Pub Date : 2022-07-26DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220726150049
Safia Gul, B. A. Malik, M. T. Banday
The Internet of Things has witnessed an upsurge in the number of sensors communicating with each other over the Internet, and this number, currently in billions, is increasing at an expeditious pace. However, this augmentation in the number of interlaced devices can lead to profusion and jamming of the network, thereby degrading energy, latency, and throughput. Load balancing of the network is one of the techniques which could alleviate this issue. This paper reviews the methods that have been employed for load balancing of the Internet of Things, thereby serving the research community two-fold. Firstly, it gives a comprehensive introduction to the classification of load bal-ancing algorithms. Secondly, it offers researchers the prospect of developing intelligent novel algo-rithms catering to the load balancing predicament.
{"title":"Intelligent Load Balancing Algorithms for Internet of Things - A Review.","authors":"Safia Gul, B. A. Malik, M. T. Banday","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220726150049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220726150049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The Internet of Things has witnessed an upsurge in the number of sensors communicating with each other over the Internet, and this number, currently in billions, is increasing at an expeditious pace. However, this augmentation in the number of interlaced devices can lead to profusion and jamming of the network, thereby degrading energy, latency, and throughput. Load balancing of the network is one of the techniques which could alleviate this issue. This paper reviews the methods that have been employed for load balancing of the Internet of Things, thereby serving the research community two-fold. Firstly, it gives a comprehensive introduction to the classification of load bal-ancing algorithms. Secondly, it offers researchers the prospect of developing intelligent novel algo-rithms catering to the load balancing predicament.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83364258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220714091426
S. Alagumuthukrishnan, P. Karthikeyan, S. Velliangiri, R. M
In recent years, deep learning techniques have dramatically enhanced mobile robot sensing, navigation, and reasoning. Due to the advancements in machine vision technology and algorithms, visual sensors have become increasingly crucial in mobile robot applications in recent years. However, due to the low computing efficiency of current neural network topologies and their limited adaptability to the requirements of robotic experimentation, there will still be gaps in implementing these techniques on real robots. It is worth noting that AI technologies are being used to solve several difficulties in mobile robotics based on using visuals as the sole source of information or with additional sensors like lasers or GPS. Over the last few years, many works have already been proposed, resulting in a wide range of methods. They were building a reliable model of the environment, calculating the position inside the model, and managing the robot's mobility from one location to another. The objective of the proposed method is to detect an object in the smart home and office using optimized faster R-CNN and improve accuracy for different datasets. The proposed methodology uses a novel clustering technique based on faster R-CNN networks, a new and effective method for detecting groups of measurements with a continuous similarity. Through such an agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm, the resulting communities are coupled with the metric information given by the robot's distance estimation.The proposed method optimize ROI lyaers for the generating the optimized features. The proposed approach is tested on indoor and outdoor datasets, producing topological maps that aid semantic location. We show that the system successfully categorizes places when the robot returns to the same area, despite potential lighting variations.The developed method provides the good accuracy than VGG-19 and RCNN methods. The findings were positive, indicating that accurate categorization can be accomplished even under varying illumination circumstances by adequately designing an area's semantic map. The Faster R-CNN model shows the lowest error rate among the three evaluated models.
