Microsporidia, particularly Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, are emerging fungal pathogens of global concern, causing severe gastrointestinal and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Cockroaches (Blattodea), as synanthropic pests, are potential mechanical vectors for disseminating these pathogens in urban environments. Despite their clinical significance, data on the role of cockroaches in transmitting microsporidia in arid regions remain scarce. This study assessed the contamination of cockroaches in Shiraz, Iran, with E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis to evaluate their public health risks. From January to June 2023, 378 cockroaches were collected from high-risk areas, including Hospitals and adjacent public areas. Specimens were morphologically identified and screened via microscopy. Molecular detection of E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis was performed using PCR targeting the 18sRNA region. DNA was extracted from pooled samples (10 cockroaches/pool) and amplified under standardized thermocycling conditions. All cockroaches were identified as Periplaneta americana (77.5 %) and Blattella germanica (22.5 %). In molecular assay, three positive case of E. bieneusi was detected, However, no E. intestinalis DNA was identified via PCR. This study reports the first molecular detection of E. bieneusi in Shiraz cockroaches. In continue, it records no evidence of E. intestinalis, which suggesting climatic or environmental barriers to limit this microsporidian persistence in this arid region. These findings highlight the need for integrated vector management and advanced molecular surveillance to elucidate the epidemiology of understudied pathogens like microsporidia in rapidly urbanizing regions.
{"title":"Molecular evidence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in arid urban landscapes of shiraz cockroaches (Blattodea), Southwest Iran: Implications for urban public health surveillance","authors":"Mohsen Kalantari , Kourosh Azizi , Negin Kiani Junaghani , Mozaffar Vahedi , Iraj Mohammadpour , Qasem Asgari , Amin Hosseinpour , Mehdi Miri","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microsporidia, particularly <em>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</em> and <em>Encephalitozoon intestinalis</em>, are emerging fungal pathogens of global concern, causing severe gastrointestinal and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Cockroaches (Blattodea), as synanthropic pests, are potential mechanical vectors for disseminating these pathogens in urban environments. Despite their clinical significance, data on the role of cockroaches in transmitting microsporidia in arid regions remain scarce. This study assessed the contamination of cockroaches in Shiraz, Iran, with <em>E. bieneusi</em> and <em>E. intestinalis</em> to evaluate their public health risks. From January to June 2023, 378 cockroaches were collected from high-risk areas, including Hospitals and adjacent public areas. Specimens were morphologically identified and screened via microscopy. Molecular detection of <em>E. bieneusi</em> and <em>E. intestinalis</em> was performed using PCR targeting the 18sRNA region. DNA was extracted from pooled samples (10 cockroaches/pool) and amplified under standardized thermocycling conditions. All cockroaches were identified as <em>Periplaneta americana</em> (77.5 %) and <em>Blattella germanica</em> (22.5 %). In molecular assay, three positive case of <em>E. bieneusi</em> was detected, However, no <em>E. intestinalis</em> DNA was identified via PCR. This study reports the first molecular detection of <em>E. bieneusi</em> in Shiraz cockroaches. In continue, it records no evidence of <em>E. intestinalis</em>, which suggesting climatic or environmental barriers to limit this microsporidian persistence in this arid region. These findings highlight the need for integrated vector management and advanced molecular surveillance to elucidate the epidemiology of understudied pathogens like microsporidia in rapidly urbanizing regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-11DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00440
Marwa Sami Alwan, Hussam Saeed Al-Aredhi, Ikhlas Abbas Marhoon
Although synthetic antigiardial medications frequently exhibit efficacy, they may also result in negative side effects. Furthermore, issues related to drug resistance and the potential for mutagenic effects have been highlighted. The current research seeks to assess the combined anti-giardial efficacy of camphene (CP) both independently and in conjunction with metronidazole (MNZ) in the context of Giardia lamblia infection. The in vitro effectiveness of CP, both as alone treatment and in conjunction with MNZ, was assessed for its anti-giardial properties against both cysts and trophozoites of G. lamblia using a cell viability assay. Additionally, the effects of CP (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), both alone and in combination with MNZ (5 mg/kg), were investigated. This assessment focused on the load and viability of cysts, serum electrolyte levels, adaptive-response cytokines (Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IFN-γ), as well as the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes encoding the enzymes caspase-3, −8, and − 9. Both CP and the combination of CP with MNZ markedly increased the mortality of cyst and trophozoites (p < 0.001); indicating the existence of synergistic interactions when CP is co-administered with MNZ. CP alone and in the combination with MNZ significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while, downregulated the expression of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase (NADH), peroxiredoxin1a (PXR1a), and superoxide reductase (SOR) genes in G. lamblia trophozoites following (p < 0.001). By in vivo, the load and the viability of G. lamblia cysts excreted from the feces of infected mice, significantly modulated the serum electrolytes (p < 0.001), increased the serum levels of the cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ (p < 0.001), and reduced the caspase-3, −8, and − 9 gene expression following a seven-day treatment with CP and CP + MNZ. Recent research has revealed hopeful effects of CP alone, particularly its synergistic interactions with MNZ against G. lamblia infection. Nevertheless, additional investigation is necessary to make clear the specific mechanisms and to evaluate its effectiveness in clinical trials, which could enhance the application of CP in the treatment and management of giardiasis.
