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A Two-Layer SD-ANN-CA Model Framework for Multi-Typed Land Use and Land Cover Change Prediction under Constraints: Case Study of Ya’an City Area, Western China 用于约束条件下多类型土地利用和土地覆被变化预测的双层 SD-ANN-CA 模型框架:中国西部雅安城区案例研究
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-19 DOI: 10.3390/land13050714
Jingyao Zhao, Xiaofan Zhu, Fan Zhang, Lei Gao
Land use and land cover change (LUCC) prediction of cities in Western China requires higher accuracy in quantitative demand and spatial layout because of complex challenges in balancing relationships between urban constructions and ecological developments. Considering city-level areas and various types of land use and land cover, existing LUCC models without constraint or with only loose demand constraints were impractical in providing evidence of high accuracy and high-resolution predictions in areas facing fierce land competition. In this study, we proposed a two-layer SD-ANN-CA model to simulate and explore the LUCC trend and layout predictions for 2018, 2028, and 2038 in Ya’an City, Western China. The two-layer structure with an upper layer of the SD model and a lower layer of the ANN-CA model, as well as the advantages of all three methods of system dynamics (SD), artificial neural network (ANN), and cellular automata (CA), have allowed us to consider the macro-level demand constraints, meso-level driving factors constraints, and the micro-level spatial constraints into a unified model framework. The simulation results of the year 2018 have shown significant improvement in the accuracy of the ANN-CA model constructed in our earlier work, especially in types of forest land (error-accuracy: 0.08%), grassland (error-accuracy: 0.23%), and construction land (error-accuracy: 0.18%). The layout predictions of all six types of land use in 2028 and 2038 are then carried out to provide visual evidence support, which may improve the efficiency of planning and policy-making processes. Our work may also provide insights into new ways to combine quantitative methods into spatial methods in constructing city-level or even regional-level LUCC models with high resolution.
由于平衡城市建设与生态发展之间关系的复杂挑战,中国西部城市的土地利用和土地覆被变化(LUCC)预测需要更高精度的定量需求和空间布局。考虑到城市级区域和各种类型的土地利用和土地覆被,现有的无约束或仅有宽松需求约束的 LUCC 模型无法在面临激烈土地竞争的地区提供高精度和高分辨率的预测证据。在本研究中,我们提出了一个双层 SD-ANN-CA 模型来模拟和探索中国西部雅安市 2018 年、2028 年和 2038 年的 LUCC 趋势和布局预测。上层为SD模型,下层为ANN-CA模型的双层结构,以及系统动力学(SD)、人工神经网络(ANN)和细胞自动机(CA)三种方法的优势,使我们能够将宏观层面的需求约束、中观层面的驱动因素约束和微观层面的空间约束考虑到统一的模型框架中。2018 年的模拟结果表明,我们在前期工作中构建的 ANN-CA 模型的精度有了显著提高,尤其是在林地(误差精度:0.08%)、草地(误差精度:0.23%)和建设用地(误差精度:0.18%)等类型上。然后对 2028 年和 2038 年所有六类土地利用的布局进行预测,以提供可视化证据支持,从而提高规划和决策过程的效率。我们的工作还可能为将定量方法与空间方法相结合,构建高分辨率的城市级甚至区域级土地利用变化比较模型的新方法提供启示。
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引用次数: 0
Legislative Foundations: Exploring Land Take Laws and Urban Regeneration Policies in Italy and Europe 立法基础:探索意大利和欧洲的土地征用法和城市更新政策
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-19 DOI: 10.3390/land13050713
Annamaria Felli, F. Zullo
Soil is now a central issue on the European as well as the national political agenda, as it represents a fundamental ecosystem for human survival on the planet. Today, more than ever, its protection and proper use in various contexts (agricultural, natural, urban) require stringent policies that can be implemented immediately. The difficult reversibility of urban transformations is the main threat to the ecosystem integrity of soil. Starting from this statement, the main objective of the proposed work is to analyze how the main European countries (Italy, France, Germany, and Spain) are addressing the issue of the goal of zero net land take by 2050 by examining the current laws and strategies. The results highlight how the regulatory aspect plays a key role in managing the phenomenon and how the absence of a national framework law can generate strong distortions and different interpretations of the soil ecosystem. The analysis of the Nature Restoration Law, adopted by the European Commission in July 2023, enables us to assess whether the regulations and measures adopted by the major European countries align with the European Union’s trends. Through a comparative perspective, the study aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of sustainable development practices and provide valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and academics.