{"title":"Optimized Navigation of Mobile Robots Based on Faster R-CNN in Wireless Sensor Network","authors":"S. Alagumuthukrishnan, P. Karthikeyan, S. Velliangiri, R. M","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220714091426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220714091426","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In recent years, deep learning techniques have dramatically enhanced mobile robot sensing, navigation, and reasoning. Due to the advancements in machine vision technology and algorithms, visual sensors have become increasingly crucial in mobile robot applications in recent years. However, due to the low computing efficiency of current neural network topologies and their limited adaptability to the requirements of robotic experimentation, there will still be gaps in implementing these techniques on real robots. It is worth noting that AI technologies are being used to solve several difficulties in mobile robotics based on using visuals as the sole source of information or with additional sensors like lasers or GPS. Over the last few years, many works have already been proposed, resulting in a wide range of methods. They were building a reliable model of the environment, calculating the position inside the model, and managing the robot's mobility from one location to another.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of the proposed method is to detect an object in the smart home and office using optimized faster R-CNN and improve accuracy for different datasets.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed methodology uses a novel clustering technique based on faster R-CNN networks, a new and effective method for detecting groups of measurements with a continuous similarity. Through such an agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm, the resulting communities are coupled with the metric information given by the robot's distance estimation.The proposed method optimize ROI lyaers for the generating the optimized features.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed approach is tested on indoor and outdoor datasets, producing topological maps that aid semantic location. We show that the system successfully categorizes places when the robot returns to the same area, despite potential lighting variations.The developed method provides the good accuracy than VGG-19 and RCNN methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The findings were positive, indicating that accurate categorization can be accomplished even under varying illumination circumstances by adequately designing an area's semantic map. The Faster R-CNN model shows the lowest error rate among the three evaluated models.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91260364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-17DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220617153359
K. G. Sharma, Yashpal Singh
With the availability of inexpensive devices like storage and data sensors, collecting and storing data is now simpler than ever. Biotechnology, pharmacy, business, online marketing websites, Twitter, Facebook, and blogs are some of the sources of the data. Understanding the data is crucial today as every business activity from private to public, from hospitals to mega mart benefits from this. However, due to the explosive volume of data, it is becoming almost impossible to decipher the data manually. We are creating 2.5 quintillion bytes per day in 2022. One quintillion byte is one billion Gigabytes. Approximately, 90% of the total data is created in the last two years. Naturally, an automatic technique to analyze the data is a necessity of today. Therefore, data mining is performed with the help of machine learning tools to analyze and understand the data. Data Mining and Machine Learning are heavily dependent on statistical tools and techniques. Therefore, we sometimes use the term – “Statistical Learning” for Machine Learning. Many machine learning techniques exist in the literature and improvement is a continuous process as no model is perfect. This paper examines the influence of variance, a statistical concept, on various machine learning approaches and tries to understand how this concept can be used to improve performance.
{"title":"A study of variance and its utility in machine learning","authors":"K. G. Sharma, Yashpal Singh","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220617153359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220617153359","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000With the availability of inexpensive devices like storage and data sensors, collecting and storing data is now simpler than ever. Biotechnology, pharmacy, business, online marketing websites, Twitter, Facebook, and blogs are some of the sources of the data. Understanding the data is crucial today as every business activity from private to public, from hospitals to mega mart benefits from this. However, due to the explosive volume of data, it is becoming almost impossible to decipher the data manually. We are creating 2.5 quintillion bytes per day in 2022. One quintillion byte is one billion Gigabytes. Approximately, 90% of the total data is created in the last two years. Naturally, an automatic technique to analyze the data is a necessity of today. Therefore, data mining is performed with the help of machine learning tools to analyze and understand the data. Data Mining and Machine Learning are heavily dependent on statistical tools and techniques. Therefore, we sometimes use the term – “Statistical Learning” for Machine Learning. Many machine learning techniques exist in the literature and improvement is a continuous process as no model is perfect. This paper examines the influence of variance, a statistical concept, on various machine learning approaches and tries to understand how this concept can be used to improve performance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89264710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220615103257
Pundru Chandra Shaker Reddy, Y. Sucharitha
Energy saving or accurate information transmission within resource limits were major challenges for IoT Underwater Sensing Networks (IoT-UWSNs) on the Internet. Conventional transfer methods increase the cost of communications, leading to bottlenecks or compromising the reliability of information supply. Several routing techniques were suggested using UWSN to ensure uniform transmission of information or reduce communication latency while preserving a data battery (to avoid an empty hole in the network). In this article, adaptable power networking methods based on the Fastest Route Fist (FRF) method and a smaller amount of the business unit method are presented to solve the problems mentioned above. Both Back Laminated Inter Energy Management One (FLMPC-One) networking method, that employs 2-hop neighborhood knowledge, with the Laminated Inter Energy Management Two (FLMPC-Two) networking procedure, which employs 3-hop neighborhood data, were combined to create such innovative technologies (to shortest path selection). Variable Session Portion (SP) and Information Speed (IS) were also considered to ensure that the suggested method is flexible. These findings show that the suggested methods, Shortest Path First without 3-hop Relatives Data (SPF-Three) or Broadness Initial Searching for Shortest Route. Breadth First Search to 3-hop Relatives Data (BFS-Three) was successfully developed (BFS-SPF-Three). These suggested methods are successful in respect of minimal Electric Cost (EC) and Reduced Transmission Drop Rates (RTDR) given a small number of operational sites at a reasonable latency, according to the simulated findings.
