Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1835229
I. Janžekovič
ABSTRACT This article addresses a relative vacuum of the historiography of early-seventeenth-century navies. The central question is how European states established and sustained their navies. The article presents the main historiographical issues, especially the concepts of the ‘military revolution afloat’ and the ‘fiscal-naval state’, and demonstrates the technological, administrative and social concerns of early modern navies. It also exposes the main contemporaneous threats and alternatives to early modern state navies. It presents the changes that states made to navies and vice versa just before the so-called military revolution afloat in the mid-seventeenth century. This contested concept is put into context and exposed as a historical construct. The author, along with some other scholars, argues that it was far from a revolution, but more of a gradual evolution. The process of state-building in relation to state navies therefore needs to be reassessed: the navy was one of the tools of state-building, not just a tool of the already built and consolidated state.
{"title":"The rise of state navies in the early seventeenth century: a historiographical study","authors":"I. Janžekovič","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1835229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1835229","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article addresses a relative vacuum of the historiography of early-seventeenth-century navies. The central question is how European states established and sustained their navies. The article presents the main historiographical issues, especially the concepts of the ‘military revolution afloat’ and the ‘fiscal-naval state’, and demonstrates the technological, administrative and social concerns of early modern navies. It also exposes the main contemporaneous threats and alternatives to early modern state navies. It presents the changes that states made to navies and vice versa just before the so-called military revolution afloat in the mid-seventeenth century. This contested concept is put into context and exposed as a historical construct. The author, along with some other scholars, argues that it was far from a revolution, but more of a gradual evolution. The process of state-building in relation to state navies therefore needs to be reassessed: the navy was one of the tools of state-building, not just a tool of the already built and consolidated state.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88988071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1828784
W. Clarence-Smith
ABSTRACT Equids were the main animals transported across the Indian Ocean in this period. Prior to the spread of the internal combustion engine, warfare, agricultural estates, and urban transport drove demand. British India, cut off from overland sources by the Afghans, was the main market, followed by islands with large plantation sectors, notably Mauritius, Réunion, and Java. Australia and South America were the chief suppliers, with few coming from the West. Although first-hand accounts by humans who accompanied animals on their maritime journeys are surprisingly rare, much evidence survives. Harsh conditions, akin to the ‘middle passage’ of enslaved Africans, resulted from military emergencies, marketing deadlines, pressures to compress costs, taking chances, and personal defects among the personnel on ships. However, the monetary value of working equids on arrival depended on their survival and physical state, and some humans were kindly disposed towards the creatures in their care. Although journeys were always a stressful and trying experience for animals, rates of morbidity and mortality slowly fell. The provision of food, water, straw, ventilation, light, and bodily and veterinary care gradually improved. And the early 1880s witnessed two major innovations, better loading and unloading facilities, and the introduction of specially equipped steamers.
{"title":"Equids across the Indian Ocean, c. 1800–1918","authors":"W. Clarence-Smith","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1828784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1828784","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Equids were the main animals transported across the Indian Ocean in this period. Prior to the spread of the internal combustion engine, warfare, agricultural estates, and urban transport drove demand. British India, cut off from overland sources by the Afghans, was the main market, followed by islands with large plantation sectors, notably Mauritius, Réunion, and Java. Australia and South America were the chief suppliers, with few coming from the West. Although first-hand accounts by humans who accompanied animals on their maritime journeys are surprisingly rare, much evidence survives. Harsh conditions, akin to the ‘middle passage’ of enslaved Africans, resulted from military emergencies, marketing deadlines, pressures to compress costs, taking chances, and personal defects among the personnel on ships. However, the monetary value of working equids on arrival depended on their survival and physical state, and some humans were kindly disposed towards the creatures in their care. Although journeys were always a stressful and trying experience for animals, rates of morbidity and mortality slowly fell. The provision of food, water, straw, ventilation, light, and bodily and veterinary care gradually improved. And the early 1880s witnessed two major innovations, better loading and unloading facilities, and the introduction of specially equipped steamers.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89936504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1850029
C. Jones
ABSTRACT In 1839 the Ross Expedition to locate the Southern Magnetic pole was launched from Chatham. Over the next four years, this voyage of discovery would bring into sharper focus the land and seas surrounding the Antarctic region. Official reports and modern accounts of this voyage invariably situate the humans on board HMS Erebus and Terror as focal points for such narratives. The archive of Joseph Dalton Hooker, however, allows scholars to repopulate this voyage with its zoological inhabitants and replace a faunal silence with myriad animal noises.
