Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00406
Giovanni Sgroi , Ranju Ravindran Santhakumar Manoj , Ettore Napoli , Nicola D'Alessio , Maria Gabriella Lucibelli , Claudio de Martinis , Esterina De Carlo , Peyman Khademi , Alireza Sazmand , Vincenzo Veneziano
The beech marten (Martes foina) is a small-size mustelid endangered according to the IUCN Red List. Despite the plethora of parasites potentially affecting its population decline, subcutaneous filarioids are occasionally reported in martens and their competent arthropod vectors are to date unknown. Therefore, from January 2023 to August 2024, this study investigated the presence of subcutaneous filarioids and ectoparasites of road-killed beech martens (n = 7) from southwestern Italy. One marten (14.3 %, 95 % CI: 2.6–51.3) was massively infected with subcutaneous filarioids, i.e., 18 specimens (11 males and 7 females) in the dorso-posterior region, where mild redness and sloughing of skin were found. All the filarioids were identified as Filaria martis via morphology and Sanger sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene that revealed a single sequence type (GenBank accession number PQ034642) having 100 % nucleotide identity with those available in the literature. The phylogenetic analysis displayed a bootstrap value of 100 % between the cox1 sequences of F. martis of this study and those of beech martens from Italy and European minks from Spain. Haemolymph, gut, and salivary glands of the Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the infected marten scored negative for F. martis larvae and DNA by dissection and PCR, respectively. This study reported for the first time F. martis subcutaneous filariosis in southwestern Italy, previously outlined only in northern and southeastern areas, indicating the circulation of this poorly investigated filarioid. Knowledge of the competent vectors involved in the biological cycle of F. martis requires further experimental studies.
{"title":"Massive subcutaneous filariosis by Filaria martis in beech marten (Martes foina) in Italy","authors":"Giovanni Sgroi , Ranju Ravindran Santhakumar Manoj , Ettore Napoli , Nicola D'Alessio , Maria Gabriella Lucibelli , Claudio de Martinis , Esterina De Carlo , Peyman Khademi , Alireza Sazmand , Vincenzo Veneziano","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The beech marten (<em>Martes foina</em>) is a small-size mustelid endangered according to the IUCN Red List. Despite the plethora of parasites potentially affecting its population decline, subcutaneous filarioids are occasionally reported in martens and their competent arthropod vectors are to date unknown. Therefore, from January 2023 to August 2024, this study investigated the presence of subcutaneous filarioids and ectoparasites of road-killed beech martens (<em>n</em> = 7) from southwestern Italy. One marten (14.3 %, 95 % CI: 2.6–51.3) was massively infected with subcutaneous filarioids, i.e., 18 specimens (11 males and 7 females) in the dorso-posterior region, where mild redness and sloughing of skin were found. All the filarioids were identified as <em>Filaria martis</em> via morphology and Sanger sequencing of the <em>cytochrome c oxidase</em> subunit I (<em>cox</em>1) gene that revealed a single sequence type (GenBank accession number PQ034642) having 100 % nucleotide identity with those available in the literature. The phylogenetic analysis displayed a bootstrap value of 100 % between the <em>cox</em>1 sequences of <em>F. martis</em> of this study and those of beech martens from Italy and European minks from Spain. Haemolymph, gut, and salivary glands of the <em>Ixodes ricinus</em> ticks collected from the infected marten scored negative for <em>F. martis</em> larvae and DNA by dissection and PCR, respectively. This study reported for the first time <em>F. martis</em> subcutaneous filariosis in southwestern Italy, previously outlined only in northern and southeastern areas, indicating the circulation of this poorly investigated filarioid. Knowledge of the competent vectors involved in the biological cycle of <em>F. martis</em> requires further experimental studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11757790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00407
Carla Muñoz-Antoli , Jacklyn Comas , María José Irisarri-Gutiérrez , Lucrecia Acosta , José Guillermo Esteban , Rafael Toledo
Background
General conditions in a prison may facilitate water- or food-borne infections.
Methods
Detection of intestinal parasites was achieved in 471 male prison inmates by standard microscopic procedures on their stool samples. Positive samples were processed by PCR amplification of a 600-bp fragment of the Blastocystis SSU rRNA gene and partial sequences of the Giardia duodenalis bg genes. Identification of subtypes/genotypes was based on Sanger sequencing methods.
Results
Blastocystis was found in 7.9 % (37/471) and G. duodenalis was found in 2.1 % (10/471). Out of the 37 Blastocystis positive samples, 54 % (20/37) were successfully subtyped, allowing the identification of the subtypes ST3 (50 %), ST1 (25 %), ST2 (15 %), ST4 (5 %) and ST6 (5 %). Out of 10 G. duodenalis positive samples, 50 % (5/10) were successfully genotyped, allowing the identification of genotypes A (80 %) and B (20 %).
