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The Earliest Europeans. A Year in the Life: Seasonal Survival Strategies in the Lower Palaeolithic 最早的欧洲人。生命中的一年:旧石器时代晚期的季节性生存策略
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2021.1905889
A. Nowell
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引用次数: 2
Childhood and Identity Acquisition in the Late Prehispanic Ónavas Valley, Sonora, Mexico 墨西哥索诺拉,普雷西恐慌后期奥纳瓦斯山谷的童年与身份获取
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2021.1901338
C. García-Moreno, Patricia Olga Hernández Espinoza, J. Watson
ABSTRACT Identity acquisition is a lifelong process that begins prior to birth (passive), becomes more active with self-awareness, and continues throughout the enculturation process. We argue that in childhood, as a liminal period of the life course, individuals are subject to a combination of active and passive forces of identity acquisition, largely determined first by family/parental decisions, then by community decisions as part of the enculturation process. We test this idea by reconstructing episodes of identity acquisition across social age categories in a late prehispanic (AD 900–1300) skeletal sample from the site of El Cementerio from north-west Mexico, which represents the central community of a settlement system in the valley of Ónavas, Sonora, Mexico. Artificial cranial modification, dental modification, and the placement of funerary objects reflect intersecting identities and provide clues to social age and identity acquisition within the community.
身份获得是一个终生的过程,从出生之前(被动)开始,随着自我意识的提高而变得更加主动,并在整个文化适应过程中持续下去。我们认为,在童年时期,作为生命历程的一个阈值阶段,个体受制于身份获取的主动和被动力量的组合,这在很大程度上首先由家庭/父母的决定决定,然后由作为文化适应过程一部分的社区决定决定。我们通过重建来自墨西哥西北部El Cementerio遗址的前西班牙晚期(公元900-1300年)骨骼样本来验证这一观点,该遗址代表了墨西哥索诺拉州Ónavas山谷中一个定居系统的中心社区。人工颅骨改造、牙齿改造和随葬品的放置反映了交叉的身份,并为社会年龄和社区内的身份获取提供了线索。
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引用次数: 1
Goods for the Smallest Citizens: Consumption, Spaces, and the Material World of Toys in Early Soviet Ukraine 最小公民的商品:消费、空间和早期苏联乌克兰玩具的物质世界
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2021.1898733
Iryna Skubii
ABSTRACT This paper investigates toys and their consumer spaces as a part of the history of early Soviet childhood in Ukraine. Particular consideration is paid to the influence of communist ideology on determining a toy's role in children's upbringing. The study highlights the various spaces established in Ukraine for children's collective consumption and the material world of play, such as the children's branch of the central department store and the Palace of Pioneers. However, it has been shown that the low purchasing power of households and the underdevelopment of light industry made hand-made play items an inseparable element of children's material culture, as well as an important part of children's everyday consumption practices. In the 1930s, the growing tensions inside Soviet society, Europe, and around the world caused the militarization of childhood and raised the role of war toys.
摘要本文将玩具及其消费空间作为苏联早期乌克兰儿童历史的一部分进行调查。特别要考虑的是共产主义意识形态对决定玩具在儿童成长过程中的作用的影响。该研究强调了乌克兰为儿童集体消费和物质游戏世界建立的各种空间,如中央百货公司的儿童分店和先锋宫。然而,研究表明,家庭购买力低和轻工业不发达,使手工游戏成为儿童物质文化中不可分割的元素,也是儿童日常消费习惯的重要组成部分。20世纪30年代,苏联社会、欧洲和世界各地日益紧张的局势导致了童年的军事化,并提高了战争玩具的作用。
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引用次数: 0
‘The Child that is Born of One’s Fair Body’ – Maternal and Infant Death in Medieval Ireland “一个人美丽的身体所生的孩子”——中世纪爱尔兰的母婴死亡
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2021.1904595
E. Murphy
ABSTRACT The paper explores the historical and archaeological evidence for maternal and infant death in medieval Ireland. An overview of a range of historical sources including law tracts, medical documents, and folklore are investigated for insights concerning the treatment of pregnant women, abortion, post-mortem caesarean, and the nature of herbs that were administered to assist with female reproductive matters. This provides the context for a review of 15 earlier and later medieval burial grounds in Ireland that produced 30 burials in which an adult female was associated with one or more foetal or perinatal infants. The individuals are considered to have potentially died as a result of obstetric complications. The overall frequency and age-at-death profiles of the women and babies are investigated. This is followed by an attempt to interpret the circumstances of each case to determine whether the death had occurred during pregnancy, childbirth or shortly after birthing.
