Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2018.1523015
Laura B. Rowe
ABSTRACT This article explores how the Royal Navy, in light of its highly ambiguous relationship with the submarine, was able to negotiate the image of their own submarines and submariners into their existing concepts of ‘the best traditions and customs of the service’. It will consider how British submariners viewed themselves, how the surface fleet felt towards this new breed of naval men, and how their actions were constructed in a public sphere. This article will consider the various constructions of the heroic narratives surrounding campaign and will explore how and why these various narratives were constructed and reconstructed as they were, and what impact ‘heroism’ had on the prosecution of the campaign itself.
{"title":"Constructing heroism: submarines, submariners and the Dardanelles Campaign, 1915","authors":"Laura B. Rowe","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2018.1523015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2018.1523015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores how the Royal Navy, in light of its highly ambiguous relationship with the submarine, was able to negotiate the image of their own submarines and submariners into their existing concepts of ‘the best traditions and customs of the service’. It will consider how British submariners viewed themselves, how the surface fleet felt towards this new breed of naval men, and how their actions were constructed in a public sphere. This article will consider the various constructions of the heroic narratives surrounding campaign and will explore how and why these various narratives were constructed and reconstructed as they were, and what impact ‘heroism’ had on the prosecution of the campaign itself.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82017096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2018.1514745
E. Gill
{"title":"A social history of British naval officers, 1775–1815","authors":"E. Gill","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2018.1514745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2018.1514745","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86693346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2018.1528725
Laika Nevalainen
{"title":"Seawomen of Iceland: survival on the edge","authors":"Laika Nevalainen","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2018.1528725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2018.1528725","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84106223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2018.1514753
A. Daniell
{"title":"Jane Austen’s transatlantic sister: the life and letters of Fanny Palmer Austen","authors":"A. Daniell","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2018.1514753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2018.1514753","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76550809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2018.1528720
Jeremy Black
{"title":"A history of the Royal Navy: the Seven Years War","authors":"Jeremy Black","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2018.1528720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2018.1528720","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89217377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2018.1514752
Brian P. Farrell
{"title":"Singapore: unlikely power","authors":"Brian P. Farrell","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2018.1514752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2018.1514752","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89825659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1412680
R. Duffey
ABSTRACT A unique study has been undertaken examining the impact of submarine performance and countermeasures in two different oceans during the Second World War using official declassified data. This analysis is for two distinct zones of combat, using essentially and simultaneously the same offensive technology (submarines) and defensive strategies (intelligence and signal de-coding). It has been previously shown that learning curves are present in the rate of losses in conflicts between opponents. This analysis compares for the first time the performance of German submarines in the Atlantic attacking Allied convoys with that of American submarines operating in the Pacific against Japanese shipping. For these two theatres of conflict, the rates of sinking of target ships are evaluated, which therefore includes the effectiveness of ‘communications intelligence’ (Comint) and ‘decryption intelligence’ (DI). The choice of the relevant risk exposure measure can be derived and proved. Surprisingly, no difference was found in the warfare sinking rates achieved by the submarine fleets operating in these two vastly different oceans. This similarity must be due to common random search and human learning techniques, and not to employing differing Comint and DI technology. This result has significance to present-day warfare studies and to search theory.
{"title":"Submarine warfare and intelligence in the Atlantic and Pacific in the Second World War: comparisons and lessons learned for two opponents","authors":"R. Duffey","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1412680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1412680","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A unique study has been undertaken examining the impact of submarine performance and countermeasures in two different oceans during the Second World War using official declassified data. This analysis is for two distinct zones of combat, using essentially and simultaneously the same offensive technology (submarines) and defensive strategies (intelligence and signal de-coding). It has been previously shown that learning curves are present in the rate of losses in conflicts between opponents. This analysis compares for the first time the performance of German submarines in the Atlantic attacking Allied convoys with that of American submarines operating in the Pacific against Japanese shipping. For these two theatres of conflict, the rates of sinking of target ships are evaluated, which therefore includes the effectiveness of ‘communications intelligence’ (Comint) and ‘decryption intelligence’ (DI). The choice of the relevant risk exposure measure can be derived and proved. Surprisingly, no difference was found in the warfare sinking rates achieved by the submarine fleets operating in these two vastly different oceans. This similarity must be due to common random search and human learning techniques, and not to employing differing Comint and DI technology. This result has significance to present-day warfare studies and to search theory.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85948458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1406691
R. Peck
ABSTRACT To help smooth first and early encounters with indigenous people around the world, European and American explorers often presented gifts to the people whose lands they were exploring. Buttons from naval or military uniforms were sometimes exchanged for food, furs, and other local products. Special medals were also prepared for use on expeditions. These were selectively presented to indigenous leaders or left as tangible records of places “discovered” or visited. This paper discusses and illustrates examples of both kinds of gifts.
