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Comparison of Rating Systems for Alberta Rock Slopes, and Assessment of Applicability for Geotechnical Asset Management 艾伯塔省岩质边坡等级体系比较及岩土资产管理适用性评价
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110348
Taylor Del Gerhard Wollenberg-Barron, Renato Macciotta Pulisci, Chris Gräpel, Kristen Tappenden, Roger Skirrow
In 1999, Alberta Transportation and Economic Corridors (TEC) implemented the Geohazard Risk Management Program (GRMP) to identify, assess, monitor, and prioritize the mitigation of risk resulting from geohazard events at specific sites along the provincial highway network. The GRMP was developed to address a variety of geohazard types including rockfall hazards that occur at natural and constructed (cut) highway backslopes. An evaluation of various methods for the condition assessment of rockfall geohazards, including TEC’s current GRMP risk rating system, has been completed with the intent of better understanding the suitability of each method as TEC transitions to a formalized GAM program. The GRMP risk rating values for selected rockfall geohazard sites along highway corridors in Alberta were compared to values developed from the results of five established rock mass and rock slope rating systems. The results of this study demonstrate that TEC’s current GRMP risk rating system is a viable tool for the condition assessment and performance monitoring of rockfall geohazards, which could be utilized within a formalized GAM program, further benefitting from years of recorded application in Alberta. Of the other rating systems tested, the rockfall hazard rating system (RHRS) showed a strong correlation with the GRMP risk rating while Q-Slope, the Geological Strength Index (GSI) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) correlation were marginal but displayed a potential for use as condition assessment tools. The work presented in this paper provides the first evaluation of rock slope rating systems for rockfall hazards along corridors in Alberta, directly comparing them to the slope performance as observed by TEC in a quantitative manner.
1999年,艾伯塔省交通和经济走廊(TEC)实施了地质灾害风险管理方案(GRMP),以确定、评估、监测省公路网沿线特定地点的地质灾害事件造成的风险,并确定减轻风险的优先次序。GRMP的开发是为了解决各种地质灾害类型,包括发生在自然和建造(切割)公路后坡的岩崩灾害。对各种岩崩地质灾害条件评估方法的评估,包括TEC目前的GRMP风险评级系统,已经完成,目的是更好地了解每种方法的适用性,因为TEC过渡到正式的GAM程序。对阿尔伯塔省公路走廊沿线选定的岩崩地质灾害地点的GRMP风险评级值与五个已建立的岩体和岩石边坡评级系统的结果进行了比较。这项研究的结果表明,TEC目前的GRMP风险评级系统是一种可行的工具,用于岩崩地质灾害的条件评估和性能监测,可以在正式的GAM计划中使用,进一步受益于阿尔伯塔省多年的记录应用。在测试的其他评级系统中,岩崩风险评级系统(RHRS)与GRMP风险评级显示出很强的相关性,而Q-Slope、地质强度指数(GSI)和岩体评级(RMR)相关性不大,但显示出作为条件评估工具的潜力。本文提出的工作提供了阿尔伯塔省沿走廊岩崩危险的岩石边坡评级系统的首次评估,直接将其与TEC观察到的边坡性能进行定量比较。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal Conductivity of Frozen and Unfrozen Gas-Saturated Soils 冻结和未冻结气饱和土的热导率
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110347
Evgeny Chuvilin, Dinara Davletshina, Boris Bukhanov, Sergey Grebenkin
Arctic permafrost often contains gas-saturated horizons. The gas component in freezing and frozen soils can exist under different pressures, which are expected to affect their properties and behavior. The effect of pore gas pressure on the thermal conductivity of frozen and unfrozen silt loam saturated with methane or carbon dioxide at pressures below the hydrate formation conditions is observed in the current study. The variable gas pressure and temperature conditions are simulated in a specially designed pressure cell, which allows thermal conductivity measuring in pressurized samples at positive and negative temperatures. The experiments using natural samples collected near the gas emission crater (Yamal Peninsula) show that thermal conductivity is sensitive to pore gas pressure even at high moisture contents. The thermal conductivity of methane-saturated soil becomes 4% and 6% higher in frozen and unfrozen samples, respectively, as the gas pressure increases from 0.1 MPa to 2 MPa. In the case of CO2 saturation, the respective thermal conductivity increase in frozen and unfrozen samples reaches 25% and 15% upon pressure change from 0.1 to 0.9 MPa. The results stimulate further special studies of the effects of gas type and pressure on the thermal properties of closed gas-saturated taliks, of which the pore pressure is increasing during freezing up.