节能或在资源限制下准确传输信息是互联网上物联网水下传感网络(IoT- uwsns)面临的主要挑战。传统的传输方式增加了通信成本，导致瓶颈或损害信息供应的可靠性。提出了几种使用UWSN的路由技术，以确保信息的均匀传输或减少通信延迟，同时保留数据电池(以避免网络中的空穴)。本文提出了基于最快路由优先(FRF)法和少量业务单元法的自适应电力组网方法来解决上述问题。采用2跳邻域知识的Back Laminated Inter Energy Management One (FLMPC-One)网络方法与采用3跳邻域数据的Laminated Inter Energy Management Two (FLMPC-Two)网络过程相结合，创造了这样的创新技术(最短路径选择)。可变会话部分(SP)和信息速度(IS)也被考虑，以确保所建议的方法是灵活的。这些结果表明，建议采用无3跳相关数据的最短路径优先(spf - 3)或广义初始搜索方法来寻找最短路由。成功开发了宽度优先搜索3跳相关数据(bfs - spf - 3)。根据模拟结果，这些建议的方法在最小的电力成本(EC)和降低传输丢失率(RTDR)方面是成功的，因为在合理的延迟下，少量的操作站点。
{"title":"Iot Enabled Energy-Efficient Multipath Power Control For Underwater Sensor Networks","authors":"Pundru Chandra Shaker Reddy, Y. Sucharitha","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220615103257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220615103257","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Energy saving or accurate information transmission within resource limits were major challenges for IoT Underwater Sensing Networks (IoT-UWSNs) on the Internet. Conventional transfer methods increase the cost of communications, leading to bottlenecks or compromising the reliability of information supply. Several routing techniques were suggested using UWSN to ensure uniform transmission of information or reduce communication latency while preserving a data battery (to avoid an empty hole in the network).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this article, adaptable power networking methods based on the Fastest Route Fist (FRF) method and a smaller amount of the business unit method are presented to solve the problems mentioned above. Both Back Laminated Inter Energy Management One (FLMPC-One) networking method, that employs 2-hop neighborhood knowledge, with the Laminated Inter Energy Management Two (FLMPC-Two) networking procedure, which employs 3-hop neighborhood data, were combined to create such innovative technologies (to shortest path selection). Variable Session Portion (SP) and Information Speed (IS) were also considered to ensure that the suggested method is flexible.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000These findings show that the suggested methods, Shortest Path First without 3-hop Relatives Data (SPF-Three) or Broadness Initial Searching for Shortest Route. Breadth First Search to 3-hop Relatives Data (BFS-Three) was successfully developed (BFS-SPF-Three). These suggested methods are successful in respect of minimal Electric Cost (EC) and Reduced Transmission Drop Rates (RTDR) given a small number of operational sites at a reasonable latency, according to the simulated findings.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86214253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220615115331
G. Nigam
Indeed, even following 20 years of presence, LEACH protocol is as yet picking up the consideration of the examination network working in the territory of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This demonstrates the significance of LEACH protocol. Professionals have thought of different and various adjustments of the LEACH convention. Beneficiaries of LEACH convention are presently accessible from single hop to multi-hop positions. The present paper reviews different variations of LEACH steering conventions introduced up until this point and examines the upgrade and working of them. We have examined 65 unique variations of LEACH and inspected how they improve imperativeness usage in WSNs and augmentation framework's lifetime. This study classifies every one of the conventions in two areas, to be specific, single-hop correspondence and multi-hop correspondence dependent on information communication from the cluster head to the base station A complete investigation utilizing eight unique criteria’s, for example, energy efficiency, scalability, delay, overhead, etc, has been given in an ordered manner. The article additionally talks about the solid and feeble purposes of each also every variation of LEACH. At last, the paper finishes up with proposals on future research spaces in the zone of WSN.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Successors of LEACH Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"G. Nigam","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220615115331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220615115331","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Indeed, even following 20 years of presence, LEACH protocol is as yet picking up the consideration of the examination network working in the territory of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This demonstrates the significance of LEACH protocol. Professionals have thought of different and various adjustments of the LEACH convention. Beneficiaries of LEACH convention are presently accessible from single hop to multi-hop positions.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present paper reviews different variations of LEACH steering conventions introduced up until this point and examines the upgrade and working of them. We have examined 65 unique variations of LEACH and inspected how they improve imperativeness usage in WSNs and augmentation framework's lifetime. This study classifies every one of the conventions in two areas, to be specific, single-hop correspondence and multi-hop correspondence dependent on information communication from the cluster head to the base station\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A complete investigation utilizing eight unique criteria’s, for example, energy efficiency, scalability, delay, overhead, etc, has been given in an ordered manner.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The article additionally talks about the solid and feeble purposes of each also every variation of LEACH. At last, the paper finishes up with proposals on future research spaces in the zone of WSN.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77544623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-10DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220610123330