Conclusions
The predominance of ST3 within the prison inmates, together with its low intra-ST genetic variability, reflected inter-human transmission with spatial stability. The G. duodenalis distribution is not wide enough to consider the possibility of a generalized transmission via contaminated water or food. Personal hygiene practices among male prison inmates may be an important measure to prevent the transmission.
{"title":"Blastocystis and Giardia duodenalis infection in a male prison in Spain","authors":"Carla Muñoz-Antoli , Jacklyn Comas , María José Irisarri-Gutiérrez , Lucrecia Acosta , José Guillermo Esteban , Rafael Toledo","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>General conditions in a prison may facilitate water- or food-borne infections.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Detection of intestinal parasites was achieved in 471 male prison inmates by standard microscopic procedures on their stool samples. Positive samples were processed by PCR amplification of a 600-bp fragment of the <em>Blastocystis</em> SSU rRNA gene and partial sequences of the <em>Giardia duodenalis bg</em> genes. Identification of subtypes/genotypes was based on Sanger sequencing methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Blastocystis</em> was found in 7.9 % (37/471) and <em>G. duodenalis</em> was found in 2.1 % (10/471). Out of the 37 <em>Blastocystis</em> positive samples, 54 % (20/37) were successfully subtyped, allowing the identification of the subtypes ST3 (50 %), ST1 (25 %), ST2 (15 %), ST4 (5 %) and ST6 (5 %). Out of 10 <em>G. duodenalis</em> positive samples, 50 % (5/10) were successfully genotyped, allowing the identification of genotypes A (80 %) and B (20 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The predominance of ST3 within the prison inmates, together with its low intra-ST genetic variability, reflected inter-human transmission with spatial stability. The <em>G. duodenalis</em> distribution is not wide enough to consider the possibility of a generalized transmission via contaminated water or food. Personal hygiene practices among male prison inmates may be an important measure to prevent the transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11780165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00399
Caroline Kioko, Justine Blanford
Malaria remains a public health concern in Kenya where children and pregnant women are vulnerable groups. The common interventions in place to fight malaria include using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), knowledge and awareness about malaria, and intake of malaria anti-malaria drugs. Despite the availability of these interventions, Kenya still records more than 10,000 clinical cases annually. In this study, we examined how malaria and interventions varied across Kenya for 2015 and 2020. We analyzed the Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey (N = 10,072) for 2015 and, (N = 11,549) for 2020, and climate data with Fuzzy overlay method to examine how malaria and its interventions relate to environmental conditions required for malaria. The study found that 79 % of malaria cases were distributed in lake endemic, 11 % in coastal endemic, 7 % in highland epidemic, and 3 % in seasonal zone. Use of Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) was 77 % in lake endemic, 13 % in coastal endemic, 9 % in highland epidemic, and 1 % in seasonal zone. Knowledge about malaria was 82 % in lake endemic, 9 % in highland epidemic, 6 % in coastal endemic, and 3 % in seasonal zone. Additionally, based on climate data, lake endemic zone was 94 % suitable for malaria transmission compared to other zones. Despite the use of ITNs and awareness about malaria, malaria transmission continues to be a threat especially in counties in the lake endemic zone. Furthermore, place of residence, climate factors, ownership of ITNs may be associated with malaria in the region.
{"title":"Malaria survey data and geospatial suitability mapping for understanding spatial and temporal variations of risk across Kenya","authors":"Caroline Kioko, Justine Blanford","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malaria remains a public health concern in Kenya where children and pregnant women are vulnerable groups. The common interventions in place to fight malaria include using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), knowledge and awareness about malaria, and intake of malaria anti-malaria drugs. Despite the availability of these interventions, Kenya still records more than 10,000 clinical cases annually. In this study, we examined how malaria and interventions varied across Kenya for 2015 and 2020. We analyzed the Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey (<em>N</em> = 10,072) for 2015 and, (<em>N</em> = 11,549) for 2020, and climate data with Fuzzy overlay method to examine how malaria and its interventions relate to environmental conditions required for malaria. The study found that 79 % of malaria cases were distributed in lake endemic, 11 % in coastal endemic, 7 % in highland epidemic, and 3 % in seasonal zone. Use of Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) was 77 % in lake endemic, 13 % in coastal endemic, 9 % in highland epidemic, and 1 % in seasonal zone. Knowledge about malaria was 82 % in lake endemic, 9 % in highland epidemic, 6 % in coastal endemic, and 3 % in seasonal zone. Additionally, based on climate data, lake endemic zone was 94 % suitable for malaria transmission compared to other zones. Despite the use of ITNs and awareness about malaria, malaria transmission continues to be a threat especially in counties in the lake endemic zone. Furthermore, place of residence, climate factors, ownership of ITNs may be associated with malaria in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11727841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00412
Lana Kourieh , Mohammad Y. Abajy , Mahasen Alkebajy , Silva Ishkhanian , Ream Nayal
For many decades, Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been endemic in Aleppo, Syria. The situation has worsened due to the ongoing war. Currently, CL diagnosis in Syria relies mainly on conventional methods, such as clinical symptoms and microscopic examination. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in diagnosing suspected CL cases. Two PCR protocols were applied: kDNA PCR for CL diagnosis and ITS2 PCR to identify the Leishmania parasite species. The results were compared with conventional methods, and correlations between CL prevalence and demographic factors were explored.