北极永久冻土层通常包含天然气饱和层。冻土区和冻土中的气体成分可以在不同压力下存在,预计会影响其性质和行为。在低于水合物形成条件的压力下,观察了孔隙气体压力对饱和甲烷或二氧化碳的冻结和未冻结粉土导热系数的影响。可变气体压力和温度条件在一个特殊设计的压力电池中模拟,它允许在正温度和负温度下测量加压样品的导热系数。利用亚马尔半岛气体喷发坑附近的天然样品进行的实验表明,即使在高含水率下,热导率对孔隙气体压力也很敏感。当气体压力从0.1 MPa增加到2 MPa时,冻结和未冻结甲烷饱和土的导热系数分别提高了4%和6%。在CO2饱和的情况下,当压力从0.1 MPa变化到0.9 MPa时,冷冻和未冷冻样品的导热系数分别增加了25%和15%。这一结果激发了进一步的专门研究气体类型和压力对封闭气饱和岩热性能的影响,其中孔隙压力在冻结过程中增加。
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引用次数: 0
Heterogeneities in the Cohesion of the Deposits of the 2021 Tajogaite Eruption of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) 西班牙拉帕尔马岛(加那利群岛)2021年Tajogaite火山喷发沉积物黏聚性的非均质性
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110346
Alfonso Ontiveros-Ortega, José A. Moleón-Baca, Raúl Huertas Mesa, Isabel Abad, Mario Sánchez-Gómez
The present study analyzes the electrical and thermodynamic properties of the volcanic ash deposits from the recent eruption that started on 19 September 2021 in the Cumbre Vieja area on the island of La Palma. This work compares the analysis of the zeta potential and the surface free energy components of representative samples of unaltered tephra deposits with samples affected by the fumarolic activity near the emission zone, where sulfurous vapors were present. The results show that fumarolic activity modifies both the zeta potential and the surface free energy components of volcanic ash, decreasing its surface electrical charge and conferring less hydrophilicity on the deposit. Based on this, the interaction energies between ash particles in an aqueous medium have been calculated, in order to analyze the cohesion of the deposit and, where appropriate, its rheological properties, ending with the analysis of the effect produced by different chemical species on the surface charge and free energy of the ashes, and their influence on the cohesion of the deposit. The results confirm an attractive interaction energy between the ash particles and therefore greater stability to the deposit affected by fumarolic activity.
本研究分析了2021年9月19日在拉帕尔马岛Cumbre Vieja地区最近爆发的火山灰沉积物的电学和热力学性质。这项工作比较了未改变的tephra沉积物的代表性样品的zeta电位和表面自由能成分的分析,这些样品受到排放区附近的富马酚活性的影响,其中硫磺蒸气存在。结果表明,富马酚活性改变了火山灰的zeta电位和表面自由能组分,降低了其表面电荷,降低了沉积物的亲水性。在此基础上,计算了水介质中灰颗粒之间的相互作用能,以分析沉积物的凝聚力,并在适当的情况下分析其流变特性,最后分析了不同化学物质对灰烬的表面电荷和自由能产生的影响,以及它们对沉积物凝聚力的影响。结果证实了灰颗粒之间有吸引力的相互作用能,因此更大的稳定性受到富马罗碱活性影响的沉积物。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the Deep Structure of the Essaouira Basin Using Gravity Data: Hydrogeological Inferences for a Semiarid Region in Central-Western Morocco 利用重力数据了解Essaouira盆地深部结构:摩洛哥中西部半干旱区水文地质推断
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110345
Abdellah Khouz, Mohammed Jaffal, Jorge Trindade, Blaid Bougadir, Fatima El Bchari, Azzouz Kchikach, Mustapha El Ghorfi, Hassan Ibouh, Mourad Jadoud, Omar Kadiri, Ahmed Manar
The Essaouira Basin, located in central western Morocco, faces a significant threat of water shortage due to both the substantially reduced rainfall caused by climate change and the continuously increasing demand for this essential resource. Groundwater resources are being increasingly exploited to meet the needs of the population, whether for agricultural or domestic purposes. Therefore, it has become necessary to intensify investigations across the entire basin, particularly through indirect methods such as geophysical techniques, to accurately delineate the productive zones. In this context, the present study was undertaken to investigate the deep structure of this basin with the aim of comprehending the functioning of its aquifer system. This study is based on the interpretation of gravity data covering the Essaouira Basin. In addition to their qualitative analysis, these data underwent a methodological approach involving transformations to extract meaningful insights. The observed anomalies were interpreted in terms of (i) thickness variations within the slightly folded sedimentary series of the basin; (ii) Paleozoic basement topography; and (iii) the presence of salt deposits. In fact, among the negative anomalies, some coincide with evaporitic deposits that are known either from the geological outcrops or the seismic surveys carried out in the Essaouira Basin within the framework of petroleum exploration programs, while others coincide with areas of increased thickness of sedimentary sequences. The latter include synclines and basement depressions, where the accumulation of groundwater tends to occur; as a result, they constitute suitable zones for the drilling of water extraction wells. Groundwater flows observed in some existing wells are consistent with this hypothesis. The results of the contact analysis approach implemented within the framework of the study reveals the Essaouira Basin is affected by a fault network whose main direction is parallel to the Atlantic margin (i.e., NNE–SSW). This implies that the extensional tectonic phase responsible for initiating the rifting of the Central Atlantic in the Triassic era has primarily impacted the structural configuration of this basin. This study demonstrates the strong potential of the gravity method as a tool to delineate the deep structure of sedimentary basins and to identify potentially productive groundwater zones. The final results will provide important support to decision makers in sustainable groundwater management, especially in vulnerable areas.