土壤是地球上人类赖以生存的基本生态系统,因此现在已成为欧洲和各国政治议程上的核心问题。今天,在各种情况下(农业、自然、城市)保护和合理利用土壤比以往任何时候都更需要立即实施严格的政策。城市改造难以逆转,这是对土壤生态系统完整性的主要威胁。从这一论点出发,拟议工作的主要目标是通过研究现行法律和战略,分析欧洲主要国家(意大利、法国、德国和西班牙)如何解决到 2050 年实现零净土地占用目标的问题。研究结果强调了监管方面如何在管理这一现象中发挥关键作用,以及缺乏国家框架法律会如何产生强烈的扭曲和对土壤生态系统的不同解释。通过分析欧盟委员会于 2023 年 7 月通过的《自然恢复法》,我们可以评估欧洲主要国家采取的法规和措施是否符合欧盟的发展趋势。通过比较视角,本研究旨在促进对可持续发展实践的全面理解,并为政策制定者、城市规划者和学者提供有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Can Urban Sprawl Promote Enterprise Innovation? Evidence from A-Share Listed Companies in China 城市扩张能否促进企业创新?来自中国 A 股上市公司的证据
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.3390/land13050710
Zeru Jiang, Bo Zhang, Chunlai Yuan, Zhaojie Han, Jiangtao Liu
Urban sprawl does not invariably impede factor agglomeration; rather, it can foster polycentric urban configurations, thereby enhancing productivity and encouraging enterprise innovation. This study investigates the effect of urban sprawl on enterprise innovation using data for A-share listed Chinese companies from 2010 to 2020. The results reveal a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between urban sprawl and enterprise innovation, particularly among large enterprises, well-established entities, non-state-owned enterprises, and those operating in non-manufacturing sectors. Additionally, the effects of urban sprawl on the inverted U-shaped relationship are more pronounced in the north-eastern regions and small cities. Regional integration significantly moderates the inverted U-shaped relationship between urban sprawl and enterprise innovation. This research contributes new insights to the field of enterprise innovation, offering theoretical and empirical support for analyzing the economic implications of urban sprawl.
城市扩张并不必然阻碍要素集聚,相反,它可以促进多中心城市配置,从而提高生产率并鼓励企业创新。本研究利用 2010 年至 2020 年中国 A 股上市公司的数据,研究了城市扩张对企业创新的影响。研究结果表明,城市扩张与企业创新之间存在明显的倒 U 型关系,尤其是在大型企业、历史悠久的企业、非国有企业和非制造业企业中。此外,城市扩张对倒 U 型关系的影响在东北地区和小城市更为明显。区域一体化在很大程度上缓和了城市扩张与企业创新之间的倒 U 型关系。这项研究为企业创新领域提供了新的见解,为分析城市扩张的经济影响提供了理论和实证支持。
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引用次数: 0
The Collective Domains in the Ecological Transition: A Preliminary Analysis in an Inner Area in the Campania Region, Italy 生态转型中的集体领域:意大利坎帕尼亚大区内部地区的初步分析
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.3390/land13050711
Fabiana Forte, Paolo Cupo
The growing attention to the sustainable management of territories leads to a reconsideration of common properties, those institutions which concern property rights belonging to all members of a well-defined community. Spread throughout the world in a variety of forms, they can play a crucial role in addressing the challenges posed by the ecological transition promoted by the European Green Deal. In Italy, common properties represent a historical phenomenon, specifically involving rural and mountain areas. Despite the fact that national law regarding collective domains fully recognizes their economic, social, and environmental functions, there is still much to be done in terms of their recognition . As the status of knowledge is lacking, especially in some areas of southern Italy, this article represents a preliminary analysis of the current consistency of collective domains. The introductory section places the topic in the broadest context of ecological transition, tracing its regulatory evolution. Next, collective domains are framed from an economic perspective, highlighting their multidimensional values and emerging assessment issues. The subsequent sections, based on the most recent available data, critically analyze the current supply of collective domains in Italy and in the Campania region. The in-depth analysis of an inner area, characterized by socio-economic marginality, represents the starting point from which it will be possible to identify the demand and to support policy makers and local communities in the valorization of common properties.