Between January 2021 and October 2022, 105 suspected CL patients were screened at the Leishmania Center in Aleppo. kDNA PCR showed a sensitivity of 100 %, detecting positive results in 92 samples. Microscopic examination had a sensitivity of 76.1 %, identifying Leishmania amastigotes in 70 out of 92 samples. ITS2 PCR revealed that L. tropica was the dominant species (96.0 %) in Aleppo. Prevalence of CL was higher among men (54.3 %), the 13–25 years age group (39.1 %), and those with poor to moderate living conditions (87.0 %). Patients typically had an average of 3 lesions, with the upper extremities (55.4 %) and face (35.9 %) being the most affected areas. The study recommends using kDNA PCR for CL diagnosis due to its high sensitivity. Furthermore, the reported demographic and epidemiological data can inform public health authorities in their efforts to treat and prevent leishmaniasis in the country.
{"title":"Molecular diagnosis and epidemiological aspects of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Aleppo: Current status","authors":"Lana Kourieh , Mohammad Y. Abajy , Mahasen Alkebajy , Silva Ishkhanian , Ream Nayal","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For many decades, Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been endemic in Aleppo, Syria. The situation has worsened due to the ongoing war. Currently, CL diagnosis in Syria relies mainly on conventional methods, such as clinical symptoms and microscopic examination. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in diagnosing suspected CL cases. Two PCR protocols were applied: kDNA PCR for CL diagnosis and ITS2 PCR to identify the <em>Leishmania</em> parasite species. The results were compared with conventional methods, and correlations between CL prevalence and demographic factors were explored.</div><div>Between January 2021 and October 2022, 105 suspected CL patients were screened at the Leishmania Center in Aleppo. kDNA PCR showed a sensitivity of 100 %, detecting positive results in 92 samples. Microscopic examination had a sensitivity of 76.1 %, identifying Leishmania amastigotes in 70 out of 92 samples. ITS2 PCR revealed that <em>L. tropica</em> was the dominant species (96.0 %) in Aleppo. Prevalence of CL was higher among men (54.3 %), the 13–25 years age group (39.1 %), and those with poor to moderate living conditions (87.0 %). Patients typically had an average of 3 lesions, with the upper extremities (55.4 %) and face (35.9 %) being the most affected areas. The study recommends using kDNA PCR for CL diagnosis due to its high sensitivity. Furthermore, the reported demographic and epidemiological data can inform public health authorities in their efforts to treat and prevent leishmaniasis in the country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00412"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As Sub-Saharan African country urban malaria is potential catastrophe in Ethiopia, particularly in relation to rapidly growing small towns, which requires updating the epidemiology of malaria. There was lack of information regarding the study area, hence this study was designed to determine the prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors in Damboya town.
Methods
A Community-based cross-sectional study was carried from March 7 to May 29, 2023 among 422 randomly selected participants. Prevalence of malaria was determined using microscopic examination of thick and thin smear and rapid diagnostic test using kits to standard of the manufacturer. Pretested structured questionnaire was employed to collect socio-demographic data and associated risk factors. Data were entered in Epi data 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Factors associated with malaria was analyzed using bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression. The strength of the association was determined by computing Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) at Malaria is one of the most vital leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries particularly in Sub Saharan Africa (Bugssa and Tedla, 2020). About 95 % of all malaria cases and 96 % of all malaria deaths in 2021 occurred in Africa (Bugssa and Tedla, 2020). Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 60 % of global cases and 90 % of global fatalities (WHO, 2022). Over the two peak years of the pandemic (2020–2021), COVID-related setbacks increased malaria cases by around 13 million and fatalities by 63,000 (WHO, 2022). Malaria is thought to directly cost Africa $12 billion annually and reduce GDP growth by 3 %. In addition, it is thought to cause cognitive disorders and school absences, which are barriers to the development of human capital (Monroe et al., 2022). 95 % confidence interval (CI) and p-value of < 0.05.
Result
The prevalence of malaria was 5 % (20, 95 % CI: 3–7), Plasmodium vivix account for 14 (61.9 %) of the infection. Presence of stagnant water (AOR = 3.630, 95 % CI: 1–13, P < 0.049), unavailability of Insecticide-treated bed net (AOR = 3.89, 95 % CI: 1.08–14.01, P < 0.038), living in a house with eaves (AOR = 5.06, 95 %CI: 1.25–20.58, p < 0.023), travel history (AOR = 3.58, 95 %CI: 1–12.79, p < 0.049), low-income (AOR = 5.3, 95 %CI: 1.09–25.2, P < 0.038), were significantly associated with malaria occurrence.