本文探讨了中世纪爱尔兰母婴死亡的历史和考古证据。对一系列历史资料的概述,包括法律小册子、医疗文件和民间传说进行了调查,以了解对孕妇的治疗、堕胎、死后剖腹产以及用于帮助女性生殖问题的草药的性质。这为对爱尔兰15个早期和晚期中世纪墓地的回顾提供了背景,这些墓地中有30个埋葬,其中一个成年女性与一个或多个胎儿或围产期婴儿有关。这些人被认为可能死于产科并发症。调查了妇女和婴儿的总体死亡频率和死亡年龄概况。随后,试图解释每个案件的情况,以确定死亡是发生在怀孕期间、分娩期间还是分娩后不久。
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引用次数: 2
New Prospects for Investigating Early Life-Course Experiences and Health in Archaeological Fetal, Perinatal and Infant Individuals 考古胎儿、围产期和婴儿个体早期生命历程经历和健康调查的新前景
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2021.1905884
Claire M. Hodson
ABSTRACT Children have become firmly embedded within multidisciplinary investigations of young lives, yet within these studies, the youngest members of past populations persist in lingering on the margins of discussion. Fetal, perinatal and infant lives are tangential; unable to articulate their thoughts and feelings, with their position and role in society typically a product of parental or wider social vectors, these individuals, their experiences, and their roles are complex to decipher. Yet as keepers of both biological and social data – regarding themselves, their mothers and wider community dynamics – these individuals are central in developing comprehensive narratives of infanthood in the past. However, a lack of methodologies for investigating these young lives has been a constant limitation. With recent advancements able to further our understanding of these early life courses, it is now pertinent to focus on fetal, perinatal and infant lives further.
摘要儿童已经牢牢地融入了对年轻人生活的多学科调查中,但在这些研究中,过去人群中最年轻的成员仍然徘徊在讨论的边缘。胎儿、围产期和婴儿的生命是不相关的;由于无法表达自己的想法和感受,他们在社会中的地位和角色通常是父母或更广泛的社会媒介的产物,这些人、他们的经历和他们的角色很难解读。然而,作为生物和社会数据的保管人——关于他们自己、他们的母亲和更广泛的社区动态——这些人在过去发展婴儿时代的全面叙事中起着核心作用。然而,缺乏调查这些年轻生命的方法一直是一个限制。随着最近的进展能够进一步加深我们对这些早期生命过程的理解,现在有必要进一步关注胎儿、围产期和婴儿的生活。
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引用次数: 2
Editorial 社论
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2021.1908213
E. Murphy
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引用次数: 0
Childhood in History: Perceptions of Children in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds 历史上的童年:古代和中世纪儿童的观念
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2021.1905885
M. Carroll
tigation of personhood of young children through an investigation of burial rites in an Iron Age (c. 900–450 BC) Italian cemetery. Using a range of markers such as age, gender, taphonomy, and mortuary treatment to gauge attitudes towards children during a period of increasing inequality and environmental stressors, the authors conclude that attribution of personhood was incremental with age, conditional, and not universal. Following the theme of age thresholds andmortuary inclusion as an indicator of social identity, Anna Serra’s chapter examined archaeological evidence from an Etruscan (c. 600–200 BC) necropolis. Like others in this time period, Serra finds that children are included in low numbers, indicating that their inclusion in mortuary ritual may have been selective. Hanna Ammar’s chapter departs from the theme of age thresholds and identity in funerary contexts, assessing iconographic depictions on Attic (c. 500–300 BC) miniature wine vessels called choes, used to celebrate children’s initiation to religious rites in ancient Greece. Ammar considers the imagery of choes, which frequently feature images of children at play, finding associations of gender and increasing age with the types of toys depicted. In the penultimate chapter of the book, Alexandra Syrogianni continues the Greek theme, discussing themedical basis for high infant mortality in ancient Greece and the risk of complications in pregnancy and childbirth due to undernutrition among young women pursuing a fashionably slender figure. The final chapter, by Irene Mañas Romero and José Nicolás Saiz López, closes the volume with a chapter on the rites and rituals leading to and around pregnancy and birth in ancient Rome. Mañas Romero and Saiz López consider the range of social rituals and rites of passage around reproduction, from fertility charms designed to encourage conception or ensure a successful pregnancy to the rituals intended to guarantee the safe delivery of a healthy child. Ages and Abilities is varied in its range of themes and topical matter, covering a range of issues throughout childhood and the further lifecourse, from inferred status in life to status in death. The range of methods used is also diverse, covering osteological, historical, iconographic, ethnographic, learning curve data, and taphonomic methodologies to contribute to a larger understanding of the world inhabited by prehistoric children in Europe and the Near East, and their place in it. This addition of a methodologically diverse exploration of age-related social thresholds and the relationship between age and social status will be a welcome addition to an important topic.