{"title":"High efficacy of camphene and metronidazole combination therapy against Giardia lamblia infection in mice","authors":"Marwa Sami Alwan, Hussam Saeed Al-Aredhi, Ikhlas Abbas Marhoon","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although synthetic antigiardial medications frequently exhibit efficacy, they may also result in negative side effects. Furthermore, issues related to drug resistance and the potential for mutagenic effects have been highlighted. The current research seeks to assess the combined anti-giardial efficacy of camphene (CP) both independently and in conjunction with metronidazole (MNZ) in the context of <em>Giardia lamblia</em> infection. The <em>in vitro</em> effectiveness of CP, both as alone treatment and in conjunction with MNZ, was assessed for its anti-giardial properties against both cysts and trophozoites of <em>G. lamblia</em> using a cell viability assay. Additionally, the effects of CP (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), both alone and in combination with MNZ (5 mg/kg), were investigated. This assessment focused on the load and viability of cysts, serum electrolyte levels, adaptive-response cytokines (Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IFN-γ), as well as the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes encoding the enzymes caspase-3, −8, and − 9. Both CP and the combination of CP with MNZ markedly increased the mortality of cyst and trophozoites (<em>p</em> < 0.001); indicating the existence of synergistic interactions when CP is co-administered with MNZ. CP alone and in the combination with MNZ significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while, downregulated the expression of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase (NADH), peroxiredoxin1a (PXR1a), and superoxide reductase (SOR) genes in <em>G. lamblia</em> trophozoites following (<em>p</em> < 0.001). By <em>in vivo</em>, the load and the viability of <em>G. lamblia</em> cysts excreted from the feces of infected mice, significantly modulated the serum electrolytes (<em>p</em> < 0.001), increased the serum levels of the cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ (p < 0.001), and reduced the caspase-3, −8, and − 9 gene expression following a seven-day treatment with CP and CP + MNZ. Recent research has revealed hopeful effects of CP alone, particularly its synergistic interactions with MNZ against <em>G. lamblia</em> infection. Nevertheless, additional investigation is necessary to make clear the specific mechanisms and to evaluate its effectiveness in clinical trials, which could enhance the application of CP in the treatment and management of giardiasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-29DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00431
Anfal Yousef
Background
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease with a global burden, particularly affecting pregnant women, neonates and immunosuppressed individuals. Latent toxoplasmosis has also been associated with neuropsychological disorders in immunocompetent individuals. In Kuwait, the unregulated presence of stray cats in residential areas may contribute to toxoplasmosis spread within the community. The targeted population of this study were waste cleaners, a potentially higher risk group in the community. The aim of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among waste collectors across two governorates of Kuwait – Kuwait City and Jahra.
Method
Blood samples were collected from 201 waste workers from two different cities: 53 and 148 workers from Kuwait City Governorate and Jahra Governorate, respectively. These samples were analysed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies (IgM and IgG) and IgG avidity using a chemiluminescence immunoassay.
Results
The findings revealed that a total of 1 % and 21 % of waste workers had T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in their sera, respectively. Furthermore, 26 % of seropositive workers exhibited high avidity, indicating that infections were likely not recent. Almost half of seropositive workers (49 %) demonstrated low IgG avidity.
Conclusion
Recent travel history, age, or nationality were not statistically significant factors in determining seropositivity. The results of this study highlight the widespread presence in waste workers, where one in five was seropositive for T. gondii with no significant differences in both cities. Our findings emphasise the need for implementing preventive measures within a One Health framework to control the spread of toxoplasmosis in the environment, the food industry and the community.
