The Little pocket mouse (Perognathus longimembris) encompasses 15 to 16 currently recognized subspecies, six of which are restricted to southern California and adjacent northern Baja California. Using cranial geomorphometric shape parameters and dorsal color variables we delineate six regional groups of populations from this area that we recognize as valid, but these differ in name combination and geographic range from the current taxonomy. We resurrect two names from their current placement in synonymies, synonymize two currently recognized subspecies, and we reassign a third. Importantly, we restrict the U. S. Federally endangered Pacific pocket mouse (P. l. pacificus Mearns) to the vicinity of its type locality at the mouth of the Tijuana River in the southwestern corner of San Diego County and resurrect P. l. cantwelli von Bloeker for the other two population segments along the coast, those that span the northwestern corner of San Diego County and adjacent Orange County and that in coastal Los Angeles County. The name cantwelli would now apply to the only extant populations of the Pacific pocket mouse, a reassignment with obvious management implications. Our taxonomic decisions also reconfigure the ranges of other subspecies of conservation concern, notably P. l. bangsi Mearns and P. l. brevinasus Osgood.
小口袋鼠(Perognathus longimembris)包括15到16个目前公认的亚种，其中6个仅限于南加州和邻近的下加利福尼亚州北部。利用颅地貌学形状参数和背色变量，我们从这一区域划分出了六个我们认为有效的区域种群，但这些种群在名称组合和地理范围上与当前的分类学不同。我们从它们目前的同义词位置重新命名两个名字，为两个目前公认的亚种命名，并重新分配第三个。重要的是，我们将美国联邦濒危的太平洋口袋鼠(p.l. pacificus Mearns)限制在圣地亚哥县西南角的蒂华纳河口附近，并在沿海的其他两个种群中复活p.l. cantwelli von Bloeker，这些种群跨越圣地亚哥县的西北角和邻近的橙县，以及沿海的洛杉矶县。cantwelli这个名字现在将适用于仅存的太平洋口袋鼠种群，这一重新命名具有明显的管理意义。我们的分类决定也重新配置了其他亚种的保护范围，特别是P. l. bangsi Mearns和P. l. brevinasus Osgood。
{"title":"Taxonomic reassessment of the Little pocket mouse, Perognathus longimembris (Rodentia, Heteromyidae) of southern California and northern Baja California","authors":"J. Patton, R. Fisher","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2232","url":null,"abstract":"The Little pocket mouse (Perognathus longimembris) encompasses 15 to 16 currently recognized subspecies, six of which are restricted to southern California and adjacent northern Baja California. Using cranial geomorphometric shape parameters and dorsal color variables we delineate six regional groups of populations from this area that we recognize as valid, but these differ in name combination and geographic range from the current taxonomy. We resurrect two names from their current placement in synonymies, synonymize two currently recognized subspecies, and we reassign a third. Importantly, we restrict the U. S. Federally endangered Pacific pocket mouse (P. l. pacificus Mearns) to the vicinity of its type locality at the mouth of the Tijuana River in the southwestern corner of San Diego County and resurrect P. l. cantwelli von Bloeker for the other two population segments along the coast, those that span the northwestern corner of San Diego County and adjacent Orange County and that in coastal Los Angeles County. The name cantwelli would now apply to the only extant populations of the Pacific pocket mouse, a reassignment with obvious management implications. Our taxonomic decisions also reconfigure the ranges of other subspecies of conservation concern, notably P. l. bangsi Mearns and P. l. brevinasus Osgood.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44185617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Felipe Pessoa Silva, L. G. da Silva, T. Semedo, T. Santos, G. P. Lopes, M. A. Montes, G. Garbino
The historical biogeography of the major South American forested biomes has long intrigued scientists. Paleoclimatic events during the last 130 thousand years promoted connections between forested biomes in the Neotropical region, leading to disjunct distributions of some of the biota. In this context, MacConnell’s Bat, Mesophylla macconnelli, appears to represent a forest-restricted species with its current distribution bisected by dry areas. In this study, we infer past connections between the Amazonia and Atlantic Forest using MacConnell’s Bat and ecological niche models. We obtained 681 records of the species, and estimated its potential distribution during the Last Interglacial (LIG), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and current periods. Our generated models, based on 260 filtered occurrence records, had very good predictive power, with AUC and TSS adherence values above 0.9. Temperature seasonality and annual precipitation had the highest relative contribution. The potential distribution for the LIG suggested a suitable area connection between the southwestern Atlantic Forest and southern Cerrado and Amazonia. The potential distribution in the LGM suggests range expansion toward northern and eastern Amazonia. The current and inferred past distributions of Mesophylla macconnelli suggest at least two periods of past connection between Amazon and Atlantic Forest. This pattern is found in other forest-associated vertebrates in South America, suggesting that Pleistocene climatic cycles were central to the generation of disjunct distributions in the region.
