Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031357
S. Bennett
The UK National Police Air Service (NPAS) provides tactical air support to the police forces of England and Wales. Uniquely, crews are composed of civilian pilots and police officers [tactical flight officers (TFOs)]. Providing tactical air support makes big demands of pilots and TFOs. Threats include aerial hazards, marginal weather, no-notice re-tasking, malfunctions, attacks launched from the ground, a 12-hour shift and irregular meals. Mindful of the need to create flight-deck teams that are resilient, resourceful and, above all, effective, the NPAS jointly trains its pilots and TFOs in crew resource management (CRM). Behaviours trained in CRM ground-schools (such as methodical skepticism, mindfulness and canvassing) were observed on the flight-deck and were seen to impact performance. Joint training of pilots and TFOs in CRM, to the extent that it improves understanding and communication, may improve teamworking. Operators that separately train pilots and cabin crew in CRM should consider joint training. Further, operators should broaden the CRM training catchment to include dispatchers, engineers and other safety-critical personnel. Widening the catchment would acknowledge the systemic character of aviation (Harris and Stanton, 2010; Bennett 2019c). Further, it would acknowledge the Civil Aviation Authority's (2016) exhortation to improve inter-profession coordination. It is recommended that more inductive, in vivo studies of the flight-deck be conducted.
{"title":"The training and practice of crew resource management: an in vivo study of the UK National Police Air Service","authors":"S. Bennett","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031357","url":null,"abstract":"The UK National Police Air Service (NPAS) provides tactical air support to the police forces of England and Wales. Uniquely, crews are composed of civilian pilots and police officers [tactical flight officers (TFOs)]. Providing tactical air support makes big demands of pilots and TFOs. Threats include aerial hazards, marginal weather, no-notice re-tasking, malfunctions, attacks launched from the ground, a 12-hour shift and irregular meals. Mindful of the need to create flight-deck teams that are resilient, resourceful and, above all, effective, the NPAS jointly trains its pilots and TFOs in crew resource management (CRM). Behaviours trained in CRM ground-schools (such as methodical skepticism, mindfulness and canvassing) were observed on the flight-deck and were seen to impact performance. Joint training of pilots and TFOs in CRM, to the extent that it improves understanding and communication, may improve teamworking. Operators that separately train pilots and cabin crew in CRM should consider joint training. Further, operators should broaden the CRM training catchment to include dispatchers, engineers and other safety-critical personnel. Widening the catchment would acknowledge the systemic character of aviation (Harris and Stanton, 2010; Bennett 2019c). Further, it would acknowledge the Civil Aviation Authority's (2016) exhortation to improve inter-profession coordination. It is recommended that more inductive, in vivo studies of the flight-deck be conducted.","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44457691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031665
J. Langenderfer, Sumaya Ferdous, N. Balendra
The goal of this study was to examine effects of hammer symmetry of inertia on upper-extremity joint moment variability. Moment variability is important in quantifying tissue exposure to stress variations. Nineteen male participants (age: 20-40 year) swung four hammers with known inertial properties while movement was recorded. Joint moment components were calculated with inverse dynamics. Moment component variability was explained with principal component analysis. Higher inertia symmetry hammers resulted in greater explained variability (up to 18%) for wrist internal-external, elbow abduction-adduction and elbow flexion moment components. For the most inertia symmetric hammer a different structure of moment variability between principal components was found for some moment components. These results suggest that more inertia symmetric hammers result in decreased moment diversity. Decreased moment diversity represents a more constant dose of loading exposure applied to some upper-extremity tissues and may indicate less variable stresses and increased potential for musculoskeletal disorder.
{"title":"Principal component analysis of upper-extremity joint moment variability during hammering","authors":"J. Langenderfer, Sumaya Ferdous, N. Balendra","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031665","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this study was to examine effects of hammer symmetry of inertia on upper-extremity joint moment variability. Moment variability is important in quantifying tissue exposure to stress variations. Nineteen male participants (age: 20-40 year) swung four hammers with known inertial properties while movement was recorded. Joint moment components were calculated with inverse dynamics. Moment component variability was explained with principal component analysis. Higher inertia symmetry hammers resulted in greater explained variability (up to 18%) for wrist internal-external, elbow abduction-adduction and elbow flexion moment components. For the most inertia symmetric hammer a different structure of moment variability between principal components was found for some moment components. These results suggest that more inertia symmetric hammers result in decreased moment diversity. Decreased moment diversity represents a more constant dose of loading exposure applied to some upper-extremity tissues and may indicate less variable stresses and increased potential for musculoskeletal disorder.","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41420461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-06DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029239
S. Bennett
Apart from Ginnett's (1990) seminal paper, there are few in-vivo studies of flight operations and of crew resource management (CRM). This paper presents an ethnographic account of 56 intra-European flights and an in-house CRM training course. It was found that: 1) pilot-cabin crew teams functioned effectively; 2) safety-critical flight-deck routines were subject to interruption; 3) pilots and cabin crewmembers provided emotional support to colleagues; 4) pilots who had not operated for a considerable time could be rostered to operate services to challenging airfields. The findings suggested that: 1) joint training of pilots and cabin crew in CRM delivers benefits; 2) benefits would accrue from expanding the CRM training catchment; 3) services to challenging airfields must be crewed by pilots who operate regularly. The observations made by Ginnett 20-years ago still hold. It is recommended that the industry develops a complete understanding of the lived-reality of flight operations.
