Wet sites, due to reduced oxygen, provide excellent preservation of both plant and animal remains. Due to the clear importance of Sunken Village as an acorn leaching and processing location – largely because of the aquifer streaming through this approximately 100–125 m of intertidal beach – the focus in Section 4 is on the leaching pits and acorn remains. First we begin with a look at identifying the actual plant materials and fuels used at this site, requiring both visual observations of the plant remains and also cellular analysis of the wood, fibers and charcoal. Many of the perishable artifacts are introduced in this section while identifying their wood and fiber construction materials. Second we report the abundant acorns and acorn leaching pit features, so numerous at Sunken Village. Third, seed retrieval is explored, comparing the results of flotation techniques and fine wet screening. And finally, the faunal analysis reflects the use of these animal resources in a secondary position, and probably to support the group while managing the acorn leaching pits from this site. The obvious contrast here to other Northwest Coast and Columbia River sites is the reduced focus on fisheries from this location.
{"title":"Ecofacts – Plant and Animal Analyses","authors":"D. Croes, J. Fagan, Maureen Newman Zehendner","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2009.9.1.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2009.9.1.74","url":null,"abstract":"Wet sites, due to reduced oxygen, provide excellent preservation of both plant and animal remains. Due to the clear importance of Sunken Village as an acorn leaching and processing location – largely because of the aquifer streaming through this approximately 100–125 m of intertidal beach – the focus in Section 4 is on the leaching pits and acorn remains. First we begin with a look at identifying the actual plant materials and fuels used at this site, requiring both visual observations of the plant remains and also cellular analysis of the wood, fibers and charcoal. Many of the perishable artifacts are introduced in this section while identifying their wood and fiber construction materials. Second we report the abundant acorns and acorn leaching pit features, so numerous at Sunken Village. Third, seed retrieval is explored, comparing the results of flotation techniques and fine wet screening. And finally, the faunal analysis reflects the use of these animal resources in a secondary position, and probably to support the group while managing the acorn leaching pits from this site. The obvious contrast here to other Northwest Coast and Columbia River sites is the reduced focus on fisheries from this location.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"73 1","pages":"113 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2009.9.1.74","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65608949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Recent survey around the Essex coast has built on the work of the pioneering Hullbridge Survey of the 1980s, extending its coverage both geographically and chronologically. New fieldwork has examined areas not previously surveyed, and has concentrated on Roman, medieval and post-medieval sites and features, rather than the prehistoric landsurface and associated deposits which formed the focus of the Hullbridge work. At the same time, monitoring work was undertaken to assess patterns of change, erosion and new exposures. A series of sites, including stratigraphic sequences, peat deposits, 'submerged forests' and timber structures recorded in the 1980s in different coastal and estuarine locations, were revisited to assess current conditions. Following the initial revisits, selected sites were regularly revisited over a three year period, to record the nature and rate of change. This recent fieldwork forms part of a systematic series of surveys which have extended the work of the Hullbridge survey both inland of the seawalls and down to the edge of the sub-tidal zone. This has enabled an integrated approach to research and management of the coastal historic environment to be developed.
{"title":"Rapid Coastal zone Survey and Beyond: research and management of the Essex coast, UK","authors":"E. Heppell, N. Brown","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.26","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent survey around the Essex coast has built on the work of the pioneering Hullbridge Survey of the 1980s, extending its coverage both geographically and chronologically. New fieldwork has examined areas not previously surveyed, and has concentrated on Roman, medieval and post-medieval sites and features, rather than the prehistoric landsurface and associated deposits which formed the focus of the Hullbridge work. At the same time, monitoring work was undertaken to assess patterns of change, erosion and new exposures. A series of sites, including stratigraphic sequences, peat deposits, 'submerged forests' and timber structures recorded in the 1980s in different coastal and estuarine locations, were revisited to assess current conditions. Following the initial revisits, selected sites were regularly revisited over a three year period, to record the nature and rate of change. This recent fieldwork forms part of a systematic series of surveys which have extended the work of the Hullbridge survey both inland of the seawalls and down to the edge of the sub-tidal zone. This has enabled an integrated approach to research and management of the coastal historic environment to be developed.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"8 1","pages":"26 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65608991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Lake Nakaumi and Lake Shinji are coastal lakes facing the Japan Sea, located in the estuary areas of the River Hii. From an archaeological point of view, these areas are the zone where human activities have been developed intensively from the prehistoric period. Based on the specific characteristics of the archaeological sites around these areas, two kinds of coastal archaeological sites are distinguished. One is the coastal wetland site, the other the coastal cave site. Both kinds of site were developed facing the coast in each stage of environmental changes, therefore research on these sites plays an important role in reconstructing not only prehistoric human activities but also the palaeo-environment around these areas.