Noureddine Assad, Chouaib Moujahdi, A. Hannani, Mohamed Hanine, M. Lachgar
For a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the sensor node deployment is a critical issue since it reflects the coverage quality. It is the most fundamental issue in WSNs, and it has great effect on the overall WSN application performance. When it is necessary to deploy randomly sensor nodes in a field of interest to form a WSN, ensuring a high coverage quality becomes difficult. In the random deployment scenario, the most difficult aspect of sensing coverage is to find how well the sensor nodes cover the field of interest. In this paper, we analyze the intrusion detection in a WSN that is defined as a mechanism for monitoring and detecting any intruder in a field of interest, with the objective of enhancing the detection quality in a random WSN. It is required to establish more specific measurements of node density and sensor range that impact overall system performance especially in the intrusion detection application. To enhance the quality of intrusion detection, several probabilistic models are adopted for heterogeneous WSN in the random deployment scenario. Multi-intrusion detection model probability in a heterogeneous wireless sensor network for random deployment. In both homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs, we analyze our probabilistic model for multi-intrusion detection in single and multi-sensing detection. Our probabilistic models are useful as well to select the critical parameters of WSN in order to meet the detection quality requirement.
{"title":"An Analytical Model of Multi-intrusion Detection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks Applied in the Monitoring Area","authors":"Noureddine Assad, Chouaib Moujahdi, A. Hannani, Mohamed Hanine, M. Lachgar","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220610123330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220610123330","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000For a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the sensor node deployment is a critical issue since it reflects the coverage quality. It is the most fundamental issue in WSNs, and it has great effect on the overall WSN application performance. When it is necessary to deploy randomly sensor nodes in a field of interest to form a WSN, ensuring a high coverage quality becomes difficult. In the random deployment scenario, the most difficult aspect of sensing coverage is to find how well the sensor nodes cover the field of interest. In this paper, we analyze the intrusion detection in a WSN that is defined as a mechanism for monitoring and detecting any intruder in a field of interest, with the objective of enhancing the detection quality in a random WSN. It is required to establish more specific measurements of node density and sensor range that impact overall system performance especially in the intrusion detection application. To enhance the quality of intrusion detection, several probabilistic models are adopted for heterogeneous WSN in the random deployment scenario.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Multi-intrusion detection model probability in a heterogeneous wireless sensor network for random deployment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In both homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs, we analyze our probabilistic model for multi-intrusion detection in single and multi-sensing detection.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our probabilistic models are useful as well to select the critical parameters of WSN in order to meet the detection quality requirement.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83178809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220511232427
V. Avrutov, N. Bouraou, Sergii Davydenko, Oleksii Hehelskyi, Sergii Lakoza, Olena Matvienko, O. Pazdrii
