Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2153614
Lee Moffett, Gavin E. Oxburgh, Paul Dresser, F. Gabbert, S. Watson
ABSTRACT The covert use of civilian informants leaves law enforcement agencies open to accusations of unethical conduct. The use of a structured interview protocol is a recognised method of promoting ethical interactions between police and public citizens, however, there is no known interview model specifically designed to meet informant handler objectives. The current study adopts a holistic view of the interaction between ‘informant’ and ‘handler’ to develop a bespoke informant interview model (RWITS-US: Review and Research, Welfare, Information, Tasking, Security, Understanding Context, Sharing). This model is compared to the PEACE model of interviewing as part of a novel experimental paradigm using mock-informants (N = 19), measuring levels of motivation, rapport, cooperation and intelligence gain. Results indicate that the RWITS-US model generated significantly greater levels of self-reported rapport without having any detrimental effect on the other measured variables. Whilst the results are encouraging, we suggest that the RWITS-US model should be tested in handler training environments before being recommended for widespread use in the field.
{"title":"Keeping our wits about us: introducing a bespoke informant interview model for covert human intelligence source (CHIS) interactions","authors":"Lee Moffett, Gavin E. Oxburgh, Paul Dresser, F. Gabbert, S. Watson","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2153614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2153614","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The covert use of civilian informants leaves law enforcement agencies open to accusations of unethical conduct. The use of a structured interview protocol is a recognised method of promoting ethical interactions between police and public citizens, however, there is no known interview model specifically designed to meet informant handler objectives. The current study adopts a holistic view of the interaction between ‘informant’ and ‘handler’ to develop a bespoke informant interview model (RWITS-US: Review and Research, Welfare, Information, Tasking, Security, Understanding Context, Sharing). This model is compared to the PEACE model of interviewing as part of a novel experimental paradigm using mock-informants (N = 19), measuring levels of motivation, rapport, cooperation and intelligence gain. Results indicate that the RWITS-US model generated significantly greater levels of self-reported rapport without having any detrimental effect on the other measured variables. Whilst the results are encouraging, we suggest that the RWITS-US model should be tested in handler training environments before being recommended for widespread use in the field.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"18 1","pages":"333 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43558940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2150091
T. Ike, D. Jidong
ABSTRACT Police-public relations and accountability are issues of global concern. This study makes an original and significant contribution to police policy, practice and programs designed to encourage confidence in the police by exploring victims’ experiences of crime, police responses and avenues for channelling complaints following police misconduct. An interpretative phenomenological analysis and semi-structured interview were adopted to collate data from 24 male and female participants comprising both victims of crime and non-crime but with direct experiences of perceived police misconduct from Delta state, Nigeria. The analysis finds perceived fear, lack of trust and limited awareness of redress avenues following police misconduct. The study recommends a legal-informed cognitive behavioural therapy on the available complaints channel to improve public confidence in the Nigerian police.
{"title":"Victims’ experiences of crime, police behaviour and complaint avenues for reporting police misconduct in Nigeria: an interpretative phenomenological analysis","authors":"T. Ike, D. Jidong","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2150091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2150091","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Police-public relations and accountability are issues of global concern. This study makes an original and significant contribution to police policy, practice and programs designed to encourage confidence in the police by exploring victims’ experiences of crime, police responses and avenues for channelling complaints following police misconduct. An interpretative phenomenological analysis and semi-structured interview were adopted to collate data from 24 male and female participants comprising both victims of crime and non-crime but with direct experiences of perceived police misconduct from Delta state, Nigeria. The analysis finds perceived fear, lack of trust and limited awareness of redress avenues following police misconduct. The study recommends a legal-informed cognitive behavioural therapy on the available complaints channel to improve public confidence in the Nigerian police.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"18 1","pages":"213 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49591166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-04DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2117568
Ali Ozdogan, Zeliha Ozdogan
ABSTRACT This study analyses the impact of Turkey’s repressive and conciliatory counterterrorism (CT) policies on moderate and extremist members of the terrorist group, Partiye Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK) in the period 1999–2007, using vector autoregression-intervention analysis. By utilising the data about Turkey’s CT against PKK terrorism, the study finds evidence that repressive and conciliatory CT against extremists increases their involvement in terrorist activity, while repression against moderates decreases their involvement in terrorist activity. The model contributes to the current knowledge base of counterterrorism by providing empirical evidence that repressive and conciliatory CT can increase or decrease terrorism, depending on the target population’s degree of solidarity with a terrorist movement.