{"title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among waste collectors in Kuwait","authors":"Anfal Yousef","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease with a global burden, particularly affecting pregnant women, neonates and immunosuppressed individuals. Latent toxoplasmosis has also been associated with neuropsychological disorders in immunocompetent individuals. In Kuwait, the unregulated presence of stray cats in residential areas may contribute to toxoplasmosis spread within the community. The targeted population of this study were waste cleaners, a potentially higher risk group in the community. The aim of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> among waste collectors across two governorates of Kuwait – Kuwait City and Jahra.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Blood samples were collected from 201 waste workers from two different cities: 53 and 148 workers from Kuwait City Governorate and Jahra Governorate, respectively. These samples were analysed to determine the seroprevalence of <em>T. gondii</em> antibodies (IgM and IgG) and IgG avidity using a chemiluminescence immunoassay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings revealed that a total of 1 % and 21 % of waste workers had <em>T. gondii</em> IgM and IgG antibodies in their sera, respectively. Furthermore, 26 % of seropositive workers exhibited high avidity, indicating that infections were likely not recent. Almost half of seropositive workers (49 %) demonstrated low IgG avidity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Recent travel history, age, or nationality were not statistically significant factors in determining seropositivity. The results of this study highlight the widespread presence in waste workers, where one in five was seropositive for <em>T. gondii</em> with no significant differences in both cities. Our findings emphasise the need for implementing preventive measures within a One Health framework to control the spread of toxoplasmosis in the environment, the food industry and the community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ticks are the most prominent ectoparasites of cattle, causing significant losses. From March to May 2024, a cross-sectional study was carried out in and around Guder town of the west Shewa zone of the Oromia region, Ethiopia, to identify species of ixodid ticks infesting cattle and estimate their prevalence and associated risk factors. Adult ixodid ticks were collected from 200 cattle using systematic random sampling methods and classified into species based on their morphology using a stereomicroscope. Of the examined cattle, 75.0 % (95 % CI: 68.5–80.6) were infested with one or more tick species. The highest prevalence of tick parasites was recorded in Mamo Mezemir kebele, male, young, extensive management system, and good-body condition of cattle, with prevalences of 94.7 %, 87.5 %, 86.7 %, 77.6 %, and 80.0 %, respectively compared to counterparts. Four genera of ticks were identified viz. Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus), Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus. A total of 702 ticks were collected. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and Hyalomma rufipes were the most (38.7 %) and least (8.1 %) abundant tick species, respectively. The peasant associations and sex were the only risk factors associated with the tick infestations (p < 0.05). Cattle in the Mamo Mezemir kebele were 17 (OR = 16.9; 95 %CI: 1.9–149.2) times more likely to be infested by ticks than those in other regions. This study shows that ticks were a most significant concern for cattle in the studied area. Thus, strategic tick control, which includes the use of acaricides, and creating awareness for the livestock owners about the impact of tick infestation is recommended.
{"title":"Distribution of ixodid ticks of cattle and associated risk factors in and around Guder town, west Shewa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Isayas Asefa Kebede , Kirubel Abreham , Asemamaw Alemayew , Dimamnesh Worku , Tefera Tarekagne , Megersa Akasa Debele , Segni Bedasa Gudina , Abrahim Dawed Ahmed , Haben Fesseha Gebremeskel","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ticks are the most prominent ectoparasites of cattle, causing significant losses. From March to May 2024, a cross-sectional study was carried out in and around Guder town of the west Shewa zone of the Oromia region, Ethiopia, to identify species of ixodid ticks infesting cattle and estimate their prevalence and associated risk factors. Adult ixodid ticks were collected from 200 cattle using systematic random sampling methods and classified into species based on their morphology using a stereomicroscope. Of the examined cattle, 75.0 % (95 % CI: 68.5–80.6) were infested with one or more tick species. The highest prevalence of tick parasites was recorded in Mamo Mezemir kebele, male, young, extensive management system, and good-body condition of cattle, with prevalences of 94.7 %, 87.5 %, 86.7 %, 77.6 %, and 80.0 %, respectively compared to counterparts. Four genera of ticks were identified viz. <em>Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus), Hyalomma,</em> and <em>Rhipicephalus.</em> A total of 702 ticks were collected<em>. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi</em> and <em>Hyalomma rufipes</em> were the most (38.7 %) and least (8.1 %) abundant tick species, respectively. The peasant associations and sex were the only risk factors associated with the tick infestations (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Cattle in the Mamo Mezemir kebele were 17 (OR = 16.9; 95 %CI: 1.9–149.2) times more likely to be infested by ticks than those in other regions. This study shows that ticks were a most significant concern for cattle in the studied area. Thus, strategic tick control, which includes the use of acaricides, and creating awareness for the livestock owners about the impact of tick infestation is recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00450
Ngatarang Celestine , Nanga Woulsou Maurice , Saotoing Pierre , Ndjonka Dieudonné
Background and objectives
Malaria remains a significant public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily due to the presence of its primary vector, Anopheles gambiae. The increasing resistance to synthetic insecticides has necessitated the exploration of environmentally friendly alternatives, such as plant-derived bioactive compounds. This study investigated the adulticidal activity of methanolic extracts from the leaves of Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae) and Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) against A. gambiae, a primary malaria vector, in a laboratory experiment conducted from January to February 2020 at the Entomology Laboratory, University of Ngaoundéré, Adamaoua Region, Cameroon.