Essaouira盆地位于摩洛哥中西部,由于气候变化导致降雨量大幅减少以及对这一重要资源的需求不断增加,该盆地面临着严重的水资源短缺威胁。为了满足人口的需要,无论是农业用途还是家庭用途,正在越来越多地开采地下水资源。因此,有必要加强对整个盆地的调查,特别是通过地球物理技术等间接方法,以准确地划定生产区域。在这种情况下,本研究是为了调查该盆地的深层结构,目的是了解其含水层系统的功能。本研究基于对索维拉盆地重力数据的解释。除了定性分析之外,这些数据还经历了包括转换在内的方法论方法,以提取有意义的见解。对观测到的异常进行了如下解释:(1)盆地微褶皱沉积系内的厚度变化;古生代基底地形;(三)盐矿的存在。事实上,在负异常中,有些与地质露头或在石油勘探计划框架内在索维拉盆地进行的地震调查中已知的蒸发沉积相吻合,而另一些则与沉积层序厚度增加的区域相吻合。后者包括向斜和基底洼地,在那里往往发生地下水的聚集;因此,它们构成了采水井钻井的适宜区。在一些现有井中观测到的地下水流动情况与这一假设相符。在研究框架内实施的接触分析方法的结果表明,Essaouira盆地受主要方向平行于大西洋边缘(即NNE-SSW)的断裂网络的影响。这表明,三叠纪起裂陷的中大西洋伸展构造阶段主要影响了该盆地的构造形态。这项研究证明了重力法作为描绘沉积盆地深层结构和识别潜在生产地下水带的工具的强大潜力。最终结果将为决策者提供可持续地下水管理的重要支持,特别是在脆弱地区。
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引用次数: 0
Teleseismic P-Wave Attenuation Beneath the Arabian Plate 阿拉伯板块下远震纵波衰减
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110343
Talal Merghelani, Jun Kawahara, Kaoru Miyashita, Hani Zahran
In order to prove that the Arabian Plate is a tectonically active region even in its shield areas, we obtained the attenuation structure tp* of the upper mantle beneath the Arabian Plate by applying the spectral inversion method to the newly established seismic network in Saudi Arabia operated by the Saudi Geological Survey (SGS). The data sets consisted of good quality vertical components of the teleseismic events for more than 4400 spectral ratios. The result showed significant and diverse tp* structures between the eastern and western regions of the Arabian Plate. High tp* was the predominant feature underneath the Arabian Shield (western Arabia) and low tp* within the Arabian Platform (eastern Arabia). The obtained tP* values range from −1.0 s to 1.0 s. The observed high tp* patterns followed a line from north to south through the Arabian Shield along the Red Sea margin. The high tp* distribution closely followed the volcanic region, in particular the Makka–Madina–Nafud Volcanic (MMNV) line. The maximum tp* values were observed in the southern region of the Arabian Shield, at the southern part of the Red Sea, where the African and Arabian Plates diverge. The observed high tp* will be attributed to the previously revealed low-velocity anomaly and thermal activities beneath the Arabian Shield, and it is also correlated with the topography (high elevation) in the region.