{"title":"A vector-autoregression-intervention analysis of PKK terrorism and Turkey’s counterterrorism","authors":"Ali Ozdogan, Zeliha Ozdogan","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2117568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2117568","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study analyses the impact of Turkey’s repressive and conciliatory counterterrorism (CT) policies on moderate and extremist members of the terrorist group, Partiye Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK) in the period 1999–2007, using vector autoregression-intervention analysis. By utilising the data about Turkey’s CT against PKK terrorism, the study finds evidence that repressive and conciliatory CT against extremists increases their involvement in terrorist activity, while repression against moderates decreases their involvement in terrorist activity. The model contributes to the current knowledge base of counterterrorism by providing empirical evidence that repressive and conciliatory CT can increase or decrease terrorism, depending on the target population’s degree of solidarity with a terrorist movement.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"18 1","pages":"189 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45843452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2117993
E. Corner, N. Pyszora
ABSTRACT Efforts to develop scientifically rigorous and operationally relevant research on the assessment of individuals who present as at risk of radicalisation to violent extremism and/or grievance-fuelled violence remain underdeveloped. The Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP-18) has been used across some jurisdictions in Australia to assess whether individuals are radicalising to violent extremism. A number of research publications suggest that the TRAP-18 may provide a valid assessment in radical individuals and may also have some predictive power to identify individuals who escalate to violence. However, to date, there has been no formal assessment of the usability of the TRAP-18. That is, it’s effectiveness in its aims (face validity), or user agreement of included factors (content validity). This work attends to this, and conducts empirically informed, practitioner-oriented research to examine whether the TRAP-18 is a valid and practical assessment tool for the CVE arena across Australia. We conduct a number of focus groups with both practitioners and academic experts. Overall, the results highlight that the TRAP-18 shows promise for use in Australia.
{"title":"The Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol-18 (TRAP-18) in Australia: face validity, content validity, and utility in the Australian context","authors":"E. Corner, N. Pyszora","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2117993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2117993","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Efforts to develop scientifically rigorous and operationally relevant research on the assessment of individuals who present as at risk of radicalisation to violent extremism and/or grievance-fuelled violence remain underdeveloped. The Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP-18) has been used across some jurisdictions in Australia to assess whether individuals are radicalising to violent extremism. A number of research publications suggest that the TRAP-18 may provide a valid assessment in radical individuals and may also have some predictive power to identify individuals who escalate to violence. However, to date, there has been no formal assessment of the usability of the TRAP-18. That is, it’s effectiveness in its aims (face validity), or user agreement of included factors (content validity). This work attends to this, and conducts empirically informed, practitioner-oriented research to examine whether the TRAP-18 is a valid and practical assessment tool for the CVE arena across Australia. We conduct a number of focus groups with both practitioners and academic experts. Overall, the results highlight that the TRAP-18 shows promise for use in Australia.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"17 1","pages":"246 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41801214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2124123
A. van de Weert
ABSTRACT In recent years, the fight against (violent) extremism has focused more on anticipating the threats that they pose. Therefore, early detection of undemocratic ideas by local professionals has become an important part of the preventive approach in counter terrorism radicalisation. Frontline workers who operate in the arteries of society are encouraged to identify processes toward violent behaviour at an early stage. To date, however, little is known about how these professionals take on this screening task at their own discretion. The analysis of 55 interviews with youth workers, municipality civil servants, and community police officers, show that they tended to be insufficiently equipped in general to detect radicalisation towards (violent) extremism at the local level in the Netherlands. Firstly, this is due to varying contents and qualities of training courses which are not suited to building up solid expertise. Secondly, and most importantly, the recognising of deviant behaviour is presumably carried out with a one-sided focus on personal norms and values rather than structured judgements about pathways towards risky behaviour. Various value systems seem to influence the norm for early detection, which means that there is, in practice, a lack of clear indicators.