Methodology and results
The extraction yields were 17.8 % for S. occidentalis and 14.9 % for K. senegalensis. Phytochemical analysis revealed that S. occidentalis leaves contained 21.55 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g of polyphenols and 24.88 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g of flavonoids, whereas K. senegalensis leaves contained 18.34 mg GAE/100 g of polyphenols, 34.34 mg QE/100 g of flavonoids, and 27.56 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g of tannins. Bioassays conducted according to World Health Organization (WHO) protocols demonstrated synergistic insecticidal effects between the extracts against A. gambiae. The lethal concentration (LC50) values were 0.87 g/L for S. occidentalis and 1.07 g/L for K. senegalensis, with half-lethal time (HL50) values of 2 h 48 min and 2 h 14 min, respectively. The most effective combination (S. occidentalis [75 %] + K. senegalensis [25 %]) achieved an LC50 of 0.98 g/L and HL50 of 1 h 45 min.
Conclusion and application
These results highlight the potential of S. occidentalis and K. senegalensis extracts as sustainable biocides for controlling A. gambiae ss populations. Their synergistic efficacy and high phytochemical content support further development into eco-friendly vector control tools, aligning with global efforts to combat insecticide resistance.
{"title":"Combined effect of methanolic extracts of Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae) and Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) collected in the far-north region (Cameroon) on adults of Anopheles gambiae senso stricto GILES 1902","authors":"Ngatarang Celestine , Nanga Woulsou Maurice , Saotoing Pierre , Ndjonka Dieudonné","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Malaria remains a significant public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily due to the presence of its primary vector, <em>Anopheles gambiae</em>. The increasing resistance to synthetic insecticides has necessitated the exploration of environmentally friendly alternatives, such as plant-derived bioactive compounds. This study investigated the adulticidal activity of methanolic extracts from the leaves of <em>Senna occidentalis</em> (Fabaceae) and <em>Khaya senegalensis</em> (Meliaceae) against <em>A. gambiae</em>, a primary malaria vector, in a laboratory experiment conducted from January to February 2020 at the Entomology Laboratory, University of Ngaoundéré, Adamaoua Region, Cameroon.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology and results</h3><div>The extraction yields were 17.8 % for <em>S. occidentalis</em> and 14.9 % for <em>K. senegalensis</em>. Phytochemical analysis revealed that <em>S. occidentalis</em> leaves contained 21.55 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g of polyphenols and 24.88 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g of flavonoids, whereas <em>K. senegalensis</em> leaves contained 18.34 mg GAE/100 g of polyphenols, 34.34 mg QE/100 g of flavonoids, and 27.56 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g of tannins. Bioassays conducted according to World Health Organization (WHO) protocols demonstrated synergistic insecticidal effects between the extracts against <em>A. gambiae</em>. The lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) values were 0.87 g/L for <em>S. occidentalis</em> and 1.07 g/L for <em>K. senegalensis</em>, with half-lethal time (HL<sub>50</sub>) values of 2 h 48 min and 2 h 14 min, respectively. The most effective combination (<em>S. occidentalis</em> [75 %] + <em>K. senegalensis</em> [25 %]) achieved an LC<sub>50</sub> of 0.98 g/L and HL<sub>50</sub> of 1 h 45 min.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion and application</h3><div>These results highlight the potential of <em>S. occidentalis</em> and <em>K. senegalensis</em> extracts as sustainable biocides for controlling <em>A. gambiae</em> ss populations. Their synergistic efficacy and high phytochemical content support further development into eco-friendly vector control tools, aligning with global efforts to combat insecticide resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-15DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00449
Tilak Chandra Nath , Heeil Lee , Md. Mahamudul Hasan , Tanmoy Roy Rudro , Dipta Das , Md. Taufiqur Rahman , Nandiny Saha Roy , Pritha Parial , Proloy Chakraborty Tusher , Tarek Siddiki
Background
Intestinal helminthiasis remains a significant public health concern in Bangladesh, affecting both humans and animals. Conventional copromicroscopic methods, though widely used, often lack sensitivity, particularly in areas with low prevalence and intensity of infection. ParaEgg, a new diagnostic tool, has been developed to improve the efficiency of copromicroscopic detection. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ParaEgg in detecting intestinal helminth infections in humans and dogs compared to commonly used traditional methods.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2024, analyzing 100 human stool samples and 100 dog fecal samples. For human samples, ParaEgg was compared with Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FET), Sodium Nitrate Flotation (SNF), Harada Mori Technique (HM), and Kato-Katz Smear (KK). For animal samples, ParaEgg was evaluated against FET, SNF, and HM. Diagnostic performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), with the composite results of all methods serving as the gold standard. Additionally, ParaEgg's efficacy was evaluated using naturally infected and experimentally seeded (Trichuris and Ascaris eggs) fecal samples.