{"title":"Pleistocene distribution of MacConnell’s Bat (Phyllostomidae) suggests intermittent connections between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest","authors":"Felipe Pessoa Silva, L. G. da Silva, T. Semedo, T. Santos, G. P. Lopes, M. A. Montes, G. Garbino","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2219","url":null,"abstract":"The historical biogeography of the major South American forested biomes has long intrigued scientists. Paleoclimatic events during the last 130 thousand years promoted connections between forested biomes in the Neotropical region, leading to disjunct distributions of some of the biota. In this context, MacConnell’s Bat, Mesophylla macconnelli, appears to represent a forest-restricted species with its current distribution bisected by dry areas. In this study, we infer past connections between the Amazonia and Atlantic Forest using MacConnell’s Bat and ecological niche models. We obtained 681 records of the species, and estimated its potential distribution during the Last Interglacial (LIG), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and current periods. Our generated models, based on 260 filtered occurrence records, had very good predictive power, with AUC and TSS adherence values above 0.9. Temperature seasonality and annual precipitation had the highest relative contribution. The potential distribution for the LIG suggested a suitable area connection between the southwestern Atlantic Forest and southern Cerrado and Amazonia. The potential distribution in the LGM suggests range expansion toward northern and eastern Amazonia. The current and inferred past distributions of Mesophylla macconnelli suggest at least two periods of past connection between Amazon and Atlantic Forest. This pattern is found in other forest-associated vertebrates in South America, suggesting that Pleistocene climatic cycles were central to the generation of disjunct distributions in the region.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47866581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Soricidae (Mammalia: Eulypotyphla) comprises more than 450 species inhabiting a variety of habitats on five continents. As a family, shrews employ a variety of locomotor modes that incorporate ambulatory, fossorial, aquatic, and scansorial behaviors, illustrating an ability to exploit a variety of natural substrates and their associated resources. In this study, the association of skeletal morphology and three of the dominant locomotor modes in the family—ambulatory, semi-fossorial, and semi-aquatic behaviors—was investigated in up to 52 species of 12 genera representing all three subfamilies of Soricidae. From skeletal measures, 34 morphological indices were calculated, most of which have been used previously to characterize substrate use among shrews, rodents, and other mammals, and analyzed for their individual effectiveness for discriminating the three locomotory modes. To assess their effectiveness in combination, subsets of locomotor indices were analyzed using 1) mean percentile ranks, 2) the first principal component from principal components analysis, and 3) plots and classifications from discriminant function analyses. In general, the three methods effectively identified and grouped the three locomotor modes and identified smaller subsets. Additional analyses were then used to classify the locomotor behaviors of five species whose locomotor modes were unknown or ambiguous. The analyses reinforce and broaden the scope of a previously identified observation of the wide range of grades of morphological variation that may permit an equally diverse range of locomotor abilities among the Soricidae.
{"title":"Skeletal indicators of locomotor adaptations in shrews","authors":"N. Woodman","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2218","url":null,"abstract":"The Soricidae (Mammalia: Eulypotyphla) comprises more than 450 species inhabiting a variety of habitats on five continents. As a family, shrews employ a variety of locomotor modes that incorporate ambulatory, fossorial, aquatic, and scansorial behaviors, illustrating an ability to exploit a variety of natural substrates and their associated resources. In this study, the association of skeletal morphology and three of the dominant locomotor modes in the family—ambulatory, semi-fossorial, and semi-aquatic behaviors—was investigated in up to 52 species of 12 genera representing all three subfamilies of Soricidae. From skeletal measures, 34 morphological indices were calculated, most of which have been used previously to characterize substrate use among shrews, rodents, and other mammals, and analyzed for their individual effectiveness for discriminating the three locomotory modes. To assess their effectiveness in combination, subsets of locomotor indices were analyzed using 1) mean percentile ranks, 2) the first principal component from principal components analysis, and 3) plots and classifications from discriminant function analyses. In general, the three methods effectively identified and grouped the three locomotor modes and identified smaller subsets. Additional analyses were then used to classify the locomotor behaviors of five species whose locomotor modes were unknown or ambiguous. The analyses reinforce and broaden the scope of a previously identified observation of the wide range of grades of morphological variation that may permit an equally diverse range of locomotor abilities among the Soricidae.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Arellano, A. L. Almendra, Daily Martínez-Borrego, Francisco X. González-Cózatl, Duke S. Rogers
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti is distributed from central México to Panama. Previous studies using DNA sequences suggest the existence of distinct clades that may deserve species-level recognition. Here, we use multiple methods of species delimitation to evaluate if this taxon is a complex of cryptic species. DNA sequences from the genes Cyt-b, Fgb-I7, and Acp5 were obtained from GenBank to perform molecular analyses. Species boundaries were tested using the bGMYC, STACEY, and BPP species delimitation methods. Divergence times were estimated as well as the Cyt-b genetic distances. We developed Ecological Niche Models and tested hypotheses of niche conservatism. Finally, we estimated the spatiotemporal history of lineage dispersal. The bGMYC proposed two species while STACEY and BPP proposed 4 species (genetic distances ranged from 5.43 % to 7.52 %). The ancestral position of clade I was recovered, with a Pleistocene diversification time within R. sumichrasti at ~2.15 Ma. For clade pairwise niche comparisons, the niche identity hypothesis was rejected. The ancestral distribution of R. sumichrasti was centered in Central America and spread to the west crossing the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and extending to the mountain regions of Central México. Our taxonomic considerations included the recognition of four clades as distinct species within R. sumichrasti.