Conclusion
Malaria is still a public health concern in Damboya town. Thus, implementing intervention strategies properly and evaluate the access and utilization status of the suburb community and improve accordingly was required to interrupt the transmission in the community of this town.
背景：作为撒哈拉以南非洲国家，城市疟疾在埃塞俄比亚是潜在的灾难，特别是与快速发展的小城镇有关，这需要更新疟疾流行病学。由于缺乏有关研究地区的信息，因此本研究旨在确定Damboya镇的疟疾流行情况和相关危险因素。方法：于2023年3月7日至5月29日，对随机抽取的422名参与者进行以社区为基础的横断面研究。采用厚薄涂片镜检和快速诊断试验确定疟疾流行情况，使用生产厂家标准的试剂盒。采用预先测试的结构化问卷收集社会人口统计数据及相关危险因素。数据在Epi数据3.1中录入，使用SPSS 25版软件进行分析。采用双变量和多变量二元logistic回归分析与疟疾相关的因素。这种关联的强度是通过计算调整优势比（AOR）来确定的，因为疟疾是发展中国家，特别是撒哈拉以南非洲地区发病和死亡的最重要的主要原因之一（Bugssa和Tedla， 2020）。2021年，约95%的疟疾病例和96%的疟疾死亡发生在非洲（Bugssa和Tedla， 2020年）。撒哈拉以南非洲占全球病例的60%和全球死亡人数的90%（世卫组织，2022年）。在大流行的两个高峰年份（2020-2021年），与covid相关的挫折使疟疾病例增加了约1300万例，死亡人数增加了6.3万例（世卫组织，2022年）。据认为，疟疾每年给非洲造成120亿美元的直接损失，并使GDP增长减少3%。此外，它被认为会导致认知障碍和缺课，这是人力资本发展的障碍（Monroe et al., 2022）。结果95%置信区间（CI）和p值：疟疾患病率为5%（20例，95% CI: 3 ~ 7例），其中14例（61.9%）为恶性疟原虫感染。存在死水（AOR = 3.630, 95% CI: 1-13, P P P P）结论：疟疾仍然是丹博亚镇的一个公共卫生问题。因此，需要正确实施干预策略，评估郊区社区的接入和利用状况，并进行相应的改善，以中断该镇社区的传播。
{"title":"Magnitude of urban malaria and its associated risk factors in Damboya town, Kambata zone, Central Ethiopia","authors":"Biruk Mulachew , Temesgen Bezuayehu , Solomon Asnake","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>As Sub-Saharan African country urban malaria is potential catastrophe in Ethiopia, particularly in relation to rapidly growing small towns, which requires updating the epidemiology of malaria. There was lack of information regarding the study area, hence this study was designed to determine the prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors in Damboya town.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A Community-based cross-sectional study was carried from March 7 to May 29, 2023 among 422 randomly selected participants. Prevalence of malaria was determined using microscopic examination of thick and thin smear and rapid diagnostic test using kits to standard of the manufacturer. Pretested structured questionnaire was employed to collect socio-demographic data and associated risk factors. Data were entered in Epi data 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Factors associated with malaria was analyzed using bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression. The strength of the association was determined by computing Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) at Malaria is one of the most vital leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries particularly in Sub Saharan Africa (Bugssa and Tedla, 2020). About 95 % of all malaria cases and 96 % of all malaria deaths in 2021 occurred in Africa (Bugssa and Tedla, 2020). Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 60 % of global cases and 90 % of global fatalities (WHO, 2022). Over the two peak years of the pandemic (2020–2021), COVID-related setbacks increased malaria cases by around 13 million and fatalities by 63,000 (WHO, 2022). Malaria is thought to directly cost Africa $12 billion annually and reduce GDP growth by 3 %. In addition, it is thought to cause cognitive disorders and school absences, which are barriers to the development of human capital (Monroe et al., 2022). 95 % confidence interval (CI) and <em>p</em>-value of <<!--> <!-->0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>The prevalence of malaria was 5 % (20, 95 % CI: 3–7), <em>Plasmodium vivix</em> account for 14 (61.9 %) of the infection. Presence of stagnant water (AOR = 3.630, 95 % CI: 1–13, <em>P</em> < 0.049), unavailability of Insecticide-treated bed net (AOR = 3.89, 95 % CI: 1.08–14.01, <em>P</em> < 0.038), living in a house with eaves (AOR = 5.06, 95 %CI: 1.25–20.58, <em>p</em> < 0.023), travel history (AOR = 3.58, 95 %CI: 1–12.79, <em>p</em> < 0.049), low-income (AOR = 5.3, 95 %CI: 1.09–25.2, P < 0.038), were significantly associated with malaria occurrence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Malaria is still a public health concern in Damboya town. Thus, implementing intervention strategies properly and evaluate the access and utilization status of the suburb community and improve accordingly was required to interrupt the transmission in the community of this town.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00409
Lucy Cho Nchang , Chefor Magha , Patience Agwa Fonong , Narcisse Victor Tchamatchoua Gandjui , Nancielle Mbiatong Tchatat , Desmond Akumtoh Nkimbeng , Frank Noel Nietcho , Juluis Visnel Foyet , Fanny Fri Fombad , Tatiana Djikeussi Katcho , Jerome Fru Cho , Achim Hoerauf , Manuel Ritter , Samuel Wanji
Background
Parasitic infections are known to suppress the cell mediated immunity that protects against tuberculosis. The status of parasitic infections among bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in Cameroon is not well established. This study aimed at reporting the status of parasitic infections in TB patients and their household contacts with keen interest in associated risk factors to disease exposure.