为了证明阿拉伯板块即使在其屏蔽区内也是构造活跃区,本文在沙特阿拉伯地质调查局(SGS)新建立的沙特阿拉伯地震台网上应用谱反演方法,得到了阿拉伯板块下上地幔的衰减结构tp*。该数据集由高质量的远震事件垂直分量组成,具有4400多个谱比。结果表明,在阿拉伯板块的东西部地区,tp*结构具有显著的差异性。高tp*是阿拉伯盾(阿拉伯西部)下的主要特征,而低tp*是阿拉伯地台(阿拉伯东部)内的主要特征。获取的“tP*”取值范围为−1.0秒~ 1.0秒。观测到的高tp*模式沿着红海边缘沿阿拉伯地盾从北向南的一条线。高tp*分布紧跟火山区,特别是Makka-Madina-Nafud火山(MMNV)线。最大的tp*值出现在阿拉伯盾的南部地区,在红海的南部,非洲板块和阿拉伯板块的分界处。观测到的高tp*将归因于先前发现的阿拉伯地盾下的低速异常和热活动,并与该地区的地形(高海拔)有关。
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引用次数: 0
Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography Method to Determine the Inner 3D Geometry and the Main Runoff Directions of the Large Active Landslide of Pie de Cuesta in the Vítor Valley (Peru) 利用电阻率断层成像法确定Vítor山谷Pie de Cuesta大型活动滑坡的内部三维几何形状和主要径流方向
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110342
Yasmine Huayllazo, Rosmery Infa, Jorge Soto, Krover Lazarte, Joseph Huanca, Yovana Alvarez, Teresa Teixidó
Pie de Cuesta is a large landslide with a planar area of 1 km2 located in the Vítor district, in the Arequipa department (Peru), and constitutes an active phenomenon. It belongs to the rotational/translational type, which concerns cases that are very susceptible to reactivation because any change in the water content or removal of the lower part can lead to a new instability. In this context, a previous geological study has been decisive in recognizing the lithologies present and understanding their behavior when they are saturated. But it is also necessary to know the inner “landslide geometry” in order to gusset a geotechnical diagnosis. The present study shows how the deep electrical profiles (ERT, electrical resistivity tomography method), supported by two Vp seismic refraction tomography lines (SVP), have been used to create a 3D cognitive model that would allow the identification of the inner landslide structure: the 3D rupture surface, the volume of the sliding mass infiltration sectors or fractures, and the preferred runoff directions. Moreover, on large landsides, placing the geophysical profiles is a crucial aspect because it greatly depends on the accessibility of the area and the availability of the physical space required. In our case, we need to extend profiles up to 1100 m long in order to obtain data at greater depths since this landslide is approximately 200 m tall. Based on the geophysical results and geologic information, the 3D final model of the inner structure of this landslide is presented. Additionally, the main runoff water directions and the volume of 90.5 Hm3 of the sliding mass are also estimated.
Pie de Cuesta是一个平面面积为1平方公里的大型滑坡,位于秘鲁阿雷基帕省Vítor地区,是一个活跃的现象。它属于旋转/平移类型,这涉及到非常容易再活化的情况,因为含水量的任何变化或下部的去除都可能导致新的不稳定性。在这种情况下,以前的地质研究在识别现有岩性和了解它们饱和时的行为方面具有决定性作用。但为了进行岩土诊断,还需要了解内部的“滑坡几何”。本研究展示了深部电剖面(ERT,电阻率层析成像方法)如何在两条Vp地震折射层析成像线(SVP)的支持下,用于创建三维认知模型,该模型将允许识别内部滑坡结构:三维破裂面,滑动体渗透区域或裂缝的体积,以及首选径流方向。此外,在大型陆地上,放置地球物理剖面是一个至关重要的方面,因为它在很大程度上取决于该地区的可达性和所需物理空间的可用性。在我们的案例中,我们需要将剖面扩展到1100米长,以便在更深的深度获得数据,因为这个滑坡大约有200米高。根据地球物理结果和地质信息,建立了该滑坡内部结构的三维最终模型。此外,还估算了主要径流方向和滑坡体的90.5 Hm3体积。
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引用次数: 0
The Olivine Horizon of the Layered Monchegorsk Pluton (Kola Region, Russia): Additional Magma Injection Based on Integrated Geological and Geochronological Data 层状Monchegorsk岩体(俄罗斯Kola地区)的橄榄石层:基于综合地质和年代学资料的额外岩浆注入
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110344
Victor Chashchin, Sergey Sergeev
The paper presents the first SIMS SHRIMP U-Pb data for zircon from an olivine horizon within the Nyud intrusion of the ore-bearing layered Monchegorsk pluton (Monchepluton) in the Kola Region, Russia. A 100–150 m-thick olivine horizon occurs nearly horizontally between the melanocratic and mesocratic norite of the Nyud intrusion, which disturbs its normal cumulus stratigraphic sequence. In addition, the pyroxene-plagioclase hornfelses are present at the upper contact with the olivine horizon. Twenty-three zircon grains were extracted from the large-volume olivine plagio-orthopyroxenite sample and clustered into two populations. The first population of magmatic zircon (n = 8) has a concordant and weighted average 207Pb/206Pb age of 2484.3 ± 5.6 Ma, which characterizes the formation time of the olivine horizon rocks. This serves as evidence of the olivine horizon that forms as a result of additional magma injection, which does not contradict the geological data. The 207Pb/206Pb age of single-grain zircon is 2414 ± 25 Ma, which indicates the time of postmagmatic transformations. The second population of zircon (n = 16) has a concordant and weighted average U-Pb age of 2700.6 ± 4.6 Ma, which indicates zircon absorption by olivine horizon magma probably from the rocks of the Archean greenstone belt.