对领土可持续管理的日益关注促使人们重新考虑共同财产,即那些涉及属于一个明确界定的社区所有成员的财产权的制度。共同财产以各种形式遍布世界各地,在应对欧洲绿色政 策推动的生态转型所带来的挑战方面可以发挥至关重要的作用。在意大利,共同财产是一种历史现象,特别是在农村和山区。尽管有关集体领域的国家法律充分承认其经济、社会和环境功能,但在对其认可方面仍有许多工作要做。由于缺乏对集体领域现状的了解,尤其是在意大利南部的一些地区,本文对集体领域目前的一致性进行了初步分析。导言部分将该主题置于最广泛的生态转型背景下,追溯其监管演变。接下来,从经济学的角度对集体领域进行分析,强调其多维价值和新出现的评估问题。随后的章节以最新的可用数据为基础,批判性地分析了意大利和坎帕尼亚大区目前的集体领地供应情况。对一个以社会经济边缘化为特征的内部地区的深入分析是一个起点,从这个起点可以确定需求,并支持决策者和当地社区对共同财产进行价值评估。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanism of Vegetation Greenness Change and Its Correlation with Terrestrial Water Storage in the Tarim River Basin 塔里木河流域植被绿度变化机制及其与陆地蓄水量的相关性
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.3390/land13050712
Tingting Xia, Xuan Xue, Haowei Wang, Zhen Zhu, Zhi Li, Yang Wang
The response of dryland vegetation to climate change is particularly sensitive in the context of global climate change. This paper analyzes the characteristics of spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation cover in the Tarim River Basin, China, and its driving factors in order to investigate the response of vegetation growth to water storage changes in the basin. The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), the GRACE gravity satellite, and meteorological data from 2002 to 2022 are used to decipher the characteristics of the response of water storage changes to vegetation changes, which is of great significance to the realization of regional ecological development and sustainable development. The results of the study show the following: (1) The vegetation in the Tarim River Basin has an overall increasing trend, which is mainly distributed in the Aksu Basin and the Weigangkuche River Basin and is spatially distributed in the form of a ring. (2) Vegetation distribution greatly improved during the 20-year study period, dominated by high-cover vegetation, with a change rate of 200.36%. Additionally, vegetation changes are centered on the watersheds and expand to the surrounding area, with a clear increase in vegetation in the Kumukuri Basin. Areas with a vegetation Hurst index of <0.5 account for 63.27% of the study area, and the areas with a continuous decrease were mainly located in the outer contour area of the Tarim River and Kumu Kuri Basins. (3) There are obvious spatial differences in the correlation between EVI and temperature and precipitation elements. The proportion of areas with positive correlation with temperature within the study area is 64.67%. EVI tends to be consistent with the direction of migration of the center of gravity of the population and GDP, and the areas with positive correlation between vegetation and terrestrial water reserves are mainly distributed in the northern slopes of the Kunlun Mountains, with an area proportion of about 50.513%. The Kumukuli Basin also shows significantly positive correlation.
