analysis which was conducted on LiNbO3 pellets. This model is applied to verify the sensing properties of DCM and the glucose. On the other hand, the Glucose Sensor and the toxic gas detection allow measurement of the concentration,whether it is for the dangerous gases or glucose. The concentration of external glucose and the current density versus glucose concentration were measured by a finite element.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84674811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220325155048
Bouzegag Younes, Teguig Djamal, Maali Abdelmadjid
Trust and security are the biggest challenges facing the Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) process in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). The Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attack is viewed as the biggest threat menacing CSS. This paper investigates the performance of different soft data combining rules such as Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Square Law Selection (SLS), Square Law Combining (SLC), and Selection Combining (SC), in the presence of Always Yes and Always No Malicious User (AYMU and ANMU). More precisely, a comparative study is conducted to assess the impact of such malicious users on the reliability of various soft data fusion schemes in terms of miss detection and false alarm probabilities. Furthermore, computer simulations are carried out to show that the soft data fusion scheme using MRC is the best among soft data combining. On the other hand, ANMU has a slight impact on CSS, however, AYMU degrades severely the cooperative detection performance.
{"title":"Comprehensive Performance Analysis of Soft Data Fusion Schemes Under SSDF Attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks","authors":"Bouzegag Younes, Teguig Djamal, Maali Abdelmadjid","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220325155048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220325155048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Trust and security are the biggest challenges facing the Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) process in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). The Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attack is viewed as the biggest threat menacing CSS.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This paper investigates the performance of different soft data combining rules such as Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Square Law Selection (SLS), Square Law Combining (SLC), and Selection Combining (SC), in the presence of Always Yes and Always No Malicious User (AYMU and ANMU).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000More precisely, a comparative study is conducted to assess the impact of such malicious users on the reliability of various soft data fusion schemes in terms of miss detection and false alarm probabilities. Furthermore, computer simulations are carried out to show that the soft data fusion scheme using MRC is the best among soft data combining.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000On the other hand, ANMU has a slight impact on CSS, however, AYMU degrades severely the cooperative detection performance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76406407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220325155817
K. Bani, V. Kulkarni
Increasing demand for wireless devices leads to utilizing spectrum resources efficiently. While available spectrum resources are very limited , in study found that all licensed users are not utilizing their spectrum all the time. Cognitive Radio (CR) is used to detect free channels from available spectrum resources and access it dynamically without interference to the licensed users. There are various spectrum sensing (SS) techniques available which can be used to sense the spectrum of licensed users. Spectrum sensing technique, Energy Detector (ED) is analysed under Rayleigh fading channel here. Further, Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channel models developed under consumer environment. ED technique is further analysed with cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) environment to enhance the single CR user detection problems. For ED, Probability of Detection (PD) 0.9 and Probability of False Alarm (PFA) 0.1 are achieved under worst SNR conditions like -20dB which is the requirement for standard IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN). Various receiver operating characteristics are obtained through practical simulations and theoretical calculations for each SISO and MIMO channel models with and without CSS scenario to achieve the target PD & PFA .