There is a task of the position latitude autonomous determination of unmoved vehicles. Also, there is another task of the initial value latitude determination as a prepared operation of gimbaled and strap-down inertial navigation systems. For both cases, it is necessary to have an inertial measurement unit (IMU) with triad gyroscopes and triad accelerometers. Using the IMU by micro-machined electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, the output signals of micromechanical gyroscope and accelerometers have significant noise compo-nents. Normally to filter output signals of MEMS sensors averaging and filtering are used. However, for Kalman filtering, it is necessary to know the exact mathematical model of the sensors and a lot of their initial random charac-teristics. The study of the possibility of the wavelet transform usage to filter the output signals MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes for the latitude autono-mous determination was considered in the paper. The wavelet transform method for the filtering of MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes output signals for accuracy increasing of the position latitude autonomous determination was conducted. The autonomous latitude de-termination efficiency of IMU-based on MEMS gyroscope and accelerometers has been experimentally confirmed. The projections of the Earth’s angular rate and gravitational acceleration were obtained from the MEMS IMU. After that, the signals of the IMU gyroscopes and accelerometers were filtered, using the wavelet ‘Daubechies’ in decomposition and averaged. These signals were used in a computational algorithm to determine the latitude. The results showed that unlike the well-known Kalman filter wavelet de-noising reduced calculation error by almost twice. Wavelet de-noising could be used for output signals filtering of micromechanical gyroscope and accelerometers for the position latitude auton-omous determination.
{"title":"Wavelet De-Noising and Kalman Filtering of Mems Sensors for Autonomous Latitude Determination","authors":"V. Avrutov, N. Bouraou, Sergii Davydenko, Oleksii Hehelskyi, Sergii Lakoza, Olena Matvienko, O. Pazdrii","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220511232427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220511232427","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000There is a task of the position latitude autonomous determination of unmoved vehicles. Also, there is another task of the initial value latitude determination as a prepared operation of gimbaled and strap-down inertial navigation systems. For both cases, it is necessary to have an inertial measurement unit (IMU) with triad gyroscopes and triad accelerometers. Using the IMU by micro-machined electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, the output signals of micromechanical gyroscope and accelerometers have significant noise compo-nents.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Normally to filter output signals of MEMS sensors averaging and filtering are used. However, for Kalman filtering, it is necessary to know the exact mathematical model of the sensors and a lot of their initial random charac-teristics. The study of the possibility of the wavelet transform usage to filter the output signals MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes for the latitude autono-mous determination was considered in the paper.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The wavelet transform method for the filtering of MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes output signals for accuracy increasing of the position latitude autonomous determination was conducted. The autonomous latitude de-termination efficiency of IMU-based on MEMS gyroscope and accelerometers has been experimentally confirmed. The projections of the Earth’s angular rate and gravitational acceleration were obtained from the MEMS IMU. After that, the signals of the IMU gyroscopes and accelerometers were filtered, using the wavelet ‘Daubechies’ in decomposition and averaged. These signals were used in a computational algorithm to determine the latitude.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results showed that unlike the well-known Kalman filter wavelet de-noising reduced calculation error by almost twice.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Wavelet de-noising could be used for output signals filtering of micromechanical gyroscope and accelerometers for the position latitude auton-omous determination.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87612186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220420132704
S. Raed, S. Alabady
The core problem of the WBANs nodes is the limited energy resource. Consequently, an energy-efficient routing protocol is very critical in this type of network. A major drawback of the current routing protocols is that they do not take into account the monitoring of a large number of patients. So, this is a problem in the event of disasters. In addition, mostly routing algorithms fail to take into account balancing the energy consumption between nodes. Furthermore, routing overhead and reduced complexity are also highly required in this type of network. In this paper, we propose Control Packet Aware On-Demand Routing (CPAOR) protocol to overcome the mentioned drawbacks. The proposed protocol decreases the number of control packets and adds awareness to the transmission of control packets. This solution enhances the network lifetime. The simulation results of the CPAOR protocol are analyzed and examined using MATLAB, in terms of energy consumption, energy factor, routing overhead, and changing the number of nodes to more than 60 nodes. CPAOR protocol showed an improvement of 70.9% than the DMQoS, ORACE-Net, and DLQoS protocols in terms of energy consumption. This proves CPAOR to be an efficient routing protocol for WBANs. The CPAOR protocol has proven to be an effective routing protocol for WBANs.
