Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6
Tianxing Dai, Brian D Taylor
The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affected public transit systems around the globe. Because transit systems typically move many people closely together on buses and trains, public health guidance demanded that riders should keep a distance of about two meters to others changed the definition of "crowding" on transit in 2020. Accordingly, this research examines how U.S. public transit agencies responded to public health guidance that directly conflicted with their business model. To do this, we examined published crowding standards before the COVID-19 pandemic for a representative sample of 200 transit systems, including whether they started or changed their published standards during the pandemic, as well as the reasons whether agencies publicize such standards at all. We present both descriptive statistics and regression model results to shed light on the factors associated with agency crowding standards. We find that 56% of the agencies surveyed published crowding standards before the pandemic, while only 46% published COVID-19-specific crowding standards. Regression analyses suggest that larger agencies were more likely to publish crowding standards before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely because they are more apt to experience crowding. Pandemic-specific crowding standards, by contrast, were associated with a more complex set of factors. We conclude that the relative lack of pandemic standards reflects the uncertainty and fluidity of the public health crisis, inconsistent and at times conflicting with the guidance from public health officials, and, in the U.S., a lack national or transit industry consensus on appropriate crowding standards during the first year of the pandemic.
{"title":"Three's a crowd? Examining evolving public transit crowding standards amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Tianxing Dai, Brian D Taylor","doi":"10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12469-022-00311-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affected public transit systems around the globe. Because transit systems typically move many people closely together on buses and trains, public health guidance demanded that riders should keep a distance of about two meters to others changed the definition of \"crowding\" on transit in 2020. Accordingly, this research examines how U.S. public transit agencies responded to public health guidance that directly conflicted with their business model. To do this, we examined published crowding standards before the COVID-19 pandemic for a representative sample of 200 transit systems, including whether they started or changed their published standards during the pandemic, as well as the reasons whether agencies publicize such standards at all. We present both descriptive statistics and regression model results to shed light on the factors associated with agency crowding standards. We find that 56% of the agencies surveyed published crowding standards before the pandemic, while only 46% published COVID-19-specific crowding standards. Regression analyses suggest that larger agencies were more likely to publish crowding standards before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely because they are more apt to experience crowding. Pandemic-specific crowding standards, by contrast, were associated with a more complex set of factors. We conclude that the relative lack of pandemic standards reflects the uncertainty and fluidity of the public health crisis, inconsistent and at times conflicting with the guidance from public health officials, and, in the U.S., a lack national or transit industry consensus on appropriate crowding standards during the first year of the pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"321-341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9762872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75276054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa Okati, M. Eslami, Mahdi Jafari Shahbazadeh
{"title":"A Novel High Voltage Gain Buck-Boost Converter with Dual Mode Boost","authors":"Mustafa Okati, M. Eslami, Mahdi Jafari Shahbazadeh","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.49","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45205686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Habibeh Fakhraie, T. Moosazadeh, Reza Sabbaghy, A. Hassanzadeh
: A discrete-time (DT) high-resolution and low-power sturdy multi-stage noise-shaping (SMASH) sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulator is introduced. It proposes major solution for high-resolution applications relying on M-bit digital input-feedforward (DFF) technique which eliminates a power-hungry analog adder before the stage’s quantizer, decreases number of comparators for quantizer implementation and reduces the swing of the integrator’s output and a 2 nd -order noise-coupling (NC) technique realized by few extra analog paths and enhances the noise shaping of the modulator without adding active blocks. The effectiveness of the introduced modulator is supported by the behavioral simulation and extensive mathematical analyses. The proposed modulator along with conventional one is simulated in a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The results indicate an outstanding improvement in dynamic range (DR) and resolution with less complexity.
{"title":"A CMOS Low-Power Noise Shaping-Enhanced SMASH ΣΔ Modulator","authors":"Habibeh Fakhraie, T. Moosazadeh, Reza Sabbaghy, A. Hassanzadeh","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.95","url":null,"abstract":": A discrete-time (DT) high-resolution and low-power sturdy multi-stage noise-shaping (SMASH) sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulator is introduced. It proposes major solution for high-resolution applications relying on M-bit digital input-feedforward (DFF) technique which eliminates a power-hungry analog adder before the stage’s quantizer, decreases number of comparators for quantizer implementation and reduces the swing of the integrator’s output and a 2 nd -order noise-coupling (NC) technique realized by few extra analog paths and enhances the noise shaping of the modulator without adding active blocks. The effectiveness of the introduced modulator is supported by the behavioral simulation and extensive mathematical analyses. The proposed modulator along with conventional one is simulated in a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The results indicate an outstanding improvement in dynamic range (DR) and resolution with less complexity.","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43782961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coupling Reduction of Two Adjacent Quad-Ridge Horn Antennas at 20-40 GHz Frequency Range by Using of Wideband Electromagnetic Band Gap Structure","authors":"F. Mohajeri, Arman Bordbar, Anis Moradi Kouchi","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47173526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of De-noising in Identification of the Order of Viscoelasticity as a Function of Material State","authors":"S. Mirtavoosi, S. Tabatabaei","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.85","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46451192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niharika Verma, Soumyadeep C. Sarkar, Pawan K. Tiwari, K. Parmar
{"title":"Stimulation of Waves and Instabilities in Response to Irradiation of Electromagnetic Fields into Plasmas","authors":"Niharika Verma, Soumyadeep C. Sarkar, Pawan K. Tiwari, K. Parmar","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.75","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45875034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimating Parallel Transmission Line Fault Using Phasor Measurement Unit based Artificial Neural Network","authors":"S. Chauhan, R. Dahiya","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45394367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ghorbani, M. Dolatshahi, S. M. Zanjani, Behrang Barekatain
{"title":"A New Low Power, Area Efficient 4-bit Carry Look Ahead Adder in CNFET Technology","authors":"A. Ghorbani, M. Dolatshahi, S. M. Zanjani, Behrang Barekatain","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.65","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45378538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review on Charging Infrastructure for Electric Transit Buses","authors":"M. Naik","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47293216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: This paper presents an efficient Multiconductor Shielded Cable model, for conducted and radiated coupling, developed for circuit applications. In the case of radiated coupling, the interaction of the external incident field is modeled by equivalent voltage and current generators placed on shield only. The model works in frequency and time domain with linear and non-linear loads, respectively. Different applications are presented, for validation and physical interpretation. Finally, we will discuss the effect of the connection of the voltage limiter on the induced voltages.
{"title":"Circuit Models to Study the Radiated and Conducted Susceptibilities of Multiconductor Shielded Cables Connected to Non-linear Load","authors":"Mohamed Saih, Z. Bouzidi, Youssef Rhazi","doi":"10.52547/mjee.16.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.9","url":null,"abstract":": This paper presents an efficient Multiconductor Shielded Cable model, for conducted and radiated coupling, developed for circuit applications. In the case of radiated coupling, the interaction of the external incident field is modeled by equivalent voltage and current generators placed on shield only. The model works in frequency and time domain with linear and non-linear loads, respectively. Different applications are presented, for validation and physical interpretation. Finally, we will discuss the effect of the connection of the voltage limiter on the induced voltages.","PeriodicalId":37804,"journal":{"name":"Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42051722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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