Results
The overall helminth infection rates were 24 % in humans and 53 % in dogs. In humans, five types of helminth genera (Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius, hookworm, and Hymenolepis) were detected, while six genera (Toxocara, Trichuris, Spirometra, hookworm, Alaria, and Hymenolepis) were identified in dogs. In human, ParaEgg detected 24 % of positive cases, closely following Kato-Katz Smear (26 %) and outperforming FET (18 %), SNF (19 %), and HM (9 %). In animal samples, ParaEgg demonstrated superior performance, identifying 53 % of positive cases compared to FET (48 %), SNF (45 %), and HM (29 %). ParaEgg exhibited a sensitivity of 85.7 % and specificity of 95.5 %, closely matching Kato-Katz Smear (sensitivity: 93.7 %, specificity: 95.5 %). Its NPV (80.1 %) and PPV (97.1 %) further confirmed its diagnostic reliability. In experimentally seeded samples, ParaEgg achieved 81.5 % recovery for Trichuris eggs and 89.0 % for Ascaris eggs.
Conclusion
These findings highlight ParaEgg as an effective diagnostic tool, comparable to Kato-Katz Smear and superior to traditional methods. Its ability to detect mixed infections, egg recovery rate and its high sensitivity in both human and animal samples underscore its potential for widespread application in field settings.
{"title":"Diagnostic performance evaluation of ParaEgg for identifying intestinal helminthiasis: A comparative study with conventional copromicroscopy","authors":"Tilak Chandra Nath , Heeil Lee , Md. Mahamudul Hasan , Tanmoy Roy Rudro , Dipta Das , Md. Taufiqur Rahman , Nandiny Saha Roy , Pritha Parial , Proloy Chakraborty Tusher , Tarek Siddiki","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Intestinal helminthiasis remains a significant public health concern in Bangladesh, affecting both humans and animals. Conventional copromicroscopic methods, though widely used, often lack sensitivity, particularly in areas with low prevalence and intensity of infection. ParaEgg, a new diagnostic tool, has been developed to improve the efficiency of copromicroscopic detection. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ParaEgg in detecting intestinal helminth infections in humans and dogs compared to commonly used traditional methods.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2024, analyzing 100 human stool samples and 100 dog fecal samples. For human samples, ParaEgg was compared with Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FET), Sodium Nitrate Flotation (SNF), Harada Mori Technique (HM), and Kato-Katz Smear (KK). For animal samples, ParaEgg was evaluated against FET, SNF, and HM. Diagnostic performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), with the composite results of all methods serving as the gold standard. Additionally, ParaEgg's efficacy was evaluated using naturally infected and experimentally seeded (<em>Trichuris</em> and <em>Ascaris</em> eggs) fecal samples.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall helminth infection rates were 24 % in humans and 53 % in dogs. In humans, five types of helminth genera (<em>Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius, hookworm, and Hymenolepis</em>) were detected, while six genera (<em>Toxocara, Trichuris, Spirometra, hookworm, Alaria, and Hymenolepis</em>) were identified in dogs. In human, ParaEgg detected 24 % of positive cases, closely following Kato-Katz Smear (26 %) and outperforming FET (18 %), SNF (19 %), and HM (9 %). In animal samples, ParaEgg demonstrated superior performance, identifying 53 % of positive cases compared to FET (48 %), SNF (45 %), and HM (29 %). ParaEgg exhibited a sensitivity of 85.7 % and specificity of 95.5 %, closely matching Kato-Katz Smear (sensitivity: 93.7 %, specificity: 95.5 %). Its NPV (80.1 %) and PPV (97.1 %) further confirmed its diagnostic reliability. In experimentally seeded samples, ParaEgg achieved 81.5 % recovery for <em>Trichuris</em> eggs and 89.0 % for <em>Ascaris</em> eggs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight ParaEgg as an effective diagnostic tool, comparable to Kato-Katz Smear and superior to traditional methods. Its ability to detect mixed infections, egg recovery rate and its high sensitivity in both human and animal samples underscore its potential for widespread application in field settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00448
Tigist Mohammed , Abraham Degarege , Mulugeta Aemero , Abebe Animut , Yohannes Negash , Yirgalem Gebrehiwot , Berhanu Erko
Background
Schistosoma haematobium can infect and cause morbidity in pre-school age children (PSAC) and due to its gradual nature, often goes unnoticed in its early stages and can result in long-term irreversible consequences during their most productive years. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, intensity, and associated risk factors of S. haematobium infection among PSAC in Gambella, Ethiopia.
Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2024 among 390 PSAC in four localities in Gambella, Ethiopia. Urine specimens were examined microscopically and with urinalysis reagent strips. Data on associated factors and socio-demographic characteristics were collected from the PSAC mothers/caregivers using a structured questionnaire.