{"title":"Justice and risk assessment: the subjectivity of pre-emptive screening of radicalisation processes","authors":"A. van de Weert","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2124123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2124123","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent years, the fight against (violent) extremism has focused more on anticipating the threats that they pose. Therefore, early detection of undemocratic ideas by local professionals has become an important part of the preventive approach in counter terrorism radicalisation. Frontline workers who operate in the arteries of society are encouraged to identify processes toward violent behaviour at an early stage. To date, however, little is known about how these professionals take on this screening task at their own discretion. The analysis of 55 interviews with youth workers, municipality civil servants, and community police officers, show that they tended to be insufficiently equipped in general to detect radicalisation towards (violent) extremism at the local level in the Netherlands. Firstly, this is due to varying contents and qualities of training courses which are not suited to building up solid expertise. Secondly, and most importantly, the recognising of deviant behaviour is presumably carried out with a one-sided focus on personal norms and values rather than structured judgements about pathways towards risky behaviour. Various value systems seem to influence the norm for early detection, which means that there is, in practice, a lack of clear indicators.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"17 1","pages":"287 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41897573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2144422
Adrian Cherney, Michele Grossman, L. Khalil
ABSTRACT Violent extremist risk assessment is an evolving field of knowledge and practice, one informed by both empirical research and practitioner field experience. Such assessments have now become a central part of counterterrorism (CT) and countering violent extremism (CVE) responses. It offers structured professional insights and guidance on risk levels at various points on the continuum of those who are, or have, radicalised to violence, from diversion at earlier stages of violent extremist pathways to considerations of risk for post-release terrorist offenders. Any tools that rely on human judgement will necessarily raise questions and debates relating to their validity, structural properties, ability to discriminate between different types of extremists and interrater reliability. While such questions are important, an equally critical but underexamined consideration is the availability of research on the actual practice of violent extremist risk assessment, including how such tools are used across jurisdictions and institutional settings, challenges in their application, and how differing contexts of radicalisation may inform judgements about risk. This special issue, arising from a 2021 AVERT Research Network conference on violent extremism risk assessment, includes contributions from a mix of academics and practitioners who address and explore a number of these research gaps.
{"title":"Guest Editorial: special issue on violent extremist risk assessment","authors":"Adrian Cherney, Michele Grossman, L. Khalil","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2144422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2144422","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Violent extremist risk assessment is an evolving field of knowledge and practice, one informed by both empirical research and practitioner field experience. Such assessments have now become a central part of counterterrorism (CT) and countering violent extremism (CVE) responses. It offers structured professional insights and guidance on risk levels at various points on the continuum of those who are, or have, radicalised to violence, from diversion at earlier stages of violent extremist pathways to considerations of risk for post-release terrorist offenders. Any tools that rely on human judgement will necessarily raise questions and debates relating to their validity, structural properties, ability to discriminate between different types of extremists and interrater reliability. While such questions are important, an equally critical but underexamined consideration is the availability of research on the actual practice of violent extremist risk assessment, including how such tools are used across jurisdictions and institutional settings, challenges in their application, and how differing contexts of radicalisation may inform judgements about risk. This special issue, arising from a 2021 AVERT Research Network conference on violent extremism risk assessment, includes contributions from a mix of academics and practitioners who address and explore a number of these research gaps.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"17 1","pages":"235 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43591177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2117566
N. Pyszora, K. Mischel, M. Doroc, N. Prince
ABSTRACT Since 2016, Federal legislation has been in place in Australia allowing for post sentence preventative detention of individuals deemed to pose an unacceptable risk of committing a serious terrorism offence if they were released into the community. This type of legislation poses significant legal, moral and ethical issues as it balances the rights of the community to be protected from harm against the rights of an offender to be released at the end of a finite prison sentence. Courts are required to obtain reports from psychiatrists and/or psychologists as expert witnesses addressing the issue of risk. In this paper, we examine whether the current state of knowledge regarding violent extremism risk assessment meets the legal standards for admissibility and reliability, and we provide guidance on how to address the professional and ethical challenges which are inherent in this work.
