Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2018.2.02
A. Andreev
At the center of this study lies an unusual historical phenomenon—a close friendship that linked at the beginning of the 19th century the russian autocrat, emperor Alexander i and the professor of the Dorpat university, George Friedrich Parrot. evidence of this friendship is kept in their correspondence, amounting to more than 200 letters. this archival complex of documents had a difficult fate, which in many respects prevented its timely introduction into the scientific use. Meanwhile, these letters not only tell how the personal relations between Parrot and Alexander i developed, but also show the degree of influence that the professor wanted to exert on state affairs, especially in the field of public education, through his advice and conversations with the Emperor. Parrot himself quite unselfishly tried to direct his influence on strengthening the principles of liberal reforms in the russian empire. However, in practice, the implementation of his advice ran into a number of obstacles, one of which was Alexander’s constant inclination to compromise, and it was not as great as Parrot himself would have liked.
{"title":"G. F. Parrot and Emperor Alexander I: Two Decades of Correspondence, Its Personal and Political Aspects","authors":"A. Andreev","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2018.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2018.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"At the center of this study lies an unusual historical phenomenon—a close friendship that linked at the beginning of the 19th century the russian autocrat, emperor Alexander i and the professor of the Dorpat university, George Friedrich Parrot. evidence of this friendship is kept in their correspondence, amounting to more than 200 letters. this archival complex of documents had a difficult fate, which in many respects prevented its timely introduction into the scientific use. Meanwhile, these letters not only tell how the personal relations between Parrot and Alexander i developed, but also show the degree of influence that the professor wanted to exert on state affairs, especially in the field of public education, through his advice and conversations with the Emperor. Parrot himself quite unselfishly tried to direct his influence on strengthening the principles of liberal reforms in the russian empire. However, in practice, the implementation of his advice ran into a number of obstacles, one of which was Alexander’s constant inclination to compromise, and it was not as great as Parrot himself would have liked.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47256059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2018.2.10
K. Kazakova, T. Zhukovskaya
The paper studies forms of academic interaction between the Universities of Dorpat and st. Petersburg such as student migration, targeted training of scientists for russian universities at the Professors’ institute of Dorpat, book exchange, participation of representatives of two universities in joint commemorations and scientific expeditions. The University of Dorpat, included in the system of universities of the russian Empire and in that of educational districts, served as a channel for the transfer of scientific personnel, as well as models of behavior adopted in the student society and going back to the traditions of German universities. Many graduates of the Dorpat University have made a brilliant scientific career in the capital of the Empire, among them P. i. Preiss, E. lenz, and F. G. W. struve. The medical faculty of the University of Dorpat acquired importance as an all-russian training center for civilian and military doctors. The majority of the specialists who came to the University of Dorpat from the “interior” universities of the Empire were teachers of the russian language.
{"title":"From St. Petersburg to Dorpat and Back: On Academic Migration and Communication between Universities in the First Half of the 19th Century","authors":"K. Kazakova, T. Zhukovskaya","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2018.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2018.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The paper studies forms of academic interaction between the Universities of Dorpat and st. Petersburg such as student migration, targeted training of scientists for russian universities at the Professors’ institute of Dorpat, book exchange, participation of representatives of two universities in joint commemorations and scientific expeditions. The University of Dorpat, included in the system of universities of the russian Empire and in that of educational districts, served as a channel for the transfer of scientific personnel, as well as models of behavior adopted in the student society and going back to the traditions of German universities. Many graduates of the Dorpat University have made a brilliant scientific career in the capital of the Empire, among them P. i. Preiss, E. lenz, and F. G. W. struve. The medical faculty of the University of Dorpat acquired importance as an all-russian training center for civilian and military doctors. The majority of the specialists who came to the University of Dorpat from the “interior” universities of the Empire were teachers of the russian language.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45625934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2018.2.07
M. Jeske
{"title":"The Map Specialcharte von Livland: Georg Friedrich Parrot’s Agenda or a New Perspective on Livland","authors":"M. Jeske","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2018.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2018.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48440055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2018.2.13
R. Juzefovičius
{"title":"In Memoriam: Juozapas Algimantas Krikštopaitis (1931–2018)","authors":"R. Juzefovičius","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2018.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2018.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48997430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2018.2.09
T. V. Kostina
The present paper focuses on the views of Georg Friedrich Parrot in relation to the renewal of the professorial staff of the internal russian universities, reflected in his notes ‘Thoughts of universities in inner russia’ (Mémoire sur les Universités de l’intérieur de la Russie, 1827) and ‘Note on the plan to train teachers at national russian universities’ (Mèmoire concernant le plan pour former des professeurs aux universités russes nationales, end of 1832). Parrot’s position was radical. He advised the government to prepare young scientists and teachers and replace all professors in inner russian universities, which should have led to the establishment of a ‘new spirit of teaching’ and the transformation of universities into national ones. The Parrot’s project was implemented only partially, but implementation of this policy led to drastic changes in the age structure of the russian professors. All the professors and adjuncts, trained at the Professors’ institute in Dorpat and the second section of His imperial Majesty’s Own chancellery by mid-1830s represented approximately one generation. twenty to thirty years later, by the time when this generation reached retirement, a new crisis arose. Even in the 1880s universities continued to experience the effects of the reform of the 1830s. At the same time, the practical implementation of Parrot’s project led to the flourishing of inner universities in russia in the 1840s.