Result
The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 16.7 %, of which 20 % (13/65) had heavy-intensity of infection. The prevalence of macro and microhematuria were 7.9 %, and 26.2 %, respectively. The prevalence of infection was significantly higher among PSAC who visited open water sources (90.8 %, P < 0.001), bathed in open water (89.2 %, P = 0.004), and urinated in open water (89.2 %, P = 0.004), as well as among residents of Abaro and Tagni villages (72.3 %, P < 0.001) and who had mothers with no formal education (81.5 %, P = 0.006). The odds of infection were higher among children who played or bathed in infested water (AOR: 2.9, CI: 1.0–8.1) and those living in Abaro village (AOR: 4.3, CI: 1.6–11.9) compared to those who did not engage in these behaviors or lived in other villages, respectively.
Conclusion
The study showed that S. haematobium infection is prevalent among PSAC in Gambella region in Ethiopia, and contact with an open water while playing, bathing or urinating may increase the risk of acquiring infection with the parasite in this population group. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease among PSAC.
{"title":"Schistosoma haematobium infection and associated risk factors among pre-school age children in Gambella, Ethiopia","authors":"Tigist Mohammed , Abraham Degarege , Mulugeta Aemero , Abebe Animut , Yohannes Negash , Yirgalem Gebrehiwot , Berhanu Erko","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Schistosoma haematobium</em> can infect and cause morbidity in pre-school age children (PSAC) and due to its gradual nature, often goes unnoticed in its early stages and can result in long-term irreversible consequences during their most productive years. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, intensity, and associated risk factors of <em>S. haematobium</em> infection among PSAC in Gambella, Ethiopia.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2024 among 390 PSAC in four localities in Gambella, Ethiopia. Urine specimens were examined microscopically and with urinalysis reagent strips. Data on associated factors and socio-demographic characteristics were collected from the PSAC mothers/caregivers using a structured questionnaire.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>The overall prevalence of <em>S. haematobium</em> infection was 16.7 %, of which 20 % (13/65) had heavy-intensity of infection. The prevalence of macro and microhematuria were 7.9 %, and 26.2 %, respectively. The prevalence of infection was significantly higher among PSAC who visited open water sources (90.8 %, <em>P</em> < 0.001), bathed in open water (89.2 %, <em>P</em> = 0.004), and urinated in open water (89.2 %, <em>P</em> = 0.004), as well as among residents of Abaro and Tagni villages (72.3 %, <em>P</em> < 0.001) and who had mothers with no formal education (81.5 %, <em>P</em> = 0.006). The odds of infection were higher among children who played or bathed in infested water (AOR: 2.9, CI: 1.0–8.1) and those living in Abaro village (AOR: 4.3, CI: 1.6–11.9) compared to those who did not engage in these behaviors or lived in other villages, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study showed that <em>S. haematobium</em> infection is prevalent among PSAC in Gambella region in Ethiopia, and contact with an open water while playing, bathing or urinating may increase the risk of acquiring infection with the parasite in this population group. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease among PSAC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00437
Afito Luciano , Binta J.J. Jallow , Mandie Liu , Yuting Ma , Regina Daniel Miambo , Fanming Meng
Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma lusitanicum are highly adaptable ectoparasites that feed on vertebrates, including people and both domestic and wild animals. This systematic review aims to identify, compile, and evaluate relevant articles published after January 1, 2000, until April 30, 2024, from several scientific databases documenting the distribution or prevalence of Rh. microplus and/or Hy. lusitanicum, as well as tick-borne pathogens globally. We conducted a thorough search in Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 1, 2000, to April 30, 2024. This systematic review was implemented according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Of the 223 studies included in this systematic review, 83.0 % detected Rh. microplus, reported across 42 countries. In contrast, 17.0 % detected Hy. lusitanicum, which has only been reported in eight countries. A total of 113 studies included in this systematic review reported the presence of tick-borne pathogens, with 78.8 % focused on Rh. microplus and 21.2 % addressing Hy. lusitanicum. In this review, 94 tick-borne pathogens were reported. Of the tick-borne pathogens identified in Rh. microplus, bacteria were the most reported, representing 71.6 %, followed by viruses with 15.1 %. Among bacteria, the genus Anaplasma was the most frequent, with 26.8 %, followed by Rickettsia, with 17.2 %. The tick-borne pathogens identified in Hy. lusitanicum, bacteria were the most frequent, with 68.1 %, followed by protozoa, with 21.3 %. Genus Rickettsia was the most frequent among bacteria, with 25.5 %, followed by Anaplasma with 19.2 %. This systematic review provided insight crucial for managing and controlling tick-borne diseases by integrating the One Health approach.