Methodology
This was a hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with newly diagnosed active tuberculosis (TB) patients and their household contacts in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. Socio-demographic data and associated factors were collected using structured questionnaires. Blood, stool, urine and skin snip samples were collected following standard guidelines for investigation of parasitic infections. Descriptive analysis was performed, bivariate analysis was computed and a multivariable analysis was done to provide adjusted odds ratios (AOR).
Results
A total of 712 TB patients and 472 household contacts were recruited. The overall prevalence of parasitic infections in TB patients was 25.84 % (184/712) and household contacts was 31.36 % (148/472). Blood protozoan (Plasmodium falciparum) infection among active TB patients (20.22 %) and their household contacts (26.27 %) was the most frequently detected parasitic infection. Loa loa was the predominant helminth species seen among active TB patients while Schistosoma mansoni was the predominant helminth infection detected in household contacts. TB patients and household contacts living in urban areas had lower odds of being associated with helminth infections (AOR 0.2, 95 % CI: 0.10–0.40; p ˂ 0.0001 and AOR 0.11, 95 % CI: 0.04–0.27; p ˂ 0.0001 respectively) as compared to those residing in rural areas.
Conclusion
We observed that 31 % of the TB patients and household contacts are infected with parasites including P. falciparum, Loa loa and Since helminths can downregulate immune responses against bacterial infections and thus affect treatment efficacy, we recommend that diagnosis of parasitic infections should be included during TB diagnosis and treatment programmes, especially in rural areas.
{"title":"Parasitic infection prevalence in tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in the Littoral Region of Cameroon","authors":"Lucy Cho Nchang , Chefor Magha , Patience Agwa Fonong , Narcisse Victor Tchamatchoua Gandjui , Nancielle Mbiatong Tchatat , Desmond Akumtoh Nkimbeng , Frank Noel Nietcho , Juluis Visnel Foyet , Fanny Fri Fombad , Tatiana Djikeussi Katcho , Jerome Fru Cho , Achim Hoerauf , Manuel Ritter , Samuel Wanji","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Parasitic infections are known to suppress the cell mediated immunity that protects against tuberculosis. The status of parasitic infections among bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in Cameroon is not well established. This study aimed at reporting the status of parasitic infections in TB patients and their household contacts with keen interest in associated risk factors to disease exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This was a hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with newly diagnosed active tuberculosis (TB) patients and their household contacts in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. Socio-demographic data and associated factors were collected using structured questionnaires. Blood, stool, urine and skin snip samples were collected following standard guidelines for investigation of parasitic infections. Descriptive analysis was performed, bivariate analysis was computed and a multivariable analysis was done to provide adjusted odds ratios (AOR).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 712 TB patients and 472 household contacts were recruited. The overall prevalence of parasitic infections in TB patients was 25.84 % (184/712) and household contacts was 31.36 % (148/472). Blood protozoan (<em>Plasmodium falciparum)</em> infection among active TB patients (20.22 %) and their household contacts (26.27 %) was the most frequently detected parasitic infection. <em>Loa loa</em> was the predominant helminth species seen among active TB patients while <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> was the predominant helminth infection detected in household contacts. TB patients and household contacts living in urban areas had lower odds of being associated with helminth infections (AOR 0.2, 95 % CI: 0.10–0.40; p ˂ 0.0001 and AOR 0.11, 95 % CI: 0.04–0.27; p ˂ 0.0001 respectively) as compared to those residing in rural areas.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We observed that 31 % of the TB patients and household contacts are infected with parasites including P. falciparum, Loa loa and Since helminths can downregulate immune responses against bacterial infections and thus affect treatment efficacy, we recommend that diagnosis of parasitic infections should be included during TB diagnosis and treatment programmes, especially in rural areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00409"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7617333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasmodium knowlesi, the fifth malaria-causing parasite species, is currently changing the landscape of the most dominant malaria-causing species in the Southeast Asia by becoming the emerging significant cause of malaria in the region, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to provide an overview of malaria caused by P. knowlesi in Indonesia.
Methods
This study utilized secondary data from the Indonesian National Referral Malaria Laboratory from 2011 to 2020 for the analysis.