{"title":"Revisiting species delimitation within Reithrodontomys sumichrasti (Rodentia: Cricetidae) using molecular and ecological evidence","authors":"Elizabeth Arellano, A. L. Almendra, Daily Martínez-Borrego, Francisco X. González-Cózatl, Duke S. Rogers","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2236","url":null,"abstract":"Reithrodontomys sumichrasti is distributed from central México to Panama. Previous studies using DNA sequences suggest the existence of distinct clades that may deserve species-level recognition. Here, we use multiple methods of species delimitation to evaluate if this taxon is a complex of cryptic species. DNA sequences from the genes Cyt-b, Fgb-I7, and Acp5 were obtained from GenBank to perform molecular analyses. Species boundaries were tested using the bGMYC, STACEY, and BPP species delimitation methods. Divergence times were estimated as well as the Cyt-b genetic distances. We developed Ecological Niche Models and tested hypotheses of niche conservatism. Finally, we estimated the spatiotemporal history of lineage dispersal. The bGMYC proposed two species while STACEY and BPP proposed 4 species (genetic distances ranged from 5.43 % to 7.52 %). The ancestral position of clade I was recovered, with a Pleistocene diversification time within R. sumichrasti at ~2.15 Ma. For clade pairwise niche comparisons, the niche identity hypothesis was rejected. The ancestral distribution of R. sumichrasti was centered in Central America and spread to the west crossing the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and extending to the mountain regions of Central México. Our taxonomic considerations included the recognition of four clades as distinct species within R. sumichrasti.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46677744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ramírez-Fernández, G. Barrantes, Catalina Sánchez-Quirós, B. Rodríguez‐Herrera
The Costa Rican highlands are considered hotspots of diversity and endemism, but studies on rodents are scarce. We compared the richness and abundance of mice between the montane forest and the paramo at the summit of the Talamanca mountain range. We selected two study sites within the Talamanca mountain range: the Cerro de la Muerte Biological Station and the paramo. The former is a montane forest dominated by oaks, and the latter is dominated by an herbaceous layer, and some scattered bushy patches. We captured mice in two different microhabitats within each montane forest and paramo, so we had four different sampling microhabitats: (1) paramo–bush, (2) paramo–Chusquea, (3) montane forest–bush, and (4) montane forest–Chusquea. Mice were marked to identify recaptures. We captured four mouse species and their abundance varied largely between habitats and among microhabitats (Table 1). The most abundant species, representing 85 % of all mouse captures, was Peromyscus nudipes. Mice were more abundant in the montane forest than in the paramo. Within the montane forest, mice were more abundant in the microhabitat containing bushes. The montane forest has a more complex vegetation structure with more diversity of food resources and shelters than the paramo. As well as at the habitat level, we argue that differences in abundance among microhabitats are directly related with the structure of vegetation. A more complex habitat structure may provide rodents with better conditions.