{"title":"Coastal Wetland Sites and Coastal Cave Sites: Archaeological and Environmental Investigations around Lake Nakaumi and Lake Shinji areas, West Japan","authors":"Fumiaki Takehiro","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lake Nakaumi and Lake Shinji are coastal lakes facing the Japan Sea, located in the estuary areas of the River Hii. From an archaeological point of view, these areas are the zone where human activities have been developed intensively from the prehistoric period. Based on the specific characteristics of the archaeological sites around these areas, two kinds of coastal archaeological sites are distinguished. One is the coastal wetland site, the other the coastal cave site. Both kinds of site were developed facing the coast in each stage of environmental changes, therefore research on these sites plays an important role in reconstructing not only prehistoric human activities but also the palaeo-environment around these areas.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"8 1","pages":"1 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65608883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-15DOI: 10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.122
B. Jennings
{"title":"Prehistoric Woodworking in the Baltic Regions: Toolmark Analysis on a Selection of Timbers from a Late Bronze Age Lake-dwelling Settlement on Lake Luokesas, Lithuania","authors":"B. Jennings","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.122","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"8 1","pages":"122 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65608924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper the meanings related to lakes in the Viking Age cognitive landscape are examined through a re-reading of a number of Old Norse sources with a focus on bodies of water and an analysis of depositions of jewellery, weapons, tools and cauldrons from a number of South Scandinavian lakes. It is argued that the finds are not lost accidentally or stored in order to be retrieved, but can be interpreted as the outcome of ritual acts. The relationship between categorisation of landscape and material culture is explored, focusing on metaphorical links between lakes and cauldrons.
{"title":"Banks, Borders and Bodies of Water in a Viking Age Mentality","authors":"Julie Lund","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.53","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper the meanings related to lakes in the Viking Age cognitive landscape are examined through a re-reading of a number of Old Norse sources with a focus on bodies of water and an analysis of depositions of jewellery, weapons, tools and cauldrons from a number of South Scandinavian lakes. It is argued that the finds are not lost accidentally or stored in order to be retrieved, but can be interpreted as the outcome of ritual acts. The relationship between categorisation of landscape and material culture is explored, focusing on metaphorical links between lakes and cauldrons.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"8 1","pages":"53 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.53","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65609028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article presents the results of a Masters' dissertation exploring the ways in which prehistoric wetland sites have been communicated to the public. Three sites from Britain and Ireland are considered in depth. The responses of visitors are investigated and used to assess the perceived effectiveness of the displays at the sites selected, whilst the aims of the study are set within the context of the changing role of museums and of archaeology in a post-modern world. Observations and impressions gained from visiting the sites are analysed and used to complement the results of a visitor survey. The results are assessed in terms of the extent to which visitors felt able to engage intellectually and emotionally with various features on site. The common themes to have emerged at the three locations are summarised, and the results discussed within the wider context of how archaeological sites are presented. Attention is given to theoretical concepts relating to the communication of archaeology, and conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of wetland archaeological presentations and their importance for the future.