Results
Analysis on 212 samples collected over ten years identified 66 (31.1 %) cases of P. knowlesi infection, with one (0.5 %) mixed infection of P. knowlesi and P. vivax. These cases were reported in seven provinces in Kalimantan and Sumatra islands. Males were 2.23 times more likely to be at risk for malaria compared to females, and this result was statistically significant (p-value = 0.037, 95 % CI: 0.84–5.91). There was no significant association between the risk of malaria and the age groups classified as non-productive and productive (p-value = 0.535, OR = 0.42, 95 % CI: 0.12–1.53). Individuals working outdoors were not significantly more protected compared to those working indoors (p-value of 0.116, OR = 0.15, 95 % CI: 0.02–1.49). The origin of the sample was found to be the most significant factor (p-value <0.001), with individuals from Kalimantan having the highest risk for malaria caused by P. knowlesi (OR = 3.97, 95 % CI: 2.10–7.49).
Conclusions
Two major Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, which reported malaria cases during the period studied, exhibit a potential risk for P. knowlesi infections that is influenced by factors beyond natural hosts and vectors, such as sex, age, and occupation. Routine PCR examinations for suspected P. knowlesi infections are crucial for developing effective strategies to identify and control this simian malaria parasite.
{"title":"Emerging malaria in Indonesia: An overview of Plasmodium knowlesi infections","authors":"Nisa Fauziah , Karomahul Malaya Jati , Fedri Ruluwedrata Rinawan , Naufal Fakhri Nugraha , Bachti Alisjahbana , Jontari Hutagalung","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>, the fifth malaria-causing parasite species, is currently changing the landscape of the most dominant malaria-causing species in the Southeast Asia by becoming the emerging significant cause of malaria in the region, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to provide an overview of malaria caused by <em>P. knowlesi</em> in Indonesia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study utilized secondary data from the Indonesian National Referral Malaria Laboratory from 2011 to 2020 for the analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Analysis on 212 samples collected over ten years identified 66 (31.1 %) cases of <em>P. knowlesi</em> infection, with one (0.5 %) mixed infection of <em>P. knowlesi</em> and <em>P. vivax</em>. These cases were reported in seven provinces in Kalimantan and Sumatra islands. Males were 2.23 times more likely to be at risk for malaria compared to females, and this result was statistically significant (<em>p</em>-value = 0.037, 95 % CI: 0.84–5.91). There was no significant association between the risk of malaria and the age groups classified as non-productive and productive (<em>p</em>-value = 0.535, OR = 0.42, 95 % CI: 0.12–1.53). Individuals working outdoors were not significantly more protected compared to those working indoors (p-value of 0.116, OR = 0.15, 95 % CI: 0.02–1.49). The origin of the sample was found to be the most significant factor (p-value <0.001), with individuals from Kalimantan having the highest risk for malaria caused by <em>P. knowlesi</em> (OR = 3.97, 95 % CI: 2.10–7.49).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Two major Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, which reported malaria cases during the period studied, exhibit a potential risk for <em>P. knowlesi</em> infections that is influenced by factors beyond natural hosts and vectors, such as sex, age, and occupation. Routine PCR examinations for suspected <em>P. knowlesi</em> infections are crucial for developing effective strategies to identify and control this simian malaria parasite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00410
Hervé Kengne Fogang , Hugues C. Nana Djeunga , Alvine C. Kengne-Fokam , Murielle C. Tchami Mbagnia , Flobert Njiokou , Dickson S. Nsagha , Emmanuel Yenshu , Joseph Kamgno
Schistosomiasis control currently relies on school-based preventive chemotherapy (PC) with praziquantel, which has been proven, unfortunately, insufficient to interrupt disease transmission in areas with persistent transmission. In the Ndikinimeki Health District (Centre Region, Cameroon), complementary strategies (community-based preventive chemotherapy, water sanitation, hygiene, and health education) have also been implemented to accelerate the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in this focus. The assessment of the impact of this package of interventions revealed that only a few individuals were still infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate whether schistosomiasis transmission has been interrupted in the Ndikinimeki Health District by assessing the infection among the population of snails, intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis. A cross-sectional malacological survey was conducted in four health areas of the Ndikinimeki Health District using a standardized technique. Collected snails were transported to the laboratory, where they were identified and exposed to sunlight for cercarial shedding. Overall, 350 snails intermediate hosts of schistosomes were collected in 32 sampling sites. A total of 330 (94.3 %) were identified as Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria camerunensis, and 20 (5.7 %) as Bulinus forskalii. Of the 154 snails that survived during 30 days of follow-up, 16 (10.4 %; 95 % CI: 6.5–16.2) shed cercariae, the infection rate being quite heterogeneous between snails' species and communities. This study revealed a residual transmission of schistosomiasis in the snail populations, emphasizing the need for snail control to complement current interventions and accelerate schistosomiasis transmission interruption.