在全球气候变化的背景下,旱地植被对气候变化的响应尤为敏感。本文分析了中国塔里木河流域植被覆盖的时空动态特征及其驱动因素,以研究该流域植被生长对蓄水变化的响应。利用增强植被指数(EVI)、GRACE重力卫星和2002-2022年气象数据,解读蓄水变化对植被变化的响应特征,对实现区域生态建设和可持续发展具有重要意义。研究结果表明(1)塔里木河流域植被总体呈增加趋势,主要分布在阿克苏流域和卫岗库车河流域,空间分布呈环状。(2)在 20 年的研究期间,植被分布大大改善,以高覆盖度植被为主,变化率为 200.36%。此外,植被变化以流域为中心向周边扩展,库木库里盆地植被明显增加。植被赫斯特指数小于 0.5 的区域占研究区域的 63.27%,植被持续减少的区域主要分布在塔里木河流域和库木库里盆地的外等高线区域。(3)EVI 与气温、降水要素的相关性存在明显的空间差异。研究区内与气温正相关的区域比例为 64.67%。EVI 与人口重心、GDP 重心迁移方向趋于一致,植被与陆地储水量正相关的区域主要分布在昆仑山北坡,面积比例约为 50.513%。库木库里盆地也呈现明显的正相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Ecological Security Pattern Construction in Loess Plateau Areas—A Case Study of Shanxi Province, China 黄土高原地区生态安全格局构建--中国山西省案例研究
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.3390/land13050709
Yongyong Fu, Wenjia Zhang, Feng Gao, Xu Bi, Ping Wang, Xiaojun Wang
Strong soil erosion and increasing human activities have made Loess Plateau areas ecologically fragile regions. Constructing the ecological security pattern (ESP) is imperative to maintain their ecosystem functions and sustainable development. However, it is still challenging to establish the ESP in such an unstable and scattered ecological environment. In this study, we take Shanxi Province, which suffers severe ecological problems in Loess Plateau areas, as an example to construct the ESP in a pattern of “source-resistance-corridor”. The proposed methods include the following steps: (1) potential ecological sources are selected with important ecosystem functions based on contributions of soil and water conservation, habitat quality, and carbon storage; (2) ecological sources are determined by considering core areas at the landscape scale based on morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) along with stability based on dynamic assessment on previous sources; (3) the comprehensive resistance surface is constructed by multiple resistance factors and remotely sensed nighttime light data; (4) ecological corridors are simulated and extracted based on circuit theory. As a result, the proposed ESP in our study area mainly includes 13,592 km2 of ecological sources, 8519.64 km of ecological corridors, and 277 ecological nodes. Meanwhile, an ecological framework of “two axes, three belts, and three zones” was proposed based on the optimization and reorganization of ecological components within the ESP. Our research lays a methodological and practical foundation for regional ESP construction and sustainable development in Loess Plateau areas.
强烈的水土流失和不断增加的人类活动使黄土高原地区成为生态脆弱地区。构建生态安全格局(ESP)是维持其生态系统功能和可持续发展的当务之急。然而,在这样一个不稳定、分散的生态环境中建立生态安全格局仍具有挑战性。本研究以黄土高原地区生态问题严重的山西省为例,构建 "源-阻-廊 "模式的生态安全格局。提出的方法包括以下步骤:(1)根据水土保持、栖息地质量和碳储存的贡献,选择具有重要生态系统功能的潜在生态源;(2)根据形态空间模式分析(MSPA),考虑景观尺度上的核心区域,并根据对先前生态源的动态评估确定其稳定性,从而确定生态源;(3)根据多重阻力因子和遥感夜间光照数据,构建综合阻力面;(4)根据电路理论,模拟并提取生态廊道。因此,在我们的研究区域内,拟议的 ESP 主要包括 13592 平方公里的生态源、8519.64 公里的生态廊道和 277 个生态节点。同时,根据ESP内部生态要素的优化重组,提出了 "两轴、三带、三区 "的生态框架。我们的研究为黄土高原地区的区域 ESP 建设和可持续发展奠定了方法论和实践基础。
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引用次数: 0
Use of the Sociogram in Participatory Planning in Contexts of Social Exclusion: A Comparative Case Study in Cordoba Neighbourhoods, Spain 在社会排斥背景下的参与式规划中使用社会图:西班牙科尔多瓦街区比较案例研究
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/land13050706
Antonio Delgado-Baena, Antonio Sianes
Urban regeneration and spatial planning have adopted a new participatory approach in recent decades, highlighting the importance of integrating the community in urban decision-making processes, especially in disadvantaged and socially excluded areas. In this context, the sociogram emerges as an essential tool for collaborative governance, allowing the visualization and analysis of the dynamics between the different actors involved. This study employs a comparative case study approach in three disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Córdoba, Spain, to examine how the sociogram can facilitate more effective and democratic participation in urban planning. Using heat maps, scatter plots and average analysis, relationships between actors are identified and characterized, providing a solid basis for more inclusive and equitable planning decisions. This analysis not only reveals the practical utility of the sociogram in participatory research but also underscores its theoretical relevance in building resilient and cohesive communities. Findings confirm the sociogram’s effectiveness in mapping stakeholder dynamics and enhancing participatory governance, ultimately fostering more informed and inclusive urban planning processes.