哥斯达黎加高地被认为是多样性和地方性的热点，但对啮齿动物的研究很少。我们比较了山地森林和塔拉曼卡山脉顶峰的帕拉莫之间老鼠的丰富度和丰度。我们在塔拉曼卡山脉内选择了两个研究地点：Cerro de la Muerte生物站和paramo。前者是以橡树为主的山地森林，后者以草本层和一些零星的茂密斑块为主。我们在每个山地森林和帕拉莫的两个不同的微栖息地捕获了老鼠，因此我们有四个不同的采样微栖息地：（1）帕拉莫-灌木，（2）帕拉莫–丘斯凯，（3）山地森林-灌木，和（4）山地森林–丘斯凯亚。对老鼠进行标记以识别捕获物。我们捕获了四种老鼠，它们的丰度在不同栖息地和微栖息地之间差异很大（表1）。最丰富的物种，占所有捕捉到的老鼠的85%，是裸斑鼠。山地森林里的老鼠比帕拉莫森林里的要多。在山地森林中，老鼠在包含灌木丛的微栖息地中更为丰富。与帕拉莫相比，山地森林的植被结构更为复杂，食物资源和避难所更为多样。除了在栖息地层面，我们认为微栖息地之间的丰度差异与植被结构直接相关。更复杂的栖息地结构可以为啮齿动物提供更好的条件。
{"title":"Habitat use, richness, and abundance of native mice in the highlands of the Talamanca mountain range, Costa Rica","authors":"J. Ramírez-Fernández, G. Barrantes, Catalina Sánchez-Quirós, B. Rodríguez‐Herrera","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2227","url":null,"abstract":"The Costa Rican highlands are considered hotspots of diversity and endemism, but studies on rodents are scarce. We compared the richness and abundance of mice between the montane forest and the paramo at the summit of the Talamanca mountain range. We selected two study sites within the Talamanca mountain range: the Cerro de la Muerte Biological Station and the paramo. The former is a montane forest dominated by oaks, and the latter is dominated by an herbaceous layer, and some scattered bushy patches. We captured mice in two different microhabitats within each montane forest and paramo, so we had four different sampling microhabitats: (1) paramo–bush, (2) paramo–Chusquea, (3) montane forest–bush, and (4) montane forest–Chusquea. Mice were marked to identify recaptures. We captured four mouse species and their abundance varied largely between habitats and among microhabitats (Table 1). The most abundant species, representing 85 % of all mouse captures, was Peromyscus nudipes. Mice were more abundant in the montane forest than in the paramo. Within the montane forest, mice were more abundant in the microhabitat containing bushes. The montane forest has a more complex vegetation structure with more diversity of food resources and shelters than the paramo. As well as at the habitat level, we argue that differences in abundance among microhabitats are directly related with the structure of vegetation. A more complex habitat structure may provide rodents with better conditions.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41457963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iván Hernández-Chávez, L. Guevara, J. Arroyo‐Cabrales, L. León‐Paniagua
Artibeus aztecus is a Mesoamerican montane bat with three currently recognized, allopatric subspecies. No study has evaluated the phylogenetic status of the subspecies. However, through an analysis of its ecological niche and its geographic distribution, here we analyze whether there is differentiation of the climatic requirements for each subspecies, assessing whether niche evolution is a potential factor in subspecies differentiation. We assayed ecological niche models for each subspecies, analyzed the response curves for the most important climatic variables of each model, and generated the potential distribution model for each subspecies. We assayed a background similarity test between the subspecies to determine how similar their niches were. We found differences in climatic requirements for the three allopatric subspecies and the most important variables and their response curves. Potential distribution models concur with Mesoamerican highlands and highlight the lowlands of the isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Nicaraguan depression as possible geographic barriers. Differences found between ecological niches for each subspecies contrast with previous findings for the species and other phyllostomid bats. Niche conservatism may have caused geographic isolation in the past, and differences in environmental requirements may have appeared later. Molecular and morphological analyses are necessary to clarify the taxonomic status of these populations and the evolutionary processes involved in their diversification.
{"title":"Ecological niche differentiation among Aztec fruit-eating bat subspecies (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Mesoamerica","authors":"Iván Hernández-Chávez, L. Guevara, J. Arroyo‐Cabrales, L. León‐Paniagua","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2214","url":null,"abstract":"Artibeus aztecus is a Mesoamerican montane bat with three currently recognized, allopatric subspecies. No study has evaluated the phylogenetic status of the subspecies. However, through an analysis of its ecological niche and its geographic distribution, here we analyze whether there is differentiation of the climatic requirements for each subspecies, assessing whether niche evolution is a potential factor in subspecies differentiation. We assayed ecological niche models for each subspecies, analyzed the response curves for the most important climatic variables of each model, and generated the potential distribution model for each subspecies. We assayed a background similarity test between the subspecies to determine how similar their niches were. We found differences in climatic requirements for the three allopatric subspecies and the most important variables and their response curves. Potential distribution models concur with Mesoamerican highlands and highlight the lowlands of the isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Nicaraguan depression as possible geographic barriers. Differences found between ecological niches for each subspecies contrast with previous findings for the species and other phyllostomid bats. Niche conservatism may have caused geographic isolation in the past, and differences in environmental requirements may have appeared later. Molecular and morphological analyses are necessary to clarify the taxonomic status of these populations and the evolutionary processes involved in their diversification.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49639628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonora Torres Knoop, Enrique Martínez Meyer, R. Medellín
The Mexican Long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) is the largest nectarivorous species in the New World, and one of three migratory nectarivores in Mexico. It is considered an ‘Endangered Species’ under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and ‘Threatened’ by the Mexican Federal List of Endangered Species. In 1994, a Recovery Plan was developed by the USFWS with the participation of Mexican and American researchers, and the most urgent actions to ensure the species protection were identified. Locating and protecting roosts are among the most urgent tasks recognized. With this study, we aimed to identify the most suitable areas potentially holding additional mating roosts of Leptonycteris nivalis, and we conducted surveys of these areas to confirm its presence, and to assess the reproductive state of individuals. We used Maxent, the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP), and Bioclim algorithms to generate an agreement map of the potential distribution of additional mating roosts, and we implemented a Euclidian multidimensional distances analysis to identify ecologically similar regions to “La Cueva del Diablo”, the only mating roost known for the species. We identified suitable areas in the states of Morelos, Puebla and the State of Mexico. We visited seventeen caves distributed in ten different localities in these areas. For two consecutive years, we found the species in a cave called: “La Cueva de los Coyotes”, located in the State of Mexico, where we captured eighteen individuals, including a pregnant female. The location of an unknown roost so far, occupied by individuals of L. nivalis, and among them a pregnant female, allows us to reflect about the reproductive dynamics of the species. In that sense, reproductive populations may be splitting into smaller colonies to mate, other than “La Cueva del Diablo”, or pregnant females might me moving to additional and nearby roosts to spend the rest of the winter season. Using these tools and further refinements we may be able to locate additional mating roosts, thus, providing more possibilities for the application of conservation measures for the protection of the species.