{"title":"Residual transmission of schistosomiasis in Ndikinimeki Health District (Centre Region, Cameroon) despite implementation of complementary control strategies: Prospects for elimination","authors":"Hervé Kengne Fogang , Hugues C. Nana Djeunga , Alvine C. Kengne-Fokam , Murielle C. Tchami Mbagnia , Flobert Njiokou , Dickson S. Nsagha , Emmanuel Yenshu , Joseph Kamgno","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schistosomiasis control currently relies on school-based preventive chemotherapy (PC) with praziquantel, which has been proven, unfortunately, insufficient to interrupt disease transmission in areas with persistent transmission. In the Ndikinimeki Health District (Centre Region, Cameroon), complementary strategies (community-based preventive chemotherapy, water sanitation, hygiene, and health education) have also been implemented to accelerate the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in this focus. The assessment of the impact of this package of interventions revealed that only a few individuals were still infected with <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em>. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate whether schistosomiasis transmission has been interrupted in the Ndikinimeki Health District by assessing the infection among the population of snails, intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis. A cross-sectional malacological survey was conducted in four health areas of the Ndikinimeki Health District using a standardized technique. Collected snails were transported to the laboratory, where they were identified and exposed to sunlight for cercarial shedding. Overall, 350 snails intermediate hosts of schistosomes were collected in 32 sampling sites. A total of 330 (94.3 %) were identified as <em>Biomphalaria pfeifferi</em> and <em>Biomphalaria camerunensis</em>, and 20 (5.7 %) as <em>Bulinus forskalii.</em> Of the 154 snails that survived during 30 days of follow-up, 16 (10.4 %; 95 % CI: 6.5–16.2) shed cercariae, the infection rate being quite heterogeneous between snails' species and communities. This study revealed a residual transmission of schistosomiasis in the snail populations, emphasizing the need for snail control to complement current interventions and accelerate schistosomiasis transmission interruption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease that is caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasite in the genus of <em>Babesia. Babesia</em> infections affect cattle health, reduce milk and meat production and lead to economic losses in tropical and subtropical countries. <em>Babesia</em> parasites are difficult to diagnose in the early stage of infections during low parasitemia and asymptomatic conditions led to the lack of treatment and control at the early stage of infection. This study aimed to integrate a molecular tool for the detection and genetic characterization of <em>Babesia (B.) bovis and B. bigemina</em> in small-scale livestock farming in Thailand, and to study the risk factors association with <em>Babesia</em> infections in small scale livestock farms in Thailand. This study was conducted in four regions of Thailand between June 2023 and January 2024. Dairy and beef cattle blood samples were collected, genomic DNA were extracted and nested PCRs were performed. Data associated with <em>Babesia</em> infections were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and interview. Nested PCR targeting <em>B. bovis</em> spherical binding protein 4 (<em>SBP4</em>) and <em>B. bigemina</em> rhoptries associating protein 1a (<em>Rap1a</em>) genes were performed and direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. Risk factors association with <em>Babesia</em> infections were analyzed. PCR results, chemotherapeutic treatment options, and vector control suggestions were also reported to local veterinarians and farmers within 14 days. A total of 964 livestock blood samples were collected from 126 small scale farms in four regions of Thailand. <em>B. bovis</em> infection was predominant in buffalo (31.25 %), followed by dairy cattle (11.44 %) and beef cattle (7.47 %). <em>B. bigemina</em> infection was predominant in goats (53.33 %), followed by beef cattle (25.33 %) and dairy cattle (8.88 %). Mixed infection was also detected in beef and dairy cattle at 2.09 % and 1.58 %, respectively. Molecular characterization of <em>B. bovis SBP4</em> and <em>B. bigemina RAP1a</em> sequences showed that <em>B. bigemina</em> and <em>B. bovis</em> Thai isolates were closely related among geographical areas and shared genetic similarity among different hosts but were genetically distinct from <em>B. bigemina</em> and <em>B. bovis</em> from other countries. Risk factor analysis identified five factors associated with <em>B. bovis</em> infection and one factor associated with <em>B. bigemina</em> infection in small-scale livestock farming in Thailand. All the farmers were very satisfied with the integrative approach. This study implemented sensitive and specific nested PCR methods for the detection of <em>Babesia</em> in livestock. Applying an integrative approach by providing a sensitive diagnostic tool for identification of the infected animals and providing proper treatment and control measures to local farmers help combating babesiosis in small s