近几十年来,城市更新和空间规划采用了一种新的参与式方法,强调了将社区纳入城市决策过程的重要性,尤其是在弱势和受社会排斥的地区。在这种情况下,社会图成为合作治理的重要工具,可以直观地显示和分析不同参与者之间的动态关系。本研究在西班牙科尔多瓦的三个贫困街区采用了比较案例研究方法,以探讨社会图如何促进更有效、更民主地参与城市规划。通过热图、散点图和平均分析,确定并描述了参与者之间的关系,为更具包容性和公平性的规划决策提供了坚实的基础。这项分析不仅揭示了社会图在参与式研究中的实用性,还强调了其在建设具有复原力和凝聚力的社区方面的理论意义。研究结果证实了社会图在绘制利益相关者动态图和加强参与式治理方面的有效性,最终促进了更加知情和更具包容性的城市规划进程。
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引用次数: 0
Using a Public Preference Questionnaire and Eye Movement Heat Maps to Identify the Visual Quality of Rural Landscapes in Southwestern Guizhou, China 利用公众偏好问卷和眼动热力图识别中国贵州西南部农村景观的视觉质量
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/land13050707
Xuhui Yao, Yan Sun
Rural landscapes serve as important platforms to determine the landscape characteristics (LCs) of rural areas, demonstrating the landscape characteristics specific to certain regions to the public. However, the development trend of urban and rural areas is continuous and impacts the characteristics of rural landscapes, which directly affects the public’s visual experience and landscape perception. In order to improve the characteristics of rural landscapes, this study evaluates and analyzes their visual quality based on public preferences and eye movement heat maps. The results show that most subjects have a high preference for horizontal, open-view rural landscapes with fields and landform features as the dominant landscape elements. This study also found that the combination of strip-like or planar settlement buildings with regional characteristics and landform features has an active impact on the visual quality of rural landscapes. These results show that rural landscapes characterized by scattered settlement buildings without significant regional characteristics, horizontally curved roads, bridges, and other human-made landscape elements, and mixed and disorderly vegetation have low landscape preference, which degrades their visual quality. These research results provide crucial suggestions for landscape managers to protect and renew rural landscape features.
乡村景观是确定乡村地区景观特征(LCs)的重要平台,向公众展示了某些地区特有的景观特征。然而,城乡发展的趋势不断影响着乡村景观的特征,直接影响着公众的视觉体验和景观感知。为了改善乡村景观的特征,本研究根据公众偏好和眼动热力图对其视觉质量进行了评估和分析。结果表明,大多数受试者都非常喜欢以田野和地貌特征为主要景观元素的水平、开阔视野的乡村景观。研究还发现,条状或平面聚落建筑与区域特征和地貌特征的结合对乡村景观的视觉质量有积极影响。这些结果表明,以散落的无明显地域特征的聚落建筑、水平弯曲的道路、桥梁和其他人造景观要素以及混杂无序的植被为特征的乡村景观具有较低的景观偏好性,从而降低了其视觉质量。这些研究成果为景观管理者保护和更新乡村景观特征提供了重要建议。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Climate Change Perceptions in Sustainable Agricultural Development: Evidence from Conservation Tillage Technology Adoption in Northern China 气候变化认知在农业可持续发展中的作用:中国北方保护性耕作技术应用的证据
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/land13050705
Leshan Yu, Hengtong Shi, Haixia Wu, Xiangmiao Hu, Yan Ge, Leshui Yu, Wenyu Cao
Encouraging the use of conservation tillage technology is a highly effective approach to safeguarding soil health, improving the environment, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. With the mounting concerns surrounding climate change, developing conservation tillage methods that facilitate sustainable agricultural growth has become an imperative both in China and around the world. While it is widely recognized that adapting to climate change is crucial in agriculture, there is limited research on evaluating the risks, discovering resilience, measuring farmers’ perceptions on climate change, and exploring how tillage technology can be adjusted in the context of small-scale farming in China to foster sustainable development. Using research data from smallholder farmers in the Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces of China, this paper aims to explore the impact of climate change perceptions on farmers’ adoption of conservation tillage technologies based on an ordered Probit model. We found that farmers tend to refrain from embracing conservation tillage technology due to the presence of unclear and conflicting perceptions regarding climate change. Focus on short-term profitability and inadequate preparation hinder them from prioritizing adaptation. We recognized several measures that could help farmers adapt and thrive within the agricultural sector. Furthermore, we have validated the need for self-system moderation in promoting farmers’ adoption of conservation tillage technology. By utilizing such tools and resources, farmers can comprehend the gravity of climate change’s impact on agricultural productivity and, more importantly, channel their efforts towards fortifying resilience to extreme weather conditions and long-term climate risks, thus fortifying agricultural sustainability.