{"title":"Facing the Future, Touching the Past: an Exploration of Visitor Responses to Wetland Archaeological Sites","authors":"J. Collins","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.73","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article presents the results of a Masters' dissertation exploring the ways in which prehistoric wetland sites have been communicated to the public. Three sites from Britain and Ireland are considered in depth. The responses of visitors are investigated and used to assess the perceived effectiveness of the displays at the sites selected, whilst the aims of the study are set within the context of the changing role of museums and of archaeology in a post-modern world. Observations and impressions gained from visiting the sites are analysed and used to complement the results of a visitor survey. The results are assessed in terms of the extent to which visitors felt able to engage intellectually and emotionally with various features on site. The common themes to have emerged at the three locations are summarised, and the results discussed within the wider context of how archaeological sites are presented. Attention is given to theoretical concepts relating to the communication of archaeology, and conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of wetland archaeological presentations and their importance for the future.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"9 1","pages":"73 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.73","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65609074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This detailed study of a 13m deep borehole from West Quay Road, Southampton documents estuary evolution over the Holocene in a locality which has received little attention in the literature. The work was undertaken by the Museum of London Archaeology Service Geoarchaeology department. The sediment sequence along with evidence from pollen, plant macrofossils, diatoms, ostracods, snails and radiocarbon dating shows the gradual drowning of the valley from the Lateglacial to the historic period. The evidence shows shifts in floral and faunal communities as coastal and estuarine habitats encroach inland with sea-level rise. Thick fen carr peat developed from the early Mesolithic over river terrace gravels and freshwater channels, while Boreal forest thrived in the surroundings. As tidal environments became more influential, a mosaic of reed beds and salt marsh pools developed by the late Mesolithic. A period of estuary contraction is indicated by the growth of freshwater sedge fen around the early to mid Neolithic, followed by clear marine transgression and persistence of estuarine mudflat environments into the historic period. The work supports the three phase model of Holocene estuary development of Long et al. (2000) which concluded that regional processes control estuary evolution. Although small-scale, this project contributes to the wider palaeogeographic and palaeoenvironmental picture within the Solent, and initiatives such as this form the backdrop for archaeological studies in the region. The length of the sedimentary archive and the amount of information gained show the value of geoarchaeological boreholes undertaken as part of developer-funded projects.
摘要:本文对南安普敦西码头路(West Quay Road)一个13米深的钻孔进行了详细研究，记录了一个文献中很少关注的地方全新世的河口演化。这项工作是由伦敦考古博物馆地质考古部门承担的。沉积物序列以及来自花粉、植物大型化石、硅藻、介形虫、蜗牛和放射性碳定年的证据表明，从冰川期到历史时期，山谷逐渐被淹没。证据表明，随着海平面上升，沿海和河口栖息地侵占内陆，植物和动物群落发生了变化。从中石器时代早期开始，在河流阶地砾石和淡水通道上形成了厚厚的沼泽泥炭，而北方森林则在周围蓬勃发展。随着潮汐环境的影响越来越大，中石器时代晚期形成了芦苇床和盐沼池的马赛克。新石器时代早期至中期为河口收缩期，以淡水莎草沼泽的生长为标志，进入历史时期后，明显的海侵和河口泥滩环境持续存在。该研究支持Long et al.(2000)全新世河口发育的三个阶段模型，该模型认为区域过程控制河口演化。虽然规模很小，但该项目有助于更广泛地了解索伦特地区的古地理和古环境，并且此类倡议为该地区的考古研究奠定了基础。沉积档案的长度和获得的信息量显示了地质考古钻孔作为开发商资助项目的一部分的价值。
{"title":"Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction from Sediments at West Quay Road, Southampton","authors":"M. Nicholls, R. Scaife","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.91","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This detailed study of a 13m deep borehole from West Quay Road, Southampton documents estuary evolution over the Holocene in a locality which has received little attention in the literature. The work was undertaken by the Museum of London Archaeology Service Geoarchaeology department. The sediment sequence along with evidence from pollen, plant macrofossils, diatoms, ostracods, snails and radiocarbon dating shows the gradual drowning of the valley from the Lateglacial to the historic period. The evidence shows shifts in floral and faunal communities as coastal and estuarine habitats encroach inland with sea-level rise. Thick fen carr peat developed from the early Mesolithic over river terrace gravels and freshwater channels, while Boreal forest thrived in the surroundings. As tidal environments became more influential, a mosaic of reed beds and salt marsh pools developed by the late Mesolithic. A period of estuary contraction is indicated by the growth of freshwater sedge fen around the early to mid Neolithic, followed by clear marine transgression and persistence of estuarine mudflat environments into the historic period. The work supports the three phase model of Holocene estuary development of Long et al. (2000) which concluded that regional processes control estuary evolution. Although small-scale, this project contributes to the wider palaeogeographic and palaeoenvironmental picture within the Solent, and initiatives such as this form the backdrop for archaeological studies in the region. The length of the sedimentary archive and the amount of information gained show the value of geoarchaeological boreholes undertaken as part of developer-funded projects.