{"title":"Application of molecular approach in combination with providing treatment and control measures for combating Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina infections in small scale livestock farms in Thailand","authors":"Nutsuda Klinkaew , Pairpailin Jhaiaun , Giang Thi Nguyen , Ruttayaporn Ngasaman , Domechai Keawnoi , Niorn Rattanapob , Pipat Arunvipas , Meyanee Kanjanaphan , Nuttapon Manojai , Suwitcha Panchakhan , Julaluk Jaiboon , Piyavadee Numnual , Prattana Tong-in , Thongphanchang Khanthong , Paween Srirarai , Chutima Chantarakot , Pattarakitti Noenchat , Jaroonwit Napornram , Somtat Yangsuk , Tanakrit Cham-iam , Ketsarin Kamyingkird","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease that is caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasite in the genus of <em>Babesia. Babesia</em> infections affect cattle health, reduce milk and meat production and lead to economic losses in tropical and subtropical countries. <em>Babesia</em> parasites are difficult to diagnose in the early stage of infections during low parasitemia and asymptomatic conditions led to the lack of treatment and control at the early stage of infection. This study aimed to integrate a molecular tool for the detection and genetic characterization of <em>Babesia (B.) bovis and B. bigemina</em> in small-scale livestock farming in Thailand, and to study the risk factors association with <em>Babesia</em> infections in small scale livestock farms in Thailand. This study was conducted in four regions of Thailand between June 2023 and January 2024. Dairy and beef cattle blood samples were collected, genomic DNA were extracted and nested PCRs were performed. Data associated with <em>Babesia</em> infections were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and interview. Nested PCR targeting <em>B. bovis</em> spherical binding protein 4 (<em>SBP4</em>) and <em>B. bigemina</em> rhoptries associating protein 1a (<em>Rap1a</em>) genes were performed and direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. Risk factors association with <em>Babesia</em> infections were analyzed. PCR results, chemotherapeutic treatment options, and vector control suggestions were also reported to local veterinarians and farmers within 14 days. A total of 964 livestock blood samples were collected from 126 small scale farms in four regions of Thailand. <em>B. bovis</em> infection was predominant in buffalo (31.25 %), followed by dairy cattle (11.44 %) and beef cattle (7.47 %). <em>B. bigemina</em> infection was predominant in goats (53.33 %), followed by beef cattle (25.33 %) and dairy cattle (8.88 %). Mixed infection was also detected in beef and dairy cattle at 2.09 % and 1.58 %, respectively. Molecular characterization of <em>B. bovis SBP4</em> and <em>B. bigemina RAP1a</em> sequences showed that <em>B. bigemina</em> and <em>B. bovis</em> Thai isolates were closely related among geographical areas and shared genetic similarity among different hosts but were genetically distinct from <em>B. bigemina</em> and <em>B. bovis</em> from other countries. Risk factor analysis identified five factors associated with <em>B. bovis</em> infection and one factor associated with <em>B. bigemina</em> infection in small-scale livestock farming in Thailand. All the farmers were very satisfied with the integrative approach. This study implemented sensitive and specific nested PCR methods for the detection of <em>Babesia</em> in livestock. Applying an integrative approach by providing a sensitive diagnostic tool for identification of the infected animals and providing proper treatment and control measures to local farmers help combating babesiosis in small s","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143025185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antiparasitic resistance represents a serious global public health concern with tremendous economic and safety implications. This study intended to investigate the expression of the two major resistant markers: cystathionine β synthase (CβS) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in antimony unresponsive Leishmania tropica isolates compared to responsive ones. Twenty-six patients were randomly selected from widely known foci of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran. Written informed consent of the patients was obtained. Two smears were prepared from the edge of each active lesion; one for microscopic direct smear preparation and the other for inoculation into monophasic NNN media, then for mass production of promastigotes into RPMI-1640 monophasic culture for performing nested PCR and gene expression quantification by real-time PCR. Twenty-six patients consisting of 13 unresponsive and 13 responsive equally distributed among female and male groups. All cases were identified to be L. tropica. Both resistant gene markers were significantly up-regulated in unresponsive and responsive isolates. The findings showed that CβS and ODC are directly linked with the resistance to L. tropica. Alternative drugs or combination therapy and monitoring drug resistance to prevent the spread of resistant isolates are proper strategies to control the disease.
{"title":"Identification of CβS and ODC antimony resistance markers in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis field isolates by gene expression profiling","authors":"Farzaneh Zarrinkar , Iraj Sharifi , Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee , Ali Afgar , Elaheh Molaakbari , Mehdi Bamorovat , Zahra Babaei , Ebrahim Eskandari , Ehsan Salarkia , Marzieh Asadi","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antiparasitic resistance represents a serious global public health concern with tremendous economic and safety implications. This study intended to investigate the expression of the two major resistant markers: cystathionine β synthase (CβS) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in antimony unresponsive <em>Leishmania tropica</em> isolates compared to responsive ones. Twenty-six patients were randomly selected from widely known foci of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran. Written informed consent of the patients was obtained. Two smears were prepared from the edge of each active lesion; one for microscopic direct smear preparation and the other for inoculation into monophasic NNN media, then for mass production of promastigotes into RPMI-1640 monophasic culture for performing nested PCR and gene expression quantification by real-time PCR. Twenty-six patients consisting of 13 unresponsive and 13 responsive equally distributed among female and male groups. All cases were identified to be <em>L. tropica.</em> Both resistant gene markers were significantly up-regulated in unresponsive and responsive isolates. The findings showed that CβS and ODC are directly linked with the resistance to L. <em>tropica.</em> Alternative drugs or combination therapy and monitoring drug resistance to prevent the spread of resistant isolates are proper strategies to control the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号