{"title":"Human-factors lessons from a longitudinal, in-vivo study of operations at a low-cost carrier","authors":"S. Bennett","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029239","url":null,"abstract":"Apart from Ginnett's (1990) seminal paper, there are few in-vivo studies of flight operations and of crew resource management (CRM). This paper presents an ethnographic account of 56 intra-European flights and an in-house CRM training course. It was found that: 1) pilot-cabin crew teams functioned effectively; 2) safety-critical flight-deck routines were subject to interruption; 3) pilots and cabin crewmembers provided emotional support to colleagues; 4) pilots who had not operated for a considerable time could be rostered to operate services to challenging airfields. The findings suggested that: 1) joint training of pilots and cabin crew in CRM delivers benefits; 2) benefits would accrue from expanding the CRM training catchment; 3) services to challenging airfields must be crewed by pilots who operate regularly. The observations made by Ginnett 20-years ago still hold. It is recommended that the industry develops a complete understanding of the lived-reality of flight operations.","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45773934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029244
Keenan R. May, B. Walker
Auditory distraction due to portable audio devices poses a hazard for pedestrians and cyclists. To explore solutions, auditory situation awareness (SA) was assessed within a simulated auditory roadway environment rendered via speakers. Participants' ability to report the presence and current/future location of vehicles was measured. The key manipulation was whether concurrently-presented distracting music was spatialised. Also manipulated were two common safety measures that impact spatialisation quality: whether bone or air conduction headphones were used, and whether sounds were presented in one or both ears. Spatialisation of distractors improved vehicle localisation in some conditions, as did presenting to one ear and via bone conduction. In Experiment 2, distractors were spatialised adaptively, to be diametrically opposed to targets. This intervention improved localisation without increasing workload. Results suggest that static or adaptive spatialisation should be considered as a safety measure for sound presentation in computing systems used by cyclists or pedestrians.
{"title":"Preserving auditory situation awareness in headphone-distracted persons","authors":"Keenan R. May, B. Walker","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029244","url":null,"abstract":"Auditory distraction due to portable audio devices poses a hazard for pedestrians and cyclists. To explore solutions, auditory situation awareness (SA) was assessed within a simulated auditory roadway environment rendered via speakers. Participants' ability to report the presence and current/future location of vehicles was measured. The key manipulation was whether concurrently-presented distracting music was spatialised. Also manipulated were two common safety measures that impact spatialisation quality: whether bone or air conduction headphones were used, and whether sounds were presented in one or both ears. Spatialisation of distractors improved vehicle localisation in some conditions, as did presenting to one ear and via bone conduction. In Experiment 2, distractors were spatialised adaptively, to be diametrically opposed to targets. This intervention improved localisation without increasing workload. Results suggest that static or adaptive spatialisation should be considered as a safety measure for sound presentation in computing systems used by cyclists or pedestrians.","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47619570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.1504/IJHFE.2020.107286
Antonio Cobaleda-Cordero, Maral Babapour, M. Karlsson
This study reports on a group of university employees, six months after their relocation from cell-offices into a combi-office. Data from interviews, observations and planning documentation was collected to gain an in-depth understanding of how employees use their office landscape and why. Activity theory was taken as framework for the analysis. The findings show that the new office landscape was perceived to be more flexible and capable of supporting employees' activities. The overall occupancy was low and backup spaces, such as quiet rooms, were barely used. Matches and mismatches between the employees, their activities and the office were identified that explain the occupancy rates and why spaces such as quiet rooms were unpopular spaces. This paper contributes with rich detail on the use of a flexible office landscape in a university context and shows the usefulness of activity theory in the study of employee-office interactions.
