Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6603002
R. Kaiser, B. Gomez Saavedra, K. Velthaus, M. Gruner, M. Hamacher, D. Hoffmann, M. Schell
High speed InP-based travelling wave electrode (TWE) Mach-Zehnder modulators are presented and their integration capabilities to fabricate next generations of compact and high capacity transmitter components by utilizing so-called “monolithic-on-hybrid” integration approaches are emphasized.
{"title":"High performance travelling wave Mach-Zehnder modulators for emerging generations of high capacity transmitter components","authors":"R. Kaiser, B. Gomez Saavedra, K. Velthaus, M. Gruner, M. Hamacher, D. Hoffmann, M. Schell","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6603002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6603002","url":null,"abstract":"High speed InP-based travelling wave electrode (TWE) Mach-Zehnder modulators are presented and their integration capabilities to fabricate next generations of compact and high capacity transmitter components by utilizing so-called “monolithic-on-hybrid” integration approaches are emphasized.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134485273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602732
M. Notomi
This paper reviews our recent studies of ultralow-power nanophotonics devices towards implementing a dense optical communication network into a processor chip. A photonic crystal nanocavity that has a very large Q/V ratio is a very promising tool for reducing the consumption energy and footprint for this goal. We show several examples of photonic-crystal nanocavity devices that exhibit record-low consumption energy/power and describe how we have achieved the performance. These results indicate that the present technology is now enabling us to integrate a large number of various wavelength-sized photonic devices with extremely-small energy consumption, which will lead to fJ/bit-level optical communication in a chip.
{"title":"Towards femtojoule-per-bit optical communication in a chip","authors":"M. Notomi","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602732","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews our recent studies of ultralow-power nanophotonics devices towards implementing a dense optical communication network into a processor chip. A photonic crystal nanocavity that has a very large Q/V ratio is a very promising tool for reducing the consumption energy and footprint for this goal. We show several examples of photonic-crystal nanocavity devices that exhibit record-low consumption energy/power and describe how we have achieved the performance. These results indicate that the present technology is now enabling us to integrate a large number of various wavelength-sized photonic devices with extremely-small energy consumption, which will lead to fJ/bit-level optical communication in a chip.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131880893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602992
G. V. Morozov, F. Placido, D. Sprung
We consider light scattering from a 1D photonic crystal when total internal reflection occurs inside the crystal. This can occur if the refractive index of the incident medium exceeds that encountered somewhere in the crystal. Examples include binary, sawtooth, and rugate crystals. Both TE (s) and TM (p) polarized light are treated.
{"title":"Light scattering from one-dimensional photonic crystals under total internal reflection","authors":"G. V. Morozov, F. Placido, D. Sprung","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602992","url":null,"abstract":"We consider light scattering from a 1D photonic crystal when total internal reflection occurs inside the crystal. This can occur if the refractive index of the incident medium exceeds that encountered somewhere in the crystal. Examples include binary, sawtooth, and rugate crystals. Both TE (s) and TM (p) polarized light are treated.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127401452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602854
A. Dixit, B. Lannoo, D. Colle, M. Pickavet, P. Demeester
Time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks (TWDM-PONs) have been widely considered as one of the next evolutionary steps of optical access networks. A variety of algorithms exists that explore the problem of scheduling and wavelength assignment in TWDM-PONs. These algorithms, however, allow unlimited switching of wavelengths. In reality, wavelength switching increases guard bands due to the tuning and the switching time of components, limiting channel utilization and increasing packet delays. We propose a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm for TWDM-PON that minimizes the performance degradation due to excessive wavelength switching.