微尖鼻虫和卢西坦透明虫是适应性很强的外寄生虫，以脊椎动物为食，包括人、家畜和野生动物。本系统综述旨在识别、汇编和评估2000年1月1日至2024年4月30日期间发表的相关文章，这些文章来自几个记录Rh分布或流行情况的科学数据库。微加菌和/或lusitanicum，以及全球蜱传病原体。我们从2000年1月1日至2024年4月30日在Embase、Ovid MEDLINE、ScienceDirect、Web of Science和Scopus中进行了全面的检索。该系统评价是根据PRISMA 2020指南实施的。在本系统综述纳入的223项研究中，83.0%检测到Rh。Microplus在42个国家进行了报告。相比之下，17.0%的人检出了lusitanicum，这只在8个国家报告过。本系统综述中共有113项研究报告了蜱传病原体的存在，其中78.8%集中在Rh。微加和21.2%的寻址海西坦。本文报道了94种蜱传病原体。在Rh中发现的蜱传病原体。Microplus中细菌最多，占71.6%，其次是病毒，占15.1%。细菌中以无原体属最多，占26.8%，其次为立克次体，占17.2%。蜱传病原菌以细菌最多，占68.1%，其次是原生动物，占21.3%。细菌中以立克次体最多，占25.5%，其次是无形体，占19.2%。这一系统综述通过整合“同一个健康”方法，为管理和控制蜱传疾病提供了至关重要的见解。
{"title":"Distribution of Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma lusitanicum, and the pathogens they are carrying: A systematic review","authors":"Afito Luciano , Binta J.J. Jallow , Mandie Liu , Yuting Ma , Regina Daniel Miambo , Fanming Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Rhipicephalus microplus</em> and <em>Hyalomma lusitanicum</em> are highly adaptable ectoparasites that feed on vertebrates, including people and both domestic and wild animals. This systematic review aims to identify, compile, and evaluate relevant articles published after January 1, 2000, until April 30, 2024, from several scientific databases documenting the distribution or prevalence of <em>Rh</em>. <em>microplus</em> and/or <em>Hy</em>. <em>lusitanicum</em>, as well as tick-borne pathogens globally. We conducted a thorough search in Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 1, 2000, to April 30, 2024. This systematic review was implemented according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Of the 223 studies included in this systematic review, 83.0 % detected <em>Rh</em>. <em>microplus</em>, reported across 42 countries. In contrast, 17.0 % detected <em>Hy</em>. <em>lusitanicum</em>, which has only been reported in eight countries. A total of 113 studies included in this systematic review reported the presence of tick-borne pathogens, with 78.8 % focused on <em>Rh</em>. <em>microplus</em> and 21.2 % addressing <em>Hy</em>. <em>lusitanicum</em>. In this review, 94 tick-borne pathogens were reported. Of the tick-borne pathogens identified in <em>Rh</em>. <em>microplus</em>, bacteria were the most reported, representing 71.6 %, followed by viruses with 15.1 %. Among bacteria, the genus <em>Anaplasma</em> was the most frequent, with 26.8 %, followed by <em>Rickettsia</em>, with 17.2 %. The tick-borne pathogens identified in <em>Hy</em>. <em>lusitanicum</em>, bacteria were the most frequent, with 68.1 %, followed by protozoa, with 21.3 %. Genus <em>Rickettsia</em> was the most frequent among bacteria, with 25.5 %, followed by <em>Anaplasma</em> with 19.2 %. This systematic review provided insight crucial for managing and controlling tick-borne diseases by integrating the One Health approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-15DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00442
Siqi Wang, He Yan, Li Zhang, Zhigui Xia, Jianhai Yin
Background
Plasmodium vivax is not only the second most prevalent cause of malaria worldwide, but also the second leading cause of imported malaria in China. This poses a significant threat to preventing the re-establishment of malaria transmission, as the competent vector (Anopheles sinensis) suitable for vivax malaria transmission is widely distributed in China. Particularly, the asymptomatic P. vivax infection as another important source of infection deserves further study, but it is rarely reported.
Methods
PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases were systematically searched for asymptomatic P. vivax infection relevant studies published between February 2014 and February 2024. I-squared statistics (I2) was used to assess heterogeneity among included studies. The pooled prevalence and pooled odds ratio and their corresponding 95 % Confidence Interval were estimated using the random effects model in Review Manager 5.4 software.
Results
Seventy-one eligible studies were included in this analysis. Both study countries (P < 0.001, I2 = 95 %) and diagnostic methods (P = 0.001, I2 = 95 %) were the source of heterogeneity. The rates of asymptomatic malaria infection detected by the gold standard method of microscopy in the countries from Africa, Asia, Oceania and Americas were 9.2 %, 4.8 %, 15.6 % and 14.5 %, respectively. And the corresponding rates of asymptomatic P. vivax infection were 4.0 %, 2.1 %, 10.6 % and 13.0 %. In terms of diagnostic methods, the rate of asymptomatic P. vivax infection (5.6 %) detected by polymerase chain reaction in the population was the highest (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
According to the asymptomatic P. vivax infection worldwide, the countries with the higher rate of asymptomatic infection are the main source of vivax malaria cases imported into China, which indicates a potentially higher potential risk of importation of asymptomatic P. vivax infection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more sensitive, easier to operate, and more cost-effective techniques to detect and screen asymptomatic malaria infections in a timely manner, so as to prevent re-establishment of malaria transmission.