鼓励使用保护性耕作技术是保护土壤健康、改善环境、促进农业可持续发展的有效方法。随着人们对气候变化的日益关注,开发有利于农业可持续发展的保护性耕作方法已成为中国和世界各国的当务之急。虽然人们普遍认识到适应气候变化对农业至关重要,但在评估风险、发现抗灾能力、衡量农民对气候变化的看法,以及探索如何在中国小规模农业背景下调整耕作技术以促进可持续发展方面的研究却十分有限。本文利用中国陕西省和山西省小农的研究数据,基于有序 Probit 模型,旨在探讨气候变化认知对农民采用保护性耕作技术的影响。我们发现,由于对气候变化的认知不明确且相互矛盾,农民倾向于不采用保护性耕作技术。对短期收益的关注和准备不足阻碍了他们优先考虑适应问题。我们认识到,有几项措施可以帮助农民适应气候变化,并在农业领域茁壮成长。此外,我们还验证了自我系统调节在促进农民采用保护性耕作技术方面的必要性。通过利用这些工具和资源,农民可以理解气候变化对农业生产力影响的严重性,更重要的是,他们可以努力加强对极端天气条件和长期气候风险的抵御能力,从而加强农业的可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
A Proximity-Based Approach for the Identification of Fallen Species of Street Trees during Strong Wind Events in Lisbon 里斯本强风天气中行道树倒伏树种的近距离识别方法
IF 3.9 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/land13050708
F. Mendes, Felipe Coelho de Souza Petean, Ezequiel Correia, António Manuel Saraiva Lopes
The benefits of urban trees are very well known, but they can fall and cause damage, putting people’s lives at risk. There are few studies on the vulnerability of species to falling. In Lisbon (Portugal), fallen trees have been recorded since 1990 without, however, the identification of the species, knowledge of which is fundamental for improving their management. This study aimed to identify the tree species most vulnerable to falling in Lisbon through a proximity-based approach of known species, since the city has 47,713 inventoried trees, of which only 26,595 (55.7%) were identified. Four criteria were designed to presume the species: (i) the tree must be within 15 m from the street median axis; (ii) at least three individuals within 30 m from the occurrence must belong to the same species; (iii) the surrounding species must be representative in the street (>50%); and (iv) visual identification of avenue medians. Through this approach, considering 3767 fallen trees, it was possible to identify 736 cases, representing 19.5% of all occurrences throughout the studied time and representing 43 different species. Species like Morus nigra L., Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze, Liriodendron tulipifera L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., and Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. were most vulnerable. Additionally, in 57.7% of cases (425 fallen trees), the wind speed 12-h before the occurrence was greater than 7 m s−1. This research will provide important data for urban planners seeking to maximize the ecosystem services of urban trees.
城市树木的好处众所周知,但它们也会倒下并造成损害,危及人们的生命。关于树种易倒的研究很少。自 1990 年以来,里斯本(葡萄牙)就有树木倒伏的记录,但却没有确定树种,而了解树种是改善树木管理的基础。这项研究旨在通过对已知树种进行邻近性分析,确定里斯本最易倒伏的树种,因为该市有 47713 棵登记在册的树木,其中只有 26595 棵(55.7%)得到了鉴定。我们设计了四个标准来推定树种:(i) 树木必须位于街道中轴线 15 米范围内;(ii) 距发生地点 30 米范围内至少有三棵树属于同一树种;(iii) 周围树种在街道中必须具有代表性(大于 50%);(iv) 对大道中轴线进行目视识别。通过这种方法,在对 3767 棵倒下的树木进行研究后,可以识别出 736 个案例,占整个研究期间所有出现案例的 19.5%,代表了 43 个不同的物种。Morus nigra L.、Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze、Liriodendron tulipifera L.、Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.和 Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.等树种最容易受到影响。此外,在 57.7% 的案例(425 棵倒伏树木)中,发生前 12 小时的风速大于 7 m s-1。这项研究将为城市规划者最大限度地利用城市树木的生态系统服务提供重要数据。
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