墨西哥长鼻蝙蝠(Leptonycteris nivalis)是新世界最大的食蚁兽，也是墨西哥三种迁徙食蚁兽之一。根据美国濒危物种法案，它被认为是“濒危物种”，并被墨西哥联邦濒危物种名单列为“受威胁”。1994年，在墨西哥和美国研究人员的参与下，USFWS制定了一项恢复计划，并确定了确保物种保护的最紧急行动。寻找和保护栖息地是公认的最紧迫的任务之一。通过本研究，我们确定了最适合的可能拥有额外交配栖息地的地区，并对这些地区进行了调查，以确认其存在，并评估了个体的生殖状态。我们使用Maxent、规则集生成遗传算法(GARP)和Bioclim算法生成了额外交配栖息地潜在分布的一致性图，并实施了欧几里得多维距离分析，以确定生态上与“La Cueva del Diablo”相似的区域，这是该物种已知的唯一交配栖息地。我们在莫雷洛斯州、普埃布拉州和墨西哥州确定了合适的地区。我们参观了分布在这些地区10个不同地点的17个洞穴。连续两年，我们在一个叫做“La Cueva de los Coyotes”的洞穴里发现了这个物种，这个洞穴位于墨西哥州，我们在那里捕获了18只，包括一只怀孕的雌性。到目前为止，一个未知的栖息地被L. nivalis个体占据，其中有一只怀孕的雌性，这让我们能够反映出该物种的生殖动态。从这个意义上说，繁殖种群可能会分裂成更小的群体进行交配，而不是“La Cueva del Diablo”，或者怀孕的雌性可能会搬到其他和附近的巢穴度过剩余的冬季。利用这些工具和进一步的改进，我们可能能够找到更多的交配栖息地，从而为保护物种的保护措施提供更多的可能性。
{"title":"Coming home: modelling the mating roost of the endangered bat Leptonycteris nivalis","authors":"Leonora Torres Knoop, Enrique Martínez Meyer, R. Medellín","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2231","url":null,"abstract":"The Mexican Long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) is the largest nectarivorous species in the New World, and one of three migratory nectarivores in Mexico. It is considered an ‘Endangered Species’ under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and ‘Threatened’ by the Mexican Federal List of Endangered Species. In 1994, a Recovery Plan was developed by the USFWS with the participation of Mexican and American researchers, and the most urgent actions to ensure the species protection were identified. Locating and protecting roosts are among the most urgent tasks recognized. With this study, we aimed to identify the most suitable areas potentially holding additional mating roosts of Leptonycteris nivalis, and we conducted surveys of these areas to confirm its presence, and to assess the reproductive state of individuals. We used Maxent, the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP), and Bioclim algorithms to generate an agreement map of the potential distribution of additional mating roosts, and we implemented a Euclidian multidimensional distances analysis to identify ecologically similar regions to “La Cueva del Diablo”, the only mating roost known for the species. We identified suitable areas in the states of Morelos, Puebla and the State of Mexico. We visited seventeen caves distributed in ten different localities in these areas. For two consecutive years, we found the species in a cave called: “La Cueva de los Coyotes”, located in the State of Mexico, where we captured eighteen individuals, including a pregnant female. The location of an unknown roost so far, occupied by individuals of L. nivalis, and among them a pregnant female, allows us to reflect about the reproductive dynamics of the species. In that sense, reproductive populations may be splitting into smaller colonies to mate, other than “La Cueva del Diablo”, or pregnant females might me moving to additional and nearby roosts to spend the rest of the winter season. Using these tools and further refinements we may be able to locate additional mating roosts, thus, providing more possibilities for the application of conservation measures for the protection of the species.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42037493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monserrat Sánchez-Reyes, X. Chiappa-Carrara, E. Vázquez‐Domínguez, Carlos Yáñez-Arenas, M. Falconi, L. Osorio-Olvera, Rusby G. Contreras-Díaz
Human activity has caused the decrease of about 20 % of the planet's vertebrate diversity and 25 % in their abundance. Many large and medium-sized herbivore mammals have gone extinct locally, unleashing a cascade of ecosystem changes. The spotted paca (Cuniculus paca) is impacted by hunting and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and loss. To protect spotted pacas, it is essential to estimate anthropogenic effects on their geographic distribution. Through the use of primary biodiversity data, bioclimatic data, land-cover data, and a human footprint index, we modeled the distribution of C. paca. From 105 candidate models, only one model met our selection criteria. The variables with the highest contribution were the human footprint and annual precipitation. According to the model's performance curves, the spotted paca has low to medium tolerance of anthropogenic pressure. Cuniculus paca tolerates low to medium anthropogenic disturbance, which we hypothesize is related to reduced predator pressure in habitats modified by humans. Accounting for the costs and benefits of anthropogenic disturbance is essential to paca conservation.