{"title":"Violent extremism risk assessment in the Australian courts; professional and ethical challenges for the expert witness in post sentence preventative detention cases","authors":"N. Pyszora, K. Mischel, M. Doroc, N. Prince","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2117566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2117566","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since 2016, Federal legislation has been in place in Australia allowing for post sentence preventative detention of individuals deemed to pose an unacceptable risk of committing a serious terrorism offence if they were released into the community. This type of legislation poses significant legal, moral and ethical issues as it balances the rights of the community to be protected from harm against the rights of an offender to be released at the end of a finite prison sentence. Courts are required to obtain reports from psychiatrists and/or psychologists as expert witnesses addressing the issue of risk. In this paper, we examine whether the current state of knowledge regarding violent extremism risk assessment meets the legal standards for admissibility and reliability, and we provide guidance on how to address the professional and ethical challenges which are inherent in this work.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"17 1","pages":"314 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41436189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2117567
D. Pressman, Natalie Davis
ABSTRACT This article reviews knowledge related to violent extremism risk assessment, discusses challenges in its use and identifies new developments. Several violent extremism risk assessment tools have been developed over the past decade. The application of such tools in national security, forensic and community practice as well as court proceedings has been documented. The benefits, constraints and interpretation of violent extremism risk assessments are considered. The advantages of a less complex approach to supplement the current time intensive in-depth risk assessment have been identified. Benefits include the early identification and screening of relevant populations including those in the pre-crime space. The way court appointed experts benefit from the included risk indicators and structured professional judgment methodology is also clarified. The paper identifies how risk assessment approaches can be used to inform individualised intervention programs, assess rehabilitation program efficacy as well as identify the risk and threat status of an individual. The new short analytical approach referred to as the Violent Extremism Screening Analysis (VESA) is introduced, developed by the article authors and based on their insights and experience in violent extremism risk assessment. A recommendation is the need to pilot the newly developed short screening approach to clarify applicability and relevance.
{"title":"Violent extremism risk assessment and screening analysis: applicability, challenges, and new developments","authors":"D. Pressman, Natalie Davis","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2117567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2117567","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article reviews knowledge related to violent extremism risk assessment, discusses challenges in its use and identifies new developments. Several violent extremism risk assessment tools have been developed over the past decade. The application of such tools in national security, forensic and community practice as well as court proceedings has been documented. The benefits, constraints and interpretation of violent extremism risk assessments are considered. The advantages of a less complex approach to supplement the current time intensive in-depth risk assessment have been identified. Benefits include the early identification and screening of relevant populations including those in the pre-crime space. The way court appointed experts benefit from the included risk indicators and structured professional judgment methodology is also clarified. The paper identifies how risk assessment approaches can be used to inform individualised intervention programs, assess rehabilitation program efficacy as well as identify the risk and threat status of an individual. The new short analytical approach referred to as the Violent Extremism Screening Analysis (VESA) is introduced, developed by the article authors and based on their insights and experience in violent extremism risk assessment. A recommendation is the need to pilot the newly developed short screening approach to clarify applicability and relevance.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"17 1","pages":"301 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41782953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2104129
D. Kernot, S. Leslie, M. Wood
ABSTRACT Mainstream risk assessment frameworks such as TRAP-18, ERG22+, VERA-2R, and RADAR largely use Structured Professional Judgement to map individuals against four critical factors; ideology, affiliation, grievance, and moral emotions. However, the growing use of online communication platforms by extremists presents a series of opportunities to complement or extend existing risk assessment frameworks. Here, we examine linguistic markers of morality and emotion in ideologically diverse online discussion groups and discuss their relevance to extant risk assessment frameworks. Specifically, we draw on social media data from the Reddit platform collected across a range of community topics. Nine hundred and eighty-eight threads containing 272,298 individual comments were processed before constructing high-order models of moral emotions. Emotional and moral linguistic content was then derived from these comments. We then conducted comparisons of linguistic content between mainstream left and right political discourse, anti-Muslim (far-right), Men’s Rights (Incel-like), and a nonviolent apolitical control group. Results show that a combination of individualising moral communication and high emotionality separate far-right and Incel-like groups from mainstream political discourse and provide an early warning opportunity.