通过对铁器时代(约公元前900年至450年)意大利墓地埋葬仪式的调查,对幼儿人格的研究。在不平等和环境压力日益加剧的时期,作者使用年龄、性别、埋葬和太平间治疗等一系列标志来衡量对儿童的态度,得出结论,人格归因是随着年龄的增长而增加的,是有条件的,不是普遍的。根据年龄阈值和作为社会身份指标的博物馆包容性的主题,Anna Serra的章节研究了伊特鲁里亚(约公元前600–200年)墓地的考古证据。与这一时期的其他人一样,塞拉发现儿童人数很少,这表明他们被纳入太平间仪式可能是有选择性的。Hanna Ammar的章节偏离了葬礼背景下的年龄阈值和身份这一主题,评估了古希腊用于庆祝儿童开始参加宗教仪式的阿提克(约公元前500–300年)微型酒杯上的图像描绘。Ammar考虑了choes的图像,它经常以儿童在玩耍的图像为特征,发现性别和年龄的增长与所描绘的玩具类型有关。在本书倒数第二章中,Alexandra Syrogianni延续了希腊主题,讨论了古希腊婴儿死亡率高的医学基础,以及追求时尚苗条身材的年轻女性因营养不良而导致妊娠和分娩并发症的风险。最后一章由Irene Mañas Romero和JoséNicolás Saiz López撰写,最后一章介绍了古罗马时期导致怀孕和分娩的仪式。Mañas Romero和Saiz López考虑了围绕生殖的一系列社会仪式和成人仪式,从旨在鼓励受孕或确保成功怀孕的生育魅力,到旨在确保安全分娩健康孩子的仪式。《年龄与能力》的主题和主题各不相同,涵盖了整个童年和未来生命历程中的一系列问题,从推断的生命状态到死亡状态。所使用的方法也多种多样,包括骨学、历史学、图像学、人种学、学习曲线数据和考古方法,以帮助更深入地了解欧洲和近东史前儿童居住的世界及其在其中的地位。对年龄相关的社会阈值以及年龄与社会地位之间的关系进行方法上的多样性探索,将是一个受欢迎的重要话题。
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引用次数: 0
Childhood, Orphans and Underage Heirs in Medieval Rural England: Growing Up in the Village 中世纪英格兰农村的童年、孤儿和未成年继承人:在乡村长大
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2020.1791494
H. Cunningham
Miriam Muller’s aim is to increase understanding of rural childhoods in England between the late thirteenth century and the end of the fourteenth century, a period marked by two crises, famine betw...
米里亚姆·穆勒的目标是增加对13世纪末至14世纪末英国农村儿童的了解,这一时期经历了两次危机,饥荒和饥荒。。。
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引用次数: 0
From Social Spaces to Training Fields: Evolution of Design Theory of the Children’s Public Sphere in Hungary in the First Half of the Twentieth Century 从社会空间到训练场——二十世纪上半叶匈牙利儿童公共领域设计理论的演变
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2020.1791495
Luca Csepely-Knorr, Mária Klagyivik
ABSTRACT The first half of the twentieth century brought turbulent changes into the political and social scene of Hungary. Within a few decades the country shifted from being a partner in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, to the short-lived Hungarian – and later Soviet – Republic and ultimately to the independent Kingdom of Hungary. These changes strongly affected the ideologies of all fields of life, including landscape architectural and educational theory and practice. This paper discusses evolving Hungarian ideas about designing places for children in the international context of education, by following the changing concepts of play spaces, from designing for physical education and health, to the idea of training soldiers for an approaching war. By tracing the intricate links between these and the history of Hungary in the early twentieth century, the paper argues that the interwoven nature of design theory and the socio-political context of children’s spaces is key in understanding their development.
摘要二十世纪上半叶,匈牙利的政治和社会发生了动荡的变化。几十年内,该国从奥匈帝国的合作伙伴转变为短命的匈牙利共和国,后来又转变为苏联共和国,最终成为独立的匈牙利王国。这些变化强烈影响了生活各个领域的意识形态,包括景观建筑和教育理论与实践。本文讨论了匈牙利在国际教育背景下为儿童设计场所的不断发展的想法,遵循游戏空间的不断变化的概念,从体育和健康设计到为即将到来的战争训练士兵的想法。通过追踪这些与20世纪初匈牙利历史之间的复杂联系,本文认为设计理论的交织性质和儿童空间的社会政治背景是理解儿童空间发展的关键。
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引用次数: 1
Spaces for children as ‘citizens of the future’ by political ideologies of the twentieth century 二十世纪政治意识形态赋予儿童“未来公民”的空间
Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2020.1791491
A. Alegre, Yael Allweil
ABSTRACT This paper constitutes an introduction to the special journal issue on the twentieth-century architecture for children regarded as ‘citizens of the future’ by several distinct ideologies. Four papers from different geographical areas, performed at different times of the twentieth century, comprise the issue and present a rich array of political projects which nonetheless shared the belief in children and childhood as the objects for education, indoctrination, and social transformation. This introduction intends to contextualise architecture of spaces for children in a historical and theoretical perspective discussing its relations with social sciences and the recent field of childhood studies.
摘要:本文介绍了20世纪建筑特刊,面向被几种不同意识形态视为“未来公民”的儿童。在20世纪的不同时期,来自不同地理区域的四篇论文构成了这一问题,并提出了一系列丰富的政治项目,但这些项目都相信儿童和童年是教育、灌输和社会变革的对象。本导论旨在从历史和理论的角度将儿童空间的建筑置于情境中,讨论其与社会科学和儿童研究的最新领域的关系。
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引用次数: 0
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Childhood in the Past
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