{"title":"Human footprint effects on the distribution of the spotted lowland paca (Cuniculus paca)","authors":"Monserrat Sánchez-Reyes, X. Chiappa-Carrara, E. Vázquez‐Domínguez, Carlos Yáñez-Arenas, M. Falconi, L. Osorio-Olvera, Rusby G. Contreras-Díaz","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2237","url":null,"abstract":"Human activity has caused the decrease of about 20 % of the planet's vertebrate diversity and 25 % in their abundance. Many large and medium-sized herbivore mammals have gone extinct locally, unleashing a cascade of ecosystem changes. The spotted paca (Cuniculus paca) is impacted by hunting and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and loss. To protect spotted pacas, it is essential to estimate anthropogenic effects on their geographic distribution. Through the use of primary biodiversity data, bioclimatic data, land-cover data, and a human footprint index, we modeled the distribution of C. paca. From 105 candidate models, only one model met our selection criteria. The variables with the highest contribution were the human footprint and annual precipitation. According to the model's performance curves, the spotted paca has low to medium tolerance of anthropogenic pressure. Cuniculus paca tolerates low to medium anthropogenic disturbance, which we hypothesize is related to reduced predator pressure in habitats modified by humans. Accounting for the costs and benefits of anthropogenic disturbance is essential to paca conservation.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48680077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susette Castañeda-Rico, C. Edwards, Melissa T. R. Hawkins, J. Maldonado
Hooper’s deer mouse, Peromyscus hooperi, is the sole member of the Peromyscus hooperi species group. This species is endemic to México where it is restricted to the grassland transition zone in the states of Coahuila, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosí. Previous studies using mitochondrial and nuclear genes (Cytb, Adh1-I2, Fgb-I7 and Rbp3) did not resolve the phylogenetic relationships of this relatively poorly known species. It was hypothesized that P. hooperi is sister to P. crinitus, and these two taxa are related to P. melanotis, P. polionotus, P. maniculatus, P. keeni, P. leucopus, P. gossypinus, P. eremicus, P. californicus, and Osgoodomys banderanus. Based on morphological characters, karyotypes, and allozymes, P. hooperi does not align with either subgenera Haplomylomys or Peromyscus. However, its unique characteristics (e. g., phallus, karyotype) have been recognized, and therefore it has been retained as its own species group. To better resolve the phylogenetic placement of P. hooperi, we performed target-enrichment and high-throughput sequencing and obtained several thousand nuclear ultraconserved elements and a complete mitogenome from a specimen collected in 1896 by Nelson and Goldman in Coahuila, México. We compared these data with 21 other species of neotomines using genome-wide data. Contrary to previous studies, we found high nodal support for the placement of P. hooperi as sister to a clade that includes Podomys floridanus, Neotomodon alstoni, Habromys simulatus, H. ixtlani, Peromyscus mexicanus, P. megalops, P. melanophrys, P. perfulvus, P. aztecus, P. attwateri, P. pectoralis, and P. boylii. We dated a Pliocene divergence of P. hooperi from its sister group at approximately 3.98 mya, and after the split of P. crinitus at ca. 4.31 mya from other peromyscines. We demonstrated that genome-wide data improve the phylogenetic signal, independently of taxon sampling, for a phylogenetically problematic species such as P. hooperi. We recommend that future genomic studies expand taxon sampling, including members of the subgenus Haplomylomys, to confirm the phylogenetic relationships of P. hooperi and the genetic status of its populations.