{"title":"Animals, Joseph Dalton Hooker and the Ross Expedition to Antarctica, 1839–1843","authors":"C. Jones","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1850029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1850029","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1839 the Ross Expedition to locate the Southern Magnetic pole was launched from Chatham. Over the next four years, this voyage of discovery would bring into sharper focus the land and seas surrounding the Antarctic region. Official reports and modern accounts of this voyage invariably situate the humans on board HMS Erebus and Terror as focal points for such narratives. The archive of Joseph Dalton Hooker, however, allows scholars to repopulate this voyage with its zoological inhabitants and replace a faunal silence with myriad animal noises.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77074697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1854933
Cindy McCreery
ABSTRACT Recent scholarship has drawn attention to the complexity of animal–human relationships on board ships, but we still know relatively little about crewmembers’ responses to animals on board nineteenth-century British warships, especially on overseas voyages. The 1869–70 Flying Squadron voyage provides a useful case study. On board each of the squadron’s six warships sailed dozens of officers, hundreds of sailors and a fluctuating number of live animals. This article focuses on the Flying Squadron diary of Midshipman Marcus McCausland, plus accounts and memoirs by fellow crewmembers, which discuss animals’ shipboard role, but also reflect on naval personnel's relations with one another as well as civilians. The last section of the article considers McCausland’s service and death while serving in anti-slavery patrols off East Africa as recorded in memoirs and official correspondence. These sources reveal McCausland as a complex, ambivalent figure, whose relationship with animals, women, naval authority, and, later, slavers and the enslaved in East Africa, speaks to larger tensions over masculine and naval authority, and naval memory, in the nineteenth-century global maritime world. As well, the sources reveal the continuing importance of human companionship and memorialisation in sustaining shipboard communities.
{"title":"‘My young Tasmanian cousin’: animal lives and companions on board and beyond the Flying Squadron, 1869–1873","authors":"Cindy McCreery","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1854933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1854933","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent scholarship has drawn attention to the complexity of animal–human relationships on board ships, but we still know relatively little about crewmembers’ responses to animals on board nineteenth-century British warships, especially on overseas voyages. The 1869–70 Flying Squadron voyage provides a useful case study. On board each of the squadron’s six warships sailed dozens of officers, hundreds of sailors and a fluctuating number of live animals. This article focuses on the Flying Squadron diary of Midshipman Marcus McCausland, plus accounts and memoirs by fellow crewmembers, which discuss animals’ shipboard role, but also reflect on naval personnel's relations with one another as well as civilians. The last section of the article considers McCausland’s service and death while serving in anti-slavery patrols off East Africa as recorded in memoirs and official correspondence. These sources reveal McCausland as a complex, ambivalent figure, whose relationship with animals, women, naval authority, and, later, slavers and the enslaved in East Africa, speaks to larger tensions over masculine and naval authority, and naval memory, in the nineteenth-century global maritime world. As well, the sources reveal the continuing importance of human companionship and memorialisation in sustaining shipboard communities.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90117034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1851892
Sari Mäenpää
ABSTRACT This article explores encounters between wild maritime animals and humans on Finnish deep-sea sailing ships in the early twentieth century. At that time, sailing ships were disappearing from the world’s oceans, and the deep-sea sailors of the 1930s romanticised themselves as representing the last wild and free adventurers in the world. Maritime animals played a central role in this romanticisation, and the encounters with them therefore came to be highly ritualised. Drawing on sailmaker Winifred Lloyd’s (1897–1940) diaries and other maritime accounts of that time which contain rich textual and visual evidence, this article argues that the albatross embodied the glamour of maritime adventures, the heroic meeting between sailors and the ocean, and the sailing ship as a space of masculine homosociality and freedom. As such, they became symbols of the vanishing maritime life and community, while the bodies of albatrosses, caught and often killed by the sailors, bear witness also to the fact that the human exploitation of nature is an important part of maritime history.
{"title":"‘To kill an albatross is unlucky’: maritime animals as symbols of freedom on Finnish windjammers in the 1930s","authors":"Sari Mäenpää","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1851892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1851892","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores encounters between wild maritime animals and humans on Finnish deep-sea sailing ships in the early twentieth century. At that time, sailing ships were disappearing from the world’s oceans, and the deep-sea sailors of the 1930s romanticised themselves as representing the last wild and free adventurers in the world. Maritime animals played a central role in this romanticisation, and the encounters with them therefore came to be highly ritualised. Drawing on sailmaker Winifred Lloyd’s (1897–1940) diaries and other maritime accounts of that time which contain rich textual and visual evidence, this article argues that the albatross embodied the glamour of maritime adventures, the heroic meeting between sailors and the ocean, and the sailing ship as a space of masculine homosociality and freedom. As such, they became symbols of the vanishing maritime life and community, while the bodies of albatrosses, caught and often killed by the sailors, bear witness also to the fact that the human exploitation of nature is an important part of maritime history.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84153699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1827790
Conal Priest
{"title":"Imperial boredom: monotony and the British Empire","authors":"Conal Priest","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1827790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1827790","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79624824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1854935
K. Nagai
ABSTRACT This article coins the term ‘vermin writing’ to refer to the ways in which non-human animals emerge as ‘vermin’ in human documents and leave their traces on them. It discusses examples of vermin writing in nineteenth-century maritime history, with special attention to rats. By looking at a range of maritime documents, such as logbooks, surveys of ships' stores, insurance court cases, and ships' magazines, it identifies common features of vermin writing and explores how ‘verminous’ animals were represented and treated on board ship. Despite their ubiquity, ‘vermin’ were sparingly recorded in official documents, except when they were implicated in losses and damage. On the other hand, private documents of ships' crews and passengers contain many moments of vermin writing, revealing how interspecific the shipborne community once was.