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"8 1","pages":"119 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2008.8.1.91","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65609084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In contrast to the widely reported research into the wetland prehistory of the Somerset Moors and Levels, the wetland archaeology for the historic periods of this region of south west England has always been less well known, being reliant on mostly non-wetland sources of information, e.g. documentary evidence, cartographic studies and inferences made from dry land archaeological sites. This study attempts to correct this imbalance by outlining palynological and radiocarbon evidence obtained in the last fifteen years from Godney Moor that suggests that palaeoenvironmental evidence may survive in at least certain parts of the region. Furthermore, data from an earlier study made in the 1940–50s are highlighted that would indicate more palaeoenvironmental information can be discerned for the Post-Roman period in previous studies if these findings are re-examined in the light of recent advances in knowledge.
{"title":"An Ecological Context for the Post-Roman Archaeology of the Somerset Moors (South West England, UK)","authors":"R. Housley, V. Straker, F. Chambers, J. Lageard","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2007.7.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2007.7.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In contrast to the widely reported research into the wetland prehistory of the Somerset Moors and Levels, the wetland archaeology for the historic periods of this region of south west England has always been less well known, being reliant on mostly non-wetland sources of information, e.g. documentary evidence, cartographic studies and inferences made from dry land archaeological sites. This study attempts to correct this imbalance by outlining palynological and radiocarbon evidence obtained in the last fifteen years from Godney Moor that suggests that palaeoenvironmental evidence may survive in at least certain parts of the region. Furthermore, data from an earlier study made in the 1940–50s are highlighted that would indicate more palaeoenvironmental information can be discerned for the Post-Roman period in previous studies if these findings are re-examined in the light of recent advances in knowledge.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2007.7.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65608569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article discusses the chronology of the lake settlement of Lake Valgjärv of Koorküla in Estonia, from the Neolithic onwards, with a more detailed survey of the dating problems of the settlement belonging to the second half of the first millennium AD. For decades the site has been regarded as a fortified settlement of the 6th–7th centuries AD. However, the finds recovered from the excavations, the 14C analyses and dendrochronological results suggest it to belong later, to the 7th–8th centuries AD. In addition, the problems of the purpose of the pile construction are discussed. It is argued that the pile construction of the later first millennium AD, whilst using the same location as the settlement site of the Stone Age, had a different function and social role.
{"title":"New Interpretations of Settlement Remains in Lake Valgjärv of Koorküla, Estonia","authors":"Maili Roio","doi":"10.1179/jwa.2007.7.1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/jwa.2007.7.1.23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article discusses the chronology of the lake settlement of Lake Valgjärv of Koorküla in Estonia, from the Neolithic onwards, with a more detailed survey of the dating problems of the settlement belonging to the second half of the first millennium AD. For decades the site has been regarded as a fortified settlement of the 6th–7th centuries AD. However, the finds recovered from the excavations, the 14C analyses and dendrochronological results suggest it to belong later, to the 7th–8th centuries AD. In addition, the problems of the purpose of the pile construction are discussed. It is argued that the pile construction of the later first millennium AD, whilst using the same location as the settlement site of the Stone Age, had a different function and social role.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":"7 1","pages":"23 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/jwa.2007.7.1.23","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65608673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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