{"title":"Dynamic bandwidth allocation with optimal wavelength switching in TWDM-PONs","authors":"A. Dixit, B. Lannoo, D. Colle, M. Pickavet, P. Demeester","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602854","url":null,"abstract":"Time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks (TWDM-PONs) have been widely considered as one of the next evolutionary steps of optical access networks. A variety of algorithms exists that explore the problem of scheduling and wavelength assignment in TWDM-PONs. These algorithms, however, allow unlimited switching of wavelengths. In reality, wavelength switching increases guard bands due to the tuning and the switching time of components, limiting channel utilization and increasing packet delays. We propose a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm for TWDM-PON that minimizes the performance degradation due to excessive wavelength switching.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115443961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602885
D. Seyringer
The stand-alone “AWG-Parameters” tool was applied to design various optical multiplexers/demultiplexers based on arrayed waveguide gratings. In this paper we present some additional features of this tool to design a special type of optical multiplexers/demultiplexers, so called “cyclic” or “colourless” AWG. The layout of this AWG was created and simulated using commercial photonics software tool and also technologically verified. The simulated and measured transmission characteristics were evaluated and the achieved results feature very good agreement between theoretical, simulated and fabricated AWG transmission parameters.
{"title":"Application of AWG-Parameters tool in design of colourless 8-channel, 100 GHz AWG","authors":"D. Seyringer","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602885","url":null,"abstract":"The stand-alone “AWG-Parameters” tool was applied to design various optical multiplexers/demultiplexers based on arrayed waveguide gratings. In this paper we present some additional features of this tool to design a special type of optical multiplexers/demultiplexers, so called “cyclic” or “colourless” AWG. The layout of this AWG was created and simulated using commercial photonics software tool and also technologically verified. The simulated and measured transmission characteristics were evaluated and the achieved results feature very good agreement between theoretical, simulated and fabricated AWG transmission parameters.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124143839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602680
J. Alcober, X. Hesselbach, Antonio de la Oliva, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, David Roldán, C. Bock
Current Internet has become an essential communication infrastructure, not only for information transfer but also as a key component of social infrastructures, such as e-government, energy/traffic controls, finance, learning, health, etc. Even though the Internet has evolved towards high-bandwidth network architectures offering transparent transport services for fixed and mobile applications, its future depends on how it is going to cope with several concerns on different aspects such as scalability, ubiquity, security, robustness, mobility, heterogeneity, Quality of Service (QoS), re-configurability, context-awareness, manageability, data-centric, economics, etc. This paper exposes the approaches proposed in the Spanish Government funded research project tin2010-20136-c03 to overcome identified drawbacks of the current internet, such as energy efficiency, network ossification, heterogeneity of information and coexistence of optical and wireless networks. In order to do so, two technologies have been identified as potential solutions to face some of these problems: i) Media Independence and ii) Virtualization. On the one hand, Media Independence enables the decoupling of the control plane from the physical technology specificities, by introducing an abstract control API to configure, monitor and command the physical interface. On the other hand, network virtualization strategies allow the partition of electrical and optical network infrastructures into multiple parallel, dedicated virtual networks for a physical infrastructure sharing purpose, and enables the creation of overlay networks spanning multiple technologies and realms, hence being a very useful tool for context-aware service composition.