{"title":"Vermin writing","authors":"K. Nagai","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1854935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1854935","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article coins the term ‘vermin writing’ to refer to the ways in which non-human animals emerge as ‘vermin’ in human documents and leave their traces on them. It discusses examples of vermin writing in nineteenth-century maritime history, with special attention to rats. By looking at a range of maritime documents, such as logbooks, surveys of ships' stores, insurance court cases, and ships' magazines, it identifies common features of vermin writing and explores how ‘verminous’ animals were represented and treated on board ship. Despite their ubiquity, ‘vermin’ were sparingly recorded in official documents, except when they were implicated in losses and damage. On the other hand, private documents of ships' crews and passengers contain many moments of vermin writing, revealing how interspecific the shipborne community once was.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77752842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1822430
B. Beaven
{"title":"A new naval history","authors":"B. Beaven","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1822430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1822430","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73010417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1827789
J. Mcaleer
ABSTRACT During the course of long voyages through the Atlantic Ocean – on their way to Africa, Asia and Australasia – British travellers experienced a variety of novel natural phenomena: the heat of the tropics, storms off the Cape, the beauty of shipboard sunsets, and unfamiliar constellations in the heavens. But it was the maritime animals that shared their shipboard space and inhabited the waters of the surrounding Atlantic that elicited the most sustained and detailed commentary from sailors and passengers. Animals were an integral part of these voyages. They travelled with passengers, as pets, curiosities and even speculative investments. The sea surrounding the ship was a veritable menagerie, encouraging travellers to speculate about the nature of the ocean and its inhabitants. They marvelled at strange creatures, compared them with familiar species, and collected them as specimens. As well as inspiring wonder and fear, encounters with maritime animals marked the journey from domestic and familiar to strange and unknown, expanding mental horizons in the process. Drawing on a wide range of first-hand accounts, this article explores the role played by maritime animals in marking the passage of travellers through the Atlantic in the Age of Sail.
{"title":"‘As pretty a thing as I have ever seen’: animal encounters and Atlantic voyages, 1750–1850","authors":"J. Mcaleer","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1827789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1827789","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the course of long voyages through the Atlantic Ocean – on their way to Africa, Asia and Australasia – British travellers experienced a variety of novel natural phenomena: the heat of the tropics, storms off the Cape, the beauty of shipboard sunsets, and unfamiliar constellations in the heavens. But it was the maritime animals that shared their shipboard space and inhabited the waters of the surrounding Atlantic that elicited the most sustained and detailed commentary from sailors and passengers. Animals were an integral part of these voyages. They travelled with passengers, as pets, curiosities and even speculative investments. The sea surrounding the ship was a veritable menagerie, encouraging travellers to speculate about the nature of the ocean and its inhabitants. They marvelled at strange creatures, compared them with familiar species, and collected them as specimens. As well as inspiring wonder and fear, encounters with maritime animals marked the journey from domestic and familiar to strange and unknown, expanding mental horizons in the process. Drawing on a wide range of first-hand accounts, this article explores the role played by maritime animals in marking the passage of travellers through the Atlantic in the Age of Sail.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75305507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2020.1798090
Martin Wilcox
ABSTRACT The White Fish Authority was the government development body for most of the British fishing industry from its establishment in 1951 until its merger with the Herring Industry Board thirty years later. Setting the WFA in the context of wider debates over the efficacy of development councils in general, this article surveys and critiques the record of the Authority. It argues that despite weaknesses in its conception, financing and management, the Authority was nevertheless a positive force overall.
{"title":"‘A record of abortive enquiries and empty of achievement?’: the White Fish Authority, 1951–1981","authors":"Martin Wilcox","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2020.1798090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2020.1798090","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The White Fish Authority was the government development body for most of the British fishing industry from its establishment in 1951 until its merger with the Herring Industry Board thirty years later. Setting the WFA in the context of wider debates over the efficacy of development councils in general, this article surveys and critiques the record of the Authority. It argues that despite weaknesses in its conception, financing and management, the Authority was nevertheless a positive force overall.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90999124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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