Hooper的鹿鼠，Peromyscus hooperi，是Peromyscus hooperi物种组的唯一成员。这个物种是墨西哥特有的，它被限制在科阿韦拉州、萨卡特卡斯州和圣路易斯州的草地过渡地带Potosí。先前使用线粒体和核基因(Cytb, Adh1-I2, Fgb-I7和Rbp3)的研究并没有解决这个相对不为人知的物种的系统发育关系。推测hooperi是cricritus的姐妹类群，这两个类群与P. melanotis、P. polionotus、P. maniculatus、P. keeni、P. leucopus、P. gossypinus、P. eremicus、P. californicus和Osgoodomys banderanus有亲缘关系。基于形态学特征、核型和同酶，P. hooperi不属于haplomomys亚属或Peromyscus亚属。然而，其独特的特征(如阴茎，核型)已被确认，因此它被保留为一个单独的种群。为了更好地确定P. hooperi的系统发育定位，我们进行了靶富集和高通量测序，并从Nelson和Goldman于1896年在墨西哥科阿韦拉采集的样本中获得了数千个核超保守元件和一个完整的有丝分裂基因组。我们使用全基因组数据将这些数据与其他21种新tomines进行了比较。与先前的研究相反，我们发现高节点支持将P. hooperi作为包括P. megalops, P. melanophrys, P. perfulvus, P. aztecus, P. attwateri, P. pectoralis和P. boylii的分支的姐妹。我们确定了P. hooperi在上新世从其姊妹类群中分离出来的时间大约是3.98万年，而P. criitus在大约4.31万年从其他前藻门中分离出来之后。我们证明了全基因组数据改善了系统发育信号，独立于分类单元采样，对于系统发育有问题的物种，如P. hooperi。我们建议未来的基因组研究扩大分类群的采样，包括haplomomys亚属的成员，以确认P. hooperi的系统发育关系及其群体的遗传状况。
{"title":"An 1896 specimen helps clarify the phylogenetic placement of the Mexican endemic Hooper’s deer mouse","authors":"Susette Castañeda-Rico, C. Edwards, Melissa T. R. Hawkins, J. Maldonado","doi":"10.12933/therya-23-2243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-23-2243","url":null,"abstract":"Hooper’s deer mouse, Peromyscus hooperi, is the sole member of the Peromyscus hooperi species group. This species is endemic to México where it is restricted to the grassland transition zone in the states of Coahuila, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosí. Previous studies using mitochondrial and nuclear genes (Cytb, Adh1-I2, Fgb-I7 and Rbp3) did not resolve the phylogenetic relationships of this relatively poorly known species. It was hypothesized that P. hooperi is sister to P. crinitus, and these two taxa are related to P. melanotis, P. polionotus, P. maniculatus, P. keeni, P. leucopus, P. gossypinus, P. eremicus, P. californicus, and Osgoodomys banderanus. Based on morphological characters, karyotypes, and allozymes, P. hooperi does not align with either subgenera Haplomylomys or Peromyscus. However, its unique characteristics (e. g., phallus, karyotype) have been recognized, and therefore it has been retained as its own species group. To better resolve the phylogenetic placement of P. hooperi, we performed target-enrichment and high-throughput sequencing and obtained several thousand nuclear ultraconserved elements and a complete mitogenome from a specimen collected in 1896 by Nelson and Goldman in Coahuila, México. We compared these data with 21 other species of neotomines using genome-wide data. Contrary to previous studies, we found high nodal support for the placement of P. hooperi as sister to a clade that includes Podomys floridanus, Neotomodon alstoni, Habromys simulatus, H. ixtlani, Peromyscus mexicanus, P. megalops, P. melanophrys, P. perfulvus, P. aztecus, P. attwateri, P. pectoralis, and P. boylii. We dated a Pliocene divergence of P. hooperi from its sister group at approximately 3.98 mya, and after the split of P. crinitus at ca. 4.31 mya from other peromyscines. We demonstrated that genome-wide data improve the phylogenetic signal, independently of taxon sampling, for a phylogenetically problematic species such as P. hooperi. We recommend that future genomic studies expand taxon sampling, including members of the subgenus Haplomylomys, to confirm the phylogenetic relationships of P. hooperi and the genetic status of its populations.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42881589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Chica Flórez, Néstor Roncancio Duque, S. Solari
In the Colombian Andes, most of the populations of Andean night monkeys (Aotus lemurinus) are found in fragmented landscapes due to the predominant changes in land use in the region. Thus, forest fragments differ in shape, size, degree of isolation, and availability of resources. These factors have had a differential effect on the ecology and permanence of their populations. In order to determine the effect of fragmentation on A. lemurinus, we estimated its population density in a protected area of 489 ha of sub-Andean forest - at Otún Quimbaya Wildlife Sanctuary- which is structurally connected with other protected areas; then, we compared it with another study carried out in the unprotected Sub-andean forest fragments (900 ha) of Dapa, at the Valle del Cauca department. To estimate its density, the distance sampling method was used with 31 linear transects, and the data were analyzed with the software Distance. Landscape metrics was estimate with patch analyses tools with a Corine Land Cover information 1:100,000 scale. The plant structure and diversity were measurement with transects to 50 x 4 m and taking account the trees with diameter at breast height over 10 cm. We use average comparison to evaluate the similarities between patrons of the population density and explanatory variables. A population density of 39 ind/km2 was found in our study, which is lower than the 113 ind/km2 found in the Dapa. This relation was similar to relations of mean shape index, mean patch size and mean diameter at breast height, and inverse with the relations of proportion of the forest in the area, weighted cover index, plant diversity and density of trees. It is likely that the protected area, by being connected and having a greater diversity of primates and trees, allows this population not to suffer from a crowding phenomenon, and that the population does not increase it carrying capacity due to the low presence of competing species, conversely to what could be occurring in the unprotected fragments. Conversely, high density in Dapa could be reflect a system depletion in diversity and ecological processes.