本文着重论述了格奥尔格·弗里德里希·帕罗对俄罗斯国内大学教授队伍更新的看法，反映在他的笔记《内俄罗斯大学思想》（Mémoire sur les Universités de l’intérieur de la Russie，1827）和《关于在国立俄罗斯大学培训教师计划的笔记》（Mèmoire concent le plan pour前教授计划aux Universités russes nationales，1832年底）中。Parrot的立场是激进的。他建议政府培养年轻的科学家和教师，更换内俄大学的所有教授，这本应导致建立“新的教学精神”，并将大学转变为国立大学。Parrot的项目只是部分实施，但这一政策的实施导致了俄罗斯教授年龄结构的剧烈变化。到19世纪30年代中期，在多尔帕特教授学院和国王陛下自己的总理府第二部门接受培训的所有教授和副官代表了大约一代人。二三十年后，当这一代人退休时，一场新的危机出现了。即使在19世纪80年代，大学也继续经历着19世纪30年代改革的影响。与此同时，Parrot项目的实际实施导致了19世纪40年代俄罗斯内部大学的繁荣。
{"title":"Parrot’s Projects of Rotating the Staff of Russian Universities, Sergey Uvarov’s Reform and Its Short- and Long-Term Consequences","authors":"T. V. Kostina","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2018.2.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2018.2.09","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper focuses on the views of Georg Friedrich Parrot in relation to the renewal of the professorial staff of the internal russian universities, reflected in his notes ‘Thoughts of universities in inner russia’ (Mémoire sur les Universités de l’intérieur de la Russie, 1827) and ‘Note on the plan to train teachers at national russian universities’ (Mèmoire concernant le plan pour former des professeurs aux universités russes nationales, end of 1832). Parrot’s position was radical. He advised the government to prepare young scientists and teachers and replace all professors in inner russian universities, which should have led to the establishment of a ‘new spirit of teaching’ and the transformation of universities into national ones. The Parrot’s project was implemented only partially, but implementation of this policy led to drastic changes in the age structure of the russian professors. All the professors and adjuncts, trained at the Professors’ institute in Dorpat and the second section of His imperial Majesty’s Own chancellery by mid-1830s represented approximately one generation. twenty to thirty years later, by the time when this generation reached retirement, a new crisis arose. Even in the 1880s universities continued to experience the effects of the reform of the 1830s. At the same time, the practical implementation of Parrot’s project led to the flourishing of inner universities in russia in the 1840s.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45116333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2018.2.05
E. Basargina
{"title":"Georges Frédéric Parrot and the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences","authors":"E. Basargina","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2018.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2018.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45938219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.01
E. Tohvri
{"title":"Georges Frédéric Parrot and His Friendship with Two Great Men — The French Scientist Georges Cuvier and Emperor Alexander I of Russia","authors":"E. Tohvri","doi":"10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43698384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.12
A. Ērglis, Maija Pozemkovska
{"title":"In Memoriam: Arnis Vīksna (1942–2018)","authors":"A. Ērglis, Maija Pozemkovska","doi":"10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47636290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.04
Lea Leppik
Georg Friedrich Parrot, professor of physics at the university of tartu/Dorpat from 1802 until 1826, founded the best physics laboratory in the russian empire, containing ca. 450 experimental devices of which more than 60 had been invented by Parrot himself. of the total number of instruments approximately 50 are still preserved in the university of tartu Museum collections. The article is the first attempt to give a historical background of the laboratory, using Parrot’s own writings, archival sources and the extant devices. Parrot’s youth was shaped by the ideas of the French enlightenment. According to his worldview, education had to be practical, utilitarian, and based on natural sciences. A well-equipped laboratory was ineluctable for that. lavoisier’s chemistry was taught at the university of tartu since the very beginning. Parrot emerged as one of the first French mathematical physics in a German-speaking world and introduced a new branch of physics—the physics of the earth. His pioneering chemical theory of galvanic electricity failed to gain him recognition in his lifetime, but it shaped the worldview of later students. Parrot’s organisational talent took both the laboratory and the teaching in tartu to the highest level of the time. His textbooks helped to introduce the physics worldview to the next generation both on the secondary school and university level.
从1802年到1826年，格奥尔格·弗里德里希·帕罗（Georg Friedrich Parrot）是塔尔图/多尔帕特大学的物理学教授，他创建了俄罗斯帝国最好的物理实验室，里面有大约450个实验装置，其中60多个是帕罗特自己发明的。塔尔图大学博物馆收藏的乐器总数约有50件。这篇文章首次尝试使用Parrot自己的著作、档案来源和现存的设备来提供实验室的历史背景。Parrot的青年时代受到法国启蒙思想的影响。根据他的世界观，教育必须是实用的、功利的，并以自然科学为基础。一个设备齐全的实验室是不可避免的。拉瓦锡的化学从一开始就在塔尔图大学教授。Parrot是德语世界中最早的法语数学物理学之一，并引入了物理学的一个新分支——地球物理学。他开创性的电偶化学理论在他有生之年未能获得认可，但它塑造了后来学生的世界观。Parrot的组织才能使塔图的实验室和教学达到了当时的最高水平。他的教科书有助于在中学和大学层面向下一代介绍物理学世界观。
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Pub Date : 2018-12-12DOI: 10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.08
I. A. Gavrilina
{"title":"“In Me You Will Find Your Defender”: F. M. Klinger as the First Curator of the Dorpat University and His Relationship with G. F. Parrot","authors":"I. A. Gavrilina","doi":"10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/ABHPS.2018.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49363826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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