{"title":"Tokens of friendship, tools of diplomacy: buttons and medals in exploration*","authors":"R. Peck","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1406691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1406691","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To help smooth first and early encounters with indigenous people around the world, European and American explorers often presented gifts to the people whose lands they were exploring. Buttons from naval or military uniforms were sometimes exchanged for food, furs, and other local products. Special medals were also prepared for use on expeditions. These were selectively presented to indigenous leaders or left as tangible records of places “discovered” or visited. This paper discusses and illustrates examples of both kinds of gifts.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81265411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1395164
Ulrike Zimmermann
ABSTRACT Barry Unsworth’s novel Losing Nelson (1999) takes up the themes of heroic cultural heritage, the pitfalls of collective memory, and grief and loss. It is also a novel about the hazards of writing and re-presenting history. Unsworth has been primarily described as a historical novelist. In Losing Nelson he explores historiography as well as hero-worship, bringing them to the narrative as discursive practices. The protagonist of the novel, Charles Cleasby, is an avid admirer of Admiral Lord Nelson, and in the process of writing a new biography, the conclusive biography, as he hopes. However, he suffers from serious writer’s block, and his attempts to clarify facts about Nelson’s life and politics lead him into an even deeper personal and psychological crisis. Cleasby has devoted his whole life to the commemoration of Nelson. As the narrative progresses, it turns out that his hero-worship is fanatical, seriously damaging his ability of everyday social interactions. He lives the life of a recluse, only venturing out for meetings of the Nelson club and regularly re-enacting Nelson’s battles with model ships. Trying to shed light on Nelson’s role in the violent end of the Parthenopean Republic of Naples, Charles Cleasby finds that Nelson might not have been as perfect as he always took him to be. Cleasby’s fervent wish to exonerate the Admiral from blame even leads him to Naples, where he finds that Nelson is not commemorated, but seen as enemy and, potentially, as a war criminal. Instead, Francesco Caracciolo, one of the leaders of the Parthenopean Republic, is honoured. “There are no heroes out there, Mr Cleasby, there are only fears and dreams and the process of fabrication,” a local librarian tells Charles Cleasby. However, Cleasby is unable to shift his perspective, and his fanatic adoration of Nelson leads to the novel’s dark conclusion. Losing Nelson is concerned less with the critique of one individual, or the deconstruction of the Nelson myth. Rather, the novel explores conditions of heroisation processes, and the representation of the heroic within the framework of history writing. Together with the narrator’s reliability, the reliability of historical sources, questions of access to them, and the power and authority of interpretation are thrown into sharp relief. Losing Nelson inscribes itself as a text into discourses of the heroic which do not end with the novel’s ending. The very existence of the text points to the fact that the individual, social, and political impact of hero figures like Admiral Nelson provide opportunities for a cultural community to debate values and react to changes. In that sense, Unsworth engages in a highlighting and problematising process rather than in myth-deconstruction.
{"title":"Who needs a hero? Barry Unsworth’s Losing Nelson","authors":"Ulrike Zimmermann","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1395164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1395164","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Barry Unsworth’s novel Losing Nelson (1999) takes up the themes of heroic cultural heritage, the pitfalls of collective memory, and grief and loss. It is also a novel about the hazards of writing and re-presenting history. Unsworth has been primarily described as a historical novelist. In Losing Nelson he explores historiography as well as hero-worship, bringing them to the narrative as discursive practices. The protagonist of the novel, Charles Cleasby, is an avid admirer of Admiral Lord Nelson, and in the process of writing a new biography, the conclusive biography, as he hopes. However, he suffers from serious writer’s block, and his attempts to clarify facts about Nelson’s life and politics lead him into an even deeper personal and psychological crisis. Cleasby has devoted his whole life to the commemoration of Nelson. As the narrative progresses, it turns out that his hero-worship is fanatical, seriously damaging his ability of everyday social interactions. He lives the life of a recluse, only venturing out for meetings of the Nelson club and regularly re-enacting Nelson’s battles with model ships. Trying to shed light on Nelson’s role in the violent end of the Parthenopean Republic of Naples, Charles Cleasby finds that Nelson might not have been as perfect as he always took him to be. Cleasby’s fervent wish to exonerate the Admiral from blame even leads him to Naples, where he finds that Nelson is not commemorated, but seen as enemy and, potentially, as a war criminal. Instead, Francesco Caracciolo, one of the leaders of the Parthenopean Republic, is honoured. “There are no heroes out there, Mr Cleasby, there are only fears and dreams and the process of fabrication,” a local librarian tells Charles Cleasby. However, Cleasby is unable to shift his perspective, and his fanatic adoration of Nelson leads to the novel’s dark conclusion. Losing Nelson is concerned less with the critique of one individual, or the deconstruction of the Nelson myth. Rather, the novel explores conditions of heroisation processes, and the representation of the heroic within the framework of history writing. Together with the narrator’s reliability, the reliability of historical sources, questions of access to them, and the power and authority of interpretation are thrown into sharp relief. Losing Nelson inscribes itself as a text into discourses of the heroic which do not end with the novel’s ending. The very existence of the text points to the fact that the individual, social, and political impact of hero figures like Admiral Nelson provide opportunities for a cultural community to debate values and react to changes. In that sense, Unsworth engages in a highlighting and problematising process rather than in myth-deconstruction.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75137130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1397968
Moses Ochonu
{"title":"Nation on board: becoming Nigerian at sea","authors":"Moses Ochonu","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1397968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1397968","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85559226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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