{"title":"Flexible office, flexible working A post-relocation study on how and why university employees use a combi-office for their activities at hand","authors":"Antonio Cobaleda-Cordero, Maral Babapour, M. Karlsson","doi":"10.1504/IJHFE.2020.107286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHFE.2020.107286","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports on a group of university employees, six months after their relocation from cell-offices into a combi-office. Data from interviews, observations and planning documentation was collected to gain an in-depth understanding of how employees use their office landscape and why. Activity theory was taken as framework for the analysis. The findings show that the new office landscape was perceived to be more flexible and capable of supporting employees' activities. The overall occupancy was low and backup spaces, such as quiet rooms, were barely used. Matches and mismatches between the employees, their activities and the office were identified that explain the occupancy rates and why spaces such as quiet rooms were unpopular spaces. This paper contributes with rich detail on the use of a flexible office landscape in a university context and shows the usefulness of activity theory in the study of employee-office interactions.","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJHFE.2020.107286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43008897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029054
Romy Müller, Jan Hendrik Paap, Rica Bönsel
Fault diagnosis can be supported by conversational case-based reasoning, but case descriptions are often incomplete. However, users might be able to infer missing information when the system provides context information. We investigated how such information affects ratings, solution times, and learning. Using a simulated case-based reasoning system, participants could ask about the presence of symptoms to find out how well each case matched the current situation. The system answered with yes or no, simply stated that it did not know the answer, or provided three or 15 pieces of context information (suggesting similarity, dissimilarity, or including no relevant information). Only context suggesting similarity increased accuracy, while all types of context increased subjective certainty. The amount of context had little impact: a high amount decreased speed and learning, but much less than expected. Taken together, context information can be helpful, but performance outcomes depend on the type of context provided.
{"title":"Can users infer missing information in conversational case-based reasoning: the effects of providing context","authors":"Romy Müller, Jan Hendrik Paap, Rica Bönsel","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10029054","url":null,"abstract":"Fault diagnosis can be supported by conversational case-based reasoning, but case descriptions are often incomplete. However, users might be able to infer missing information when the system provides context information. We investigated how such information affects ratings, solution times, and learning. Using a simulated case-based reasoning system, participants could ask about the presence of symptoms to find out how well each case matched the current situation. The system answered with yes or no, simply stated that it did not know the answer, or provided three or 15 pieces of context information (suggesting similarity, dissimilarity, or including no relevant information). Only context suggesting similarity increased accuracy, while all types of context increased subjective certainty. The amount of context had little impact: a high amount decreased speed and learning, but much less than expected. Taken together, context information can be helpful, but performance outcomes depend on the type of context provided.","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48464476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031820
A. Sutarto, Kamarulzaman Mahmad Khairai, M. Wahab
{"title":"Assessment of stress among assembly-line workers: correlation between subjective and objective physiological measures","authors":"A. Sutarto, Kamarulzaman Mahmad Khairai, M. Wahab","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10031820","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66889265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10033971
P. Erick, Elvis Chiboyiwa
{"title":"Ergonomic risk factors associated with work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among welding and metal fabrication workers: a systematic review","authors":"P. Erick, Elvis Chiboyiwa","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10033971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10033971","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66889389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10034343
Chantel Armstrong, J. Holden, B. Walsh, Emily J. Walsh, H. Carnahan
The purpose of this study was to compare how fish harvesters who have years of chronic cold water exposure, differ from controls, with no history of cold exposure, on tests of sensation, motor performance and cold tolerance. Twelve fish harvesters and eight controls performed the following tests in both room temperature and cold conditions: VonFrey touch, grooved pegboard, manual dexterity, maximum cold exposure, and a discomfort rating. During the room temperature test, fish harvesters had a statistically higher VonFrey touch score than controls indicating decrements to their sense of touch. Results showed no statistically significant findings between groups for either of the motor performance, maximum cold exposure or discomfort tests. Findings suggest that chronic cold water exposure does not appear to lead to an adaptation to working in the cold, but instead can lead to non-freezing cold exposure injury.
{"title":"Effects of chronic cold water exposure in fish harvesters on sensory and motor performance and cold tolerance","authors":"Chantel Armstrong, J. Holden, B. Walsh, Emily J. Walsh, H. Carnahan","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10034343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.10034343","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to compare how fish harvesters who have years of chronic cold water exposure, differ from controls, with no history of cold exposure, on tests of sensation, motor performance and cold tolerance. Twelve fish harvesters and eight controls performed the following tests in both room temperature and cold conditions: VonFrey touch, grooved pegboard, manual dexterity, maximum cold exposure, and a discomfort rating. During the room temperature test, fish harvesters had a statistically higher VonFrey touch score than controls indicating decrements to their sense of touch. Results showed no statistically significant findings between groups for either of the motor performance, maximum cold exposure or discomfort tests. Findings suggest that chronic cold water exposure does not appear to lead to an adaptation to working in the cold, but instead can lead to non-freezing cold exposure injury.","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66889469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijhfe.2020.110093
S. Samuel, Yusuke Yamani, D. Fisher
{"title":"Understanding drivers' latent hazard anticipation in partially automated vehicle systems","authors":"S. Samuel, Yusuke Yamani, D. Fisher","doi":"10.1504/ijhfe.2020.110093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.110093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37855,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/ijhfe.2020.110093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66889672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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