{"title":"Internet future architectures for network and media independent services and protocols","authors":"J. Alcober, X. Hesselbach, Antonio de la Oliva, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, David Roldán, C. Bock","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602680","url":null,"abstract":"Current Internet has become an essential communication infrastructure, not only for information transfer but also as a key component of social infrastructures, such as e-government, energy/traffic controls, finance, learning, health, etc. Even though the Internet has evolved towards high-bandwidth network architectures offering transparent transport services for fixed and mobile applications, its future depends on how it is going to cope with several concerns on different aspects such as scalability, ubiquity, security, robustness, mobility, heterogeneity, Quality of Service (QoS), re-configurability, context-awareness, manageability, data-centric, economics, etc. This paper exposes the approaches proposed in the Spanish Government funded research project tin2010-20136-c03 to overcome identified drawbacks of the current internet, such as energy efficiency, network ossification, heterogeneity of information and coexistence of optical and wireless networks. In order to do so, two technologies have been identified as potential solutions to face some of these problems: i) Media Independence and ii) Virtualization. On the one hand, Media Independence enables the decoupling of the control plane from the physical technology specificities, by introducing an abstract control API to configure, monitor and command the physical interface. On the other hand, network virtualization strategies allow the partition of electrical and optical network infrastructures into multiple parallel, dedicated virtual networks for a physical infrastructure sharing purpose, and enables the creation of overlay networks spanning multiple technologies and realms, hence being a very useful tool for context-aware service composition.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124167760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6603053
N. Vainos, D. Alexandropoulos, C. Politi, C. Matrakidis, G. Dede, T. Kamalakis, C. Kouloumentas, H. Avramopoulos, S. Couris, T. Rokkas, D. Varoutas, M. Vasilopoulou, D. Davazoglou, G. Pistolis, P. Argitis
The impact of photonics in telecommunications is indisputably massive; however it relies on efficient cost reduction which is in turn only possible if significant cost savings are made at all steps in the development of the photonic device from the material to packaging. The PHOTOPOLIS consortium has identified polymer technology as the ideal solution for producing low-cost devices. The paper aims to discuss the status of polymer photonic components and subsystems able to generate, transmit and manage optical information in a cost effective manner.
{"title":"Polymer photonic technologies for optical communications","authors":"N. Vainos, D. Alexandropoulos, C. Politi, C. Matrakidis, G. Dede, T. Kamalakis, C. Kouloumentas, H. Avramopoulos, S. Couris, T. Rokkas, D. Varoutas, M. Vasilopoulou, D. Davazoglou, G. Pistolis, P. Argitis","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6603053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6603053","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of photonics in telecommunications is indisputably massive; however it relies on efficient cost reduction which is in turn only possible if significant cost savings are made at all steps in the development of the photonic device from the material to packaging. The PHOTOPOLIS consortium has identified polymer technology as the ideal solution for producing low-cost devices. The paper aims to discuss the status of polymer photonic components and subsystems able to generate, transmit and manage optical information in a cost effective manner.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114410058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602879
A. Hraghi, M. Menif
In this paper, we investigate an optical multicarrier source to achieve 160 Gb/s by wavelength using Polarization Multiplexing-Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (POLMUX-DQPSK) and Dual Carrier-Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DC-DQPSK) with 33RZ (Return-to-Zero) pulse carving and coherent detection. The optical multicarrier source is generated by the means of a Dual-arm Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) fed by a sinusoidal signal in order to generate an Optical Flat Comb Source (OFCS) spaced by the driven sinusoidal frequency. We compare the performance of the both configurations to the conventional single polarization 33RZ-DQPSK and Non-Return-to-Zero-On Off Keying (NRZ-OOK). We discuss their back-to-back receiver sensitivity and required Optical-to-Noise Signal Ratio (OSNR) for 10-9 Bit Error Rate (BER). We find, in back-to-back configuration, that 33RZ-POLMUX-DQPSK has the best receiver sensitivity and the least penalized format in terms of OSNR. We study also the robustness of these optical modulation formats against the optical fibre impairment. We find that 33RZ-DC-DQPSK has the best behaviour.