{"title":"Cooperative Spectrum Sensing under SISO and MIMO Environment for Cognitive Radio Networks","authors":"K. Bani, V. Kulkarni","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220325155817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220325155817","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Increasing demand for wireless devices leads to utilizing spectrum resources efficiently. While available spectrum resources are very limited , in study found that all licensed users are not utilizing their spectrum all the time.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Cognitive Radio (CR) is used to detect free channels from available spectrum resources and access it dynamically without interference to the licensed users. There are various spectrum sensing (SS) techniques available which can be used to sense the spectrum of licensed users.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Spectrum sensing technique, Energy Detector (ED) is analysed under Rayleigh fading channel here. Further, Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channel models developed under consumer environment. ED technique is further analysed with cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) environment to enhance the single CR user detection problems.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000For ED, Probability of Detection (PD) 0.9 and Probability of False Alarm (PFA) 0.1 are achieved under worst SNR conditions like -20dB which is the requirement for standard IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Various receiver operating characteristics are obtained through practical simulations and theoretical calculations for each SISO and MIMO channel models with and without CSS scenario to achieve the target PD & PFA .\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90348981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-24DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220324142310
Pranjul Kumar, Sanmukh Kaur
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are built on the principles of Mobile Ad-hoc networks, and there are numerous approaches to achieve vehicular communication like vehicle to infrastructure or by vehicle to vehicle with the advantage of Ad-hoc networks. In VANETs, the vehicle to itself and vehicle to roadside architecture both coexist to lend safety, services, and navigation; therefore they are an integral element of the intelligent transportation systems framework. The routing protocols in vehicle-to-vehicle communication are used to optimize the propagation of the messages. The purpose of this study is to analyze the traits of the routing protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The routing protocols named Ad-Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been compared considering a real-life scenario. The purpose of this study is to analyze the traits of the routing protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The routing protocols named Ad-Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been compared considering a real-life scenario. It evaluates DSDV, DSR & AODV protocols in Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) through the open street map. SUMO mobility file was configured to the Network Simulator 3 to study the performance of AODV, DSDV, and DSR. By examining the protocols, we concluded that AODV is better when evaluated on the parameters named end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The practical application of our study can be found in collision alert, emergency response community, highway/rail collision avoidance, etc.
{"title":"Internet of Vehicles Employing Network as a Service","authors":"Pranjul Kumar, Sanmukh Kaur","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220324142310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220324142310","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are built on the principles of Mobile Ad-hoc networks, and there are numerous approaches to achieve vehicular communication like vehicle to infrastructure or by vehicle to vehicle with the advantage of Ad-hoc networks. In VANETs, the vehicle to itself and vehicle to roadside architecture both coexist to lend safety, services, and navigation; therefore they are an integral element of the intelligent transportation systems framework. The routing protocols in vehicle-to-vehicle communication are used to optimize the propagation of the messages.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The purpose of this study is to analyze the traits of the routing protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The routing protocols named Ad-Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been compared considering a real-life scenario.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The purpose of this study is to analyze the traits of the routing protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The routing protocols named Ad-Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been compared considering a real-life scenario.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000It evaluates DSDV, DSR & AODV protocols in Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) through the open street map. SUMO mobility file was configured to the Network Simulator 3 to study the performance of AODV, DSDV, and DSR.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000By examining the protocols, we concluded that AODV is better when evaluated on the parameters named end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The practical application of our study can be found in collision alert, emergency response community, highway/rail collision avoidance, etc.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77943647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220217153910
S. Solanki, R. Upadhyay, Uma Rathore Bhatt
Survivability is the one of the key issue of wireless optical broadband (WOBAN) access network. Survivability means to provide continuous services to users if a device/link failure occurs in the network The component link failure can occur in the network due to any reason. In this condition huge data loss will occur in the network. In this paper, we consider the front-end survivability in WOBAN. We propose a novel maximum protection minimum link cost routing algorithm (MPMLC) that provides path protection with minimum link cost to front-end of the WOBAN. The proposed MPMLC algorithm assigns weight/cost to wireless link using link state prediction (LSP). The path with minimum cost is selected to route the traffic (actual/affected due to failure) of front end network. The proposed algorithm outperforms in terms of reduced network delay and wireless link cost It is also observed from simulation results that when the multiple link failures occur in the network, proposed MPMLC algorithm exhibit better results in terms of reduced wireless link cost as compared to existing algorithm.
生存性是无线光宽带(WOBAN)接入网的关键问题之一。生存性是指当网络中出现设备/链路故障时，能够为用户提供持续的服务。网络中由于任何原因都可能出现组件链路故障。在这种情况下，网络中会出现大量的数据丢失。本文主要考虑了WOBAN中前端的生存性问题。提出了一种新的最大保护最小链路开销路由算法(MPMLC)，以最小的链路开销为WOBAN前端提供路径保护。提出的MPMLC算法利用链路状态预测(link state prediction, LSP)为无线链路分配权值/代价。选择开销最小的路径路由前端网络的流量(实际流量/故障影响流量)。本文算法在降低网络时延和无线链路成本方面表现优异。从仿真结果也可以看出，当网络中出现多条链路故障时，所提出的MPMLC算法在降低无线链路成本方面的效果优于现有算法。
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