Thirty years ago, a group of scholars believed to have identified features of systemic scleroderma in Archangel Raphael with Bishop Domonte (1680), a masterpiece by Seville-based painter Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617–1682). However, restoration of the artwork in 2003–2006 showed that the sitter had no feature of scleroderma and all the suspected lesions were merely artefactual. This case illustrates that caution and proper background work is warranted when it comes to iconodiagnosis.
This case report discusses the possible incidence of a neuro-ophthalmological tumour identified in a high quality mummy portrait of a woman from Roman Egypt at the Toledo Museum of Art, USA (1971.13).
This analysis employs the published methodological procedures and recommendations for iconodiagnosis.
Careful observation allows the identification of neuro-ophthalmological signs possibly consistent with a neuro-ophtalmological tumour. Differential diagnosis includes post-traumatic condition.
This case is another example of a neuro-ocular pathology in a funerary mummy portrait of a woman who lived over 1,800 years ago and adds to the few cases of medical conditions so far identified in portrait paintings from Roman Egypt.
In modern era medicine, patient's autonomy is held in the epitome of medical decision making. When patients lose decision making capacity, providers try to the best of their ability to uphold patient's pre-expressed wishes. Substituted judgment can take many forms, such as consulting with next of kin, surrogate decision makers, court appointed guardian, and emergency consent. The goal is to answer: What is in the patient's best interest and what would the patient want if they could speak for themselves?
We present a case of an elderly patient with a diagnosis of terminal lungcancer with metastasis to the brain, liver, and bones who presented with complaints of weakness and altered mental status. Although the patient could not speak, they exhibited signs and symptoms of severe pain. The surrogate refused to provide the patient with analgesics. The ethics committee was consulted to help navigate the situation and facilitate a solution. We discuss in this manuscript some important background and guiding ethical principles and describe how our case resolved.
Substituted judgment is considered a basic guiding principle when making decisions for incapacitated patients; where providers and surrogate decision makers try to make decisions that the patient would have made. Literature illustrates that this framework is not free of fault. Our case emphasizes the importance of understanding the guiding principles in medical ethics and consulting the ethics department when unclear.
Though the pursuit of substituted judgment is well-intended, it is not infallible. It is important to recognize this when having discussions with surrogate decision makers and understanding that alternative models could be a better fit in certain situations. All while trying to the best of the provider's ability to uphold patient's wishes and best interests.
Despite the sensible and dramatic moment that the world has faced with the pandemic provoked by the novel coronavirus, something is not novel – the ‘attack’ and the struggle for what is most precious: knowledge.
It is a critical theoretical essay.
Throughout history, something most threatening had a direct or indirect relationship with what was most valuable (e.g., Socrates, Copernicus, among others). Evidently, the best resources of knowledge and approaches must be used to collaborate with the analysis of social domains regarding the Covid-19 pandemic. However, it is crucial to use different approaches so as not to foster the same harmful consequences.
Developing novel theoretical approaches does not dispense the ability and need to think.
Capital punishment represents a pivotal approach to addressing crimes. Although numerous nations, including the UK, have abolished capital punishment, Japan upholds it. This study aimed to elucidate public opinion in the UK and Japan regarding capital punishment and the application of an insanity defense.
A web-based survey was utilized to gauge opinions in both countries about capital punishment and to understand the reasons underpinning these viewpoints. Additionally, respondents’ perspectives on using an insanity defense were solicited.
The findings revealed that a majority of Japanese and nearly half of the UK respondents were supportive of capital punishment. Conversely, Japanese citizens largely opposed the provision of an insanity defense, while the UK citizens appeared more accepting. Advocates for capital punishment held a belief in its deterrent effect, viewing it as a proportionate form of retribution within the penal system.
Several differences between the UK and Japan regarding public opinions toward capital punishment can be explained from several perspectives. These findings may offer valuable insights for discussing future policy direction.
An anonymous donation of bone elements to the Laboratory of Anthropology, Archeology, Biology (LAAB) (UVSQ/Paris-Saclay) once again raises the question of the future of heritage and university osteological collections. It allows to alert about the fragility of osteological collections and the risk of their disappearance.
The treatment, conservation and future of human remains are currently at the heart of intense debates among heritage and archeology professionals as well as within the legislative apparatus in France. French law concerning the conservation and valorization of ancient human remains vague, which encourages heterogeneous decision-making on the territory regarding their management. Heritage osteological collections and unofficial collections are threatened whether by the need of selecting sorting, by request of reburial, or by disinterest. Digital technologies currently offer solutions in particular for the preservation of archaeological remains by protecting them from repeated and sometimes unnecessary manipulations. But these solutions are not without ethical and financial questions, and do not exempt the need to preserve anthropobiological remains for subsequent complementary or contradictory studies.
In fact, the preservation, in their integrity, of serial anthropobiological collections and particularly osteological collections, remains essential for teaching and research.
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