{"title":"Transmission impairments study of 160 Gb/s generated thought a flat comb source","authors":"A. Hraghi, M. Menif","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602879","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate an optical multicarrier source to achieve 160 Gb/s by wavelength using Polarization Multiplexing-Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (POLMUX-DQPSK) and Dual Carrier-Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DC-DQPSK) with 33RZ (Return-to-Zero) pulse carving and coherent detection. The optical multicarrier source is generated by the means of a Dual-arm Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) fed by a sinusoidal signal in order to generate an Optical Flat Comb Source (OFCS) spaced by the driven sinusoidal frequency. We compare the performance of the both configurations to the conventional single polarization 33RZ-DQPSK and Non-Return-to-Zero-On Off Keying (NRZ-OOK). We discuss their back-to-back receiver sensitivity and required Optical-to-Noise Signal Ratio (OSNR) for 10-9 Bit Error Rate (BER). We find, in back-to-back configuration, that 33RZ-POLMUX-DQPSK has the best receiver sensitivity and the least penalized format in terms of OSNR. We study also the robustness of these optical modulation formats against the optical fibre impairment. We find that 33RZ-DC-DQPSK has the best behaviour.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"31 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116392276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602836
G. Stanciu, D. Tranca, R. Hristu, C. Stoichita, S. Stanciu
Fluorescence apertureless near-field optical microscopy (FASNOM) gained interest from researchers in the last years because of its promising capabilities: sub-wavelength resolution and ability to exploit the chemical sensitivity of fluorescent tags. FASNOM exploits the fact that metallic structures in close proximity of a fluorophore or a photoluminescent sample have complex effects on fluorescence, inducing changes in both fluorescence lifetime and emission intensity. The detection concept of FASNOM is based on the periodic perturbation of the interaction between a fluorescent sample and the excitation beam by using a sharp probe. The aim of the present work is to present the tip enhanced near field fluorescence and topography characterization of collagen by using an atomic force microscope upgraded with an apertureless microscope.
{"title":"Investigations at nanoscale by using fluorescence in apertureless scanning near field microscopy","authors":"G. Stanciu, D. Tranca, R. Hristu, C. Stoichita, S. Stanciu","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602836","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescence apertureless near-field optical microscopy (FASNOM) gained interest from researchers in the last years because of its promising capabilities: sub-wavelength resolution and ability to exploit the chemical sensitivity of fluorescent tags. FASNOM exploits the fact that metallic structures in close proximity of a fluorophore or a photoluminescent sample have complex effects on fluorescence, inducing changes in both fluorescence lifetime and emission intensity. The detection concept of FASNOM is based on the periodic perturbation of the interaction between a fluorescent sample and the excitation beam by using a sharp probe. The aim of the present work is to present the tip enhanced near field fluorescence and topography characterization of collagen by using an atomic force microscope upgraded with an apertureless microscope.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116486645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-23DOI: 10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602714
A. Castro, Luis Velasco, J. Comellas, G. Junyent
In future flexgrid core networks the amount of lightpaths might increase significantly as a consequence of the finer granularity in the use of the optical spectrum. Different spectrum bandwidth can be allocated to each lightpath as a function of, among others, the bitrate amount to be conveyed and the modulation format used. As result, spectrum fragmentation might appear leading to non-optimal resource utilization. In addition, a failure in a fibre link could trigger hundreds, or even thousands, of path computations requests to a centralized Path Computation Element (PCE). Latter examples can benefit from using the recently standardized Global Concurrent Optimization (GCO), which enhances PCE's computation capabilities. In this paper we present two opportunities to take advantage of the PCE+GCO architecture: spectrum defragmentation and restoration.
{"title":"Global concurrent optimization: Advantages and opportunities in flexgrid-based networks","authors":"A. Castro, Luis Velasco, J. Comellas, G. Junyent","doi":"10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2013.6602714","url":null,"abstract":"In future flexgrid core networks the amount of lightpaths might increase significantly as a consequence of the finer granularity in the use of the optical spectrum. Different spectrum bandwidth can be allocated to each lightpath as a function of, among others, the bitrate amount to be conveyed and the modulation format used. As result, spectrum fragmentation might appear leading to non-optimal resource utilization. In addition, a failure in a fibre link could trigger hundreds, or even thousands, of path computations requests to a centralized Path Computation Element (PCE). Latter examples can benefit from using the recently standardized Global Concurrent Optimization (GCO), which enhances PCE's computation capabilities. In this paper we present two opportunities to take advantage of the PCE+GCO architecture: spectrum defragmentation and restoration.","PeriodicalId":376939,"journal":{"name":"2013 15th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123479708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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