{"title":"A community resilience linguistic framework for risk assessment: using second order moral foundations and emotion on social media","authors":"D. Kernot, S. Leslie, M. Wood","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2104129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2104129","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mainstream risk assessment frameworks such as TRAP-18, ERG22+, VERA-2R, and RADAR largely use Structured Professional Judgement to map individuals against four critical factors; ideology, affiliation, grievance, and moral emotions. However, the growing use of online communication platforms by extremists presents a series of opportunities to complement or extend existing risk assessment frameworks. Here, we examine linguistic markers of morality and emotion in ideologically diverse online discussion groups and discuss their relevance to extant risk assessment frameworks. Specifically, we draw on social media data from the Reddit platform collected across a range of community topics. Nine hundred and eighty-eight threads containing 272,298 individual comments were processed before constructing high-order models of moral emotions. Emotional and moral linguistic content was then derived from these comments. We then conducted comparisons of linguistic content between mainstream left and right political discourse, anti-Muslim (far-right), Men’s Rights (Incel-like), and a nonviolent apolitical control group. Results show that a combination of individualising moral communication and high emotionality separate far-right and Incel-like groups from mainstream political discourse and provide an early warning opportunity.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"17 1","pages":"269 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42693211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/18335330.2022.2108331
Adelina Marin, F. Gabbert
ABSTRACT The use of covert human intelligence sources for the protection of national security is an important but under-researched area. In light of increased globalisation, and technological developments, examining covert intelligence gathering online may have operational relevance. This study examined the use of similarities in self-disclosure to develop rapport with mock covert human intelligence sources online. A sample of 66 participants were asked to assume the role of a CHIS, listen to an audio recording of a meeting of the criminal network they are part of, and strike a balance between being forthcoming to their handler while at the same time not revealing all information they possessed. They were then interviewed online by a mock handler who opened the conversation in one of three ways: self-disclosing information that highlighted similarities between herself and the CHIS, self-disclosing information that highlighted dissimilarities, or control (no disclosure). Participants completed a follow-up rapport questionnaire based on their interaction with the handler. The study found that mock sources rated rapport higher in the similarities condition in comparison with other conditions; however, it did not translate into a significant difference in the intelligence reported. The findings of this research and its policy and practice implications are discussed.
{"title":"The use of self-disclosure to build rapport with mock covert human intelligence sources (CHIS)","authors":"Adelina Marin, F. Gabbert","doi":"10.1080/18335330.2022.2108331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2022.2108331","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The use of covert human intelligence sources for the protection of national security is an important but under-researched area. In light of increased globalisation, and technological developments, examining covert intelligence gathering online may have operational relevance. This study examined the use of similarities in self-disclosure to develop rapport with mock covert human intelligence sources online. A sample of 66 participants were asked to assume the role of a CHIS, listen to an audio recording of a meeting of the criminal network they are part of, and strike a balance between being forthcoming to their handler while at the same time not revealing all information they possessed. They were then interviewed online by a mock handler who opened the conversation in one of three ways: self-disclosing information that highlighted similarities between herself and the CHIS, self-disclosing information that highlighted dissimilarities, or control (no disclosure). Participants completed a follow-up rapport questionnaire based on their interaction with the handler. The study found that mock sources rated rapport higher in the similarities condition in comparison with other conditions; however, it did not translate into a significant difference in the intelligence reported. The findings of this research and its policy and practice implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":37849,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","volume":"18 1","pages":"158 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41873299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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