{"title":"CPAOR: Control Packet Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol for WBANs","authors":"S. Raed, S. Alabady","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220420132704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220420132704","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The core problem of the WBANs nodes is the limited energy resource. Consequently, an energy-efficient routing protocol is very critical in this type of network. A major drawback of the current routing protocols is that they do not take into account the monitoring of a large number of patients. So, this is a problem in the event of disasters. In addition, mostly routing algorithms fail to take into account balancing the energy consumption between nodes. Furthermore, routing overhead and reduced complexity are also highly required in this type of network.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this paper, we propose Control Packet Aware On-Demand Routing (CPAOR) protocol to overcome the mentioned drawbacks. The proposed protocol decreases the number of control packets and adds awareness to the transmission of control packets. This solution enhances the network lifetime.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The simulation results of the CPAOR protocol are analyzed and examined using MATLAB, in terms of energy consumption, energy factor, routing overhead, and changing the number of nodes to more than 60 nodes. CPAOR protocol showed an improvement of 70.9% than the DMQoS, ORACE-Net, and DLQoS protocols in terms of energy consumption. This proves CPAOR to be an efficient routing protocol for WBANs.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The CPAOR protocol has proven to be an effective routing protocol for WBANs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84443455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-13DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220413105417
H. Lifi, A. Alaoui-Belghiti, Mohamed Lifi, Salam Khrissi, Naima Nossir, Y. Tabbai, Mohammed Benjellοun
In this article, an approach to harvesting electrical energy from a mechanically excited piezoelectric element has been described. Three PMN-xPT compositions were used with x taking the values of 0.31, 0.33 and 0.35, in order to study the most important properties of piezoelectric PMN-PT in energy harvesting. This study uses a detailed analysis of three Relaxer (1-x)PMN-xPT ceramic compositions, with an emphasis on the influence of content on piezoelectric, dielectric, and electromechanical characteristics. Prototypes have been made and characterized, validating these energy thresholds. From this comparative analysis between the three compositions, it was found that PMN-35PT has the highest recoverable energy density. On the other hand, the pressure change in the radial artery was calculated using the pressure sensitivity of the sensor and systolic and diastolic characteristic points in the pressure pulse wave (PPW). The results show that piezoelectric, dielectric, and electromechanical properties are all directly associated with chemical composition, and that the examined ceramics outperform their PZT counterparts, making them very suitable for energy harvester systems and sensing device applications. Therefore, the structure developed is an external patch of 5x3cm², placed on the arm and able to recover 3.46 mW for PMN-35PT, during human walking. Results indicate that the suggested method demonstrated reliable systolic blood pressure (SBP) accuracy .The technology has the potential to be used for long-term continuous blood pressure monitoring. The piezoelectric sensor was placed on the skin above the radial artery and measured for 10 sec to obtain the continuous pressure waveform.