{"title":"Asymptomatic/submicroscopic Plasmodium vivax infection: A systematic review and META-analysis on the hidden challenge for preventing re-establishment of malaria transmission","authors":"Siqi Wang, He Yan, Li Zhang, Zhigui Xia, Jianhai Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Plasmodium vivax</em> is not only the second most prevalent cause of malaria worldwide, but also the second leading cause of imported malaria in China. This poses a significant threat to preventing the re-establishment of malaria transmission, as the competent vector (<em>Anopheles sinensis</em>) suitable for <em>vivax</em> malaria transmission is widely distributed in China. Particularly, the asymptomatic <em>P. vivax</em> infection as another important source of infection deserves further study, but it is rarely reported.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases were systematically searched for asymptomatic <em>P. vivax</em> infection relevant studies published between February 2014 and February 2024. I-squared statistics (<em>I</em><sup>2</sup>) was used to assess heterogeneity among included studies. The pooled prevalence and pooled odds ratio and their corresponding 95 % Confidence Interval were estimated using the random effects model in Review Manager 5.4 software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Seventy-one eligible studies were included in this analysis. Both study countries (<em>P</em> < 0.001, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 95 %) and diagnostic methods (<em>P</em> = 0.001, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 95 %) were the source of heterogeneity. The rates of asymptomatic malaria infection detected by the gold standard method of microscopy in the countries from Africa, Asia, Oceania and Americas were 9.2 %, 4.8 %, 15.6 % and 14.5 %, respectively. And the corresponding rates of asymptomatic <em>P. vivax</em> infection were 4.0 %, 2.1 %, 10.6 % and 13.0 %. In terms of diagnostic methods, the rate of asymptomatic <em>P. vivax</em> infection (5.6 %) detected by polymerase chain reaction in the population was the highest (<em>P</em> < 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>According to the asymptomatic <em>P. vivax</em> infection worldwide, the countries with the higher rate of asymptomatic infection are the main source of <em>vivax</em> malaria cases imported into China, which indicates a potentially higher potential risk of importation of asymptomatic <em>P. vivax</em> infection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more sensitive, easier to operate, and more cost-effective techniques to detect and screen asymptomatic malaria infections in a timely manner, so as to prevent re-establishment of malaria transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malaria remains a significant global health burden, particularly in regions like Nigeria. This study investigated the impact of malaria infection on plasma amino acid and micronutrient levels in a Nigerian population. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 participants, including malarious and healthy controls. Plasma levels of amino acids and selected micronutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Co) were measured using HPLC and ICP-MS, respectively. Results revealed significant alterations (p < 0.01) in plasma amino acid profiles (except histidine and proline) with increasing malaria severity. Essential amino acids including branched-chain amino acids like leucine and valine were depleted, indicating metabolic disruptions in the diseases. Aromatic and immune-related amino acids (arginine, tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamine, methionine, and cysteine) were reduced significantly (p < 0.01) compared to the uninfected groups. Additionally, malarious individuals exhibited significant deficiencies in several micronutrients, including calcium, sodium, zinc, and iron (p < 0.01). Malaria infection induces a complex metabolic response, leading to nutrient imbalances that may contribute to disease severity. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of targeted nutritional interventions to improve patient outcomes.
{"title":"Malaria-induced dysregulation of selected micronutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Co) and plasma free amino acids; implications for pathogenesis and host immunity in a Nigerian population","authors":"Chukwuma Raphael Ekeanyanwu , Paul Chidoka Chikezie , Chidinma Lynda Ekeanyanwu","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malaria remains a significant global health burden, particularly in regions like Nigeria. This study investigated the impact of malaria infection on plasma amino acid and micronutrient levels in a Nigerian population. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 participants, including malarious and healthy controls. Plasma levels of amino acids and selected micronutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Co) were measured using HPLC and ICP-MS, respectively. Results revealed significant alterations (<em>p</em> < 0.01) in plasma amino acid profiles (except histidine and proline) with increasing malaria severity. Essential amino acids including branched-chain amino acids like leucine and valine were depleted, indicating metabolic disruptions in the diseases. Aromatic and immune-related amino acids (arginine, tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamine, methionine, and cysteine) were reduced significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.01) compared to the uninfected groups. Additionally, malarious individuals exhibited significant deficiencies in several micronutrients, including calcium, sodium, zinc, and iron (<em>p</em> < 0.01). Malaria infection induces a complex metabolic response, leading to nutrient imbalances that may contribute to disease severity. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of targeted nutritional interventions to improve patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article e00443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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