在哥伦比亚安第斯山脉，由于该地区土地利用的主要变化，大多数安第斯夜猴（狐猴）种群分布在支离破碎的景观中。因此，森林碎片在形状、大小、孤立程度和资源可用性方面各不相同。这些因素对其种群的生态和持久性产生了不同的影响。为了确定破碎化对狐猴的影响，我们估计了其在Otún Quimbaya野生动物保护区489公顷亚安第斯森林保护区的种群密度，该保护区在结构上与其他保护区相连；然后，我们将其与在考卡山谷部Dapa的未受保护的Sub-andian森林碎片（900公顷）中进行的另一项研究进行了比较。为了估计其密度，对31条线性样带采用了距离抽样法，并用distance软件对数据进行了分析。景观指标采用斑块分析工具进行估算，Corine土地覆盖信息比例为1:100000。植物结构和多样性是用50 x 4 m的样带测量的，并考虑到胸径超过10 cm的树木。我们使用平均比较来评估种群密度和解释变量的赞助人之间的相似性。在我们的研究中发现了39 ind/km2的人口密度，低于在Dapa发现的113 ind/km2。这种关系与平均形状指数、平均斑块大小和平均乳高直径的关系相似，与森林面积比例、加权覆盖指数、植物多样性和树木密度的关系相反。很可能，保护区通过连接灵长类动物和树木并具有更大的多样性，使该种群不会受到拥挤现象的影响，并且由于竞争物种的存在较少，该种群不会增加其承载能力，这与未受保护的碎片中可能发生的情况相反。相反，Dapa的高密度可能反映了系统在多样性和生态过程中的损耗。
{"title":"Variation in population density of the Andean night monkey (Aotus lemurinus) in areas with different landscape characteristics","authors":"Laura Chica Flórez, Néstor Roncancio Duque, S. Solari","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-2126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-2126","url":null,"abstract":"In the Colombian Andes, most of the populations of Andean night monkeys (Aotus lemurinus) are found in fragmented landscapes due to the predominant changes in land use in the region. Thus, forest fragments differ in shape, size, degree of isolation, and availability of resources. These factors have had a differential effect on the ecology and permanence of their populations. In order to determine the effect of fragmentation on A. lemurinus, we estimated its population density in a protected area of 489 ha of sub-Andean forest - at Otún Quimbaya Wildlife Sanctuary- which is structurally connected with other protected areas; then, we compared it with another study carried out in the unprotected Sub-andean forest fragments (900 ha) of Dapa, at the Valle del Cauca department. To estimate its density, the distance sampling method was used with 31 linear transects, and the data were analyzed with the software Distance. Landscape metrics was estimate with patch analyses tools with a Corine Land Cover information 1:100,000 scale. The plant structure and diversity were measurement with transects to 50 x 4 m and taking account the trees with diameter at breast height over 10 cm. We use average comparison to evaluate the similarities between patrons of the population density and explanatory variables. A population density of 39 ind/km2 was found in our study, which is lower than the 113 ind/km2 found in the Dapa. This relation was similar to relations of mean shape index, mean patch size and mean diameter at breast height, and inverse with the relations of proportion of the forest in the area, weighted cover index, plant diversity and density of trees. It is likely that the protected area, by being connected and having a greater diversity of primates and trees, allows this population not to suffer from a crowding phenomenon, and that the population does not increase it carrying capacity due to the low presence of competing species, conversely to what could be occurring in the unprotected fragments. Conversely, high density in Dapa could be reflect a system depletion in diversity and ecological processes.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44535239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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