{"title":"Mechanical Energy Harvesting System from the Human Arm Movement for Continuous Blood Pressure Measurement","authors":"H. Lifi, A. Alaoui-Belghiti, Mohamed Lifi, Salam Khrissi, Naima Nossir, Y. Tabbai, Mohammed Benjellοun","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220413105417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220413105417","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In this article, an approach to harvesting electrical energy from a mechanically excited piezoelectric element has been described. Three PMN-xPT compositions were used with x taking the values of 0.31, 0.33 and 0.35, in order to study the most important properties of piezoelectric PMN-PT in energy harvesting.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study uses a detailed analysis of three Relaxer (1-x)PMN-xPT ceramic compositions, with an emphasis on the influence of content on piezoelectric, dielectric, and electromechanical characteristics.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Prototypes have been made and characterized, validating these energy thresholds. From this comparative analysis between the three compositions, it was found that PMN-35PT has the highest recoverable energy density. On the other hand, the pressure change in the radial artery was calculated using the pressure sensitivity of the sensor and systolic and diastolic characteristic points in the pressure pulse wave (PPW).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results show that piezoelectric, dielectric, and electromechanical properties are all directly associated with chemical composition, and that the examined ceramics outperform their PZT counterparts, making them very suitable for energy harvester systems and sensing device applications. Therefore, the structure developed is an external patch of 5x3cm², placed on the arm and able to recover 3.46 mW for PMN-35PT, during human walking.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Results indicate that the suggested method demonstrated reliable systolic blood pressure (SBP) accuracy .The technology has the potential to be used for long-term continuous blood pressure monitoring. The piezoelectric sensor was placed on the skin above the radial artery and measured for 10 sec to obtain the continuous pressure waveform.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83910200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.2174/2210327912666220405154504
V. S. Bennur, A. Sutagundar, L. B. Bhajantri
This paper presents agent based localization using the mobile sink in wireless sensor networks. This proposed scheme is less expensive than GPS. It has a longer life time and more energy-efficient. The mobile sink has a large and easily replenishable energy reserve and is movable within the sensor network's deployment area. In this work, a mobile sink traverse inside the network's boundary and gathers information at low energy cost. The use of a mobile sink in localization introduces a new way to reduce energy consumption in WSNs. The location of a mobile sink beacon signal is known to all the sensor nodes and is also communicated periodically to all the sensor nodes. The distance measurements of the three beacon signals broadcasted by the mobile sink moving in a predetermined path and time slot are considered in this scheme, which uses the tri-lateration method to compute the position of the node. For isolated nodes, location estimation is performed for non-GPS equipped nodes to derive from the network their locations by using the reference node beacon signals and performing multilateration. For nodes that receive only one beacon signal from the sink, position estimation is performed by considering the reference node beacon signal by iterative multilateration technique. In this scheme reference nodes are those nodes that are localized by the sink and it does not include any GPS. To test the proposed algorithm the proposed work is simulated using C and some of the performance parameters used for the evaluation of the scheme are localization time, localization error, data gathering time, and communication overhead. The proposed work is compared with the centralized algorithm in which the proposed work outperforms compared to the existing work.
{"title":"Agent Based Localization Using Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"V. S. Bennur, A. Sutagundar, L. B. Bhajantri","doi":"10.2174/2210327912666220405154504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220405154504","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000This paper presents agent based localization using the mobile sink in wireless sensor networks. This proposed scheme is less expensive than GPS. It has a longer life time and more energy-efficient. The mobile sink has a large and easily replenishable energy reserve and is movable within the sensor network's deployment area.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this work, a mobile sink traverse inside the network's boundary and gathers information at low energy cost.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The use of a mobile sink in localization introduces a new way to reduce energy consumption in WSNs. The location of a mobile sink beacon signal is known to all the sensor nodes and is also communicated periodically to all the sensor nodes. The distance measurements of the three beacon signals broadcasted by the mobile sink moving in a predetermined path and time slot are considered in this scheme, which uses the tri-lateration method to compute the position of the node. For isolated nodes, location estimation is performed for non-GPS equipped nodes to derive from the network their locations by using the reference node beacon signals and performing multilateration. For nodes that receive only one beacon signal from the sink, position estimation is performed by considering the reference node beacon signal by iterative multilateration technique.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this scheme reference nodes are those nodes that are localized by the sink and it does not include any GPS. To test the proposed algorithm the proposed work is simulated using C and some of the performance parameters used for the evaluation of the scheme are localization time, localization error, data gathering time, and communication overhead.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed work is compared with the centralized algorithm in which the proposed work outperforms compared to the existing work.\u0000","PeriodicalId":37686,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control","volume":"571 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77785762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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