本文报道了俄罗斯科拉地区含矿层状蒙切戈尔斯克(Monchegorsk)岩体Nyud侵入体橄榄岩层锆石的首次SIMS SHRIMP U-Pb数据。在纽德侵入岩的黑黑岩和中黑岩之间,近水平分布着100 ~ 150 m厚的橄榄石层,扰乱了其正常的积云层序。此外,在与橄榄石层位接触的上部存在辉石斜长石角长岩。从大体积橄榄斜斜直辉石中提取了23颗锆石颗粒,并将其聚类成两个种群。第一批岩浆锆石(n = 8)的207Pb/206Pb年龄一致,加权平均为2484.3±5.6 Ma,反映了橄榄石层位岩的形成时间。这是橄榄石层形成的证据,是额外岩浆注入的结果,这与地质数据并不矛盾。单粒锆石的207Pb/206Pb年龄为2414±25 Ma,反映了岩浆后转化时期。第二批锆石(n = 16) U-Pb年龄一致,加权平均年龄为2700.6±4.6 Ma,表明锆石可能来自太古宙绿岩带。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in Geochemical Signatures and Petrogenesis between the Van Canh and Ben Giang-Que Son Granitic Rocks in the Southern Kontum Massif, Vietnam 越南南贡腾地块Van Canh与Ben jiang - que Son花岗岩地球化学特征及岩石成因差异
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110341
Etsuo Uchida, Ko Yonezu, Takumi Yokokura, Nasuka Mori
Permian Ben Giang-Que Son and Triassic Van Canh granitic rocks are widely distributed across the southern Kontum Massif, the basement of which consists mainly of metasedimentary rocks. The Ben Giang-Que Son granitic rocks are classified as I- to S-type and ilmenite-series granitic rocks, while the Van Canh granitic rocks are classified as I-type and magnetite-series granitic rocks. Both granitic rock suites exhibit more or less adakitic properties, suggesting that the subduction of the high-temperature Song Ma Ocean crust, part of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, beneath the Indochina Block produced adakitic magma. It is hypothesized that the differences between the two granitic rock suites were caused by differences in the quantities of incorporated continental crustal materials and carbon or graphite in clastic sedimentary rocks when their adakitic magma intruded into the continental crust. Based on their high initial Sr isotope ratios, the Ben Giang-Que Son granitic rocks evidently incorporated a higher quantity of continental crustal materials compared to the Van Canh granitic rocks, resulting in the former showing the signatures of ilmenite-series and I- to S-type granitic rocks. Consequently, the Ben Giang-Que Son granitic rocks have relatively high A/CNK ratios and high total Al contents in their biotite, whereas the Van Canh granitic rocks have low A/CNK ratios and low total Al contents in their biotite. The intrusion of the Ben Giang-Que Son granitic rocks caused high-temperature metamorphism, which decomposed some of the carbon or graphite in the surrounding continental crustal materials, such as clastic sedimentary rocks. Meanwhile, the Van Canh granitic rocks, which intruded later than the Ben Giang-Que Son granitic rocks, incorporated smaller quantities of carbon or graphite in continental crustal materials, resulting in them retaining the chemical characteristics of adakitic, magnetite-series, and I-type granitic rocks, different from the Ben Giang-Que Son granitic rocks.
二叠系本江雀孙和三叠系Van Canh花岗岩广泛分布于孔图姆地块南部,基底以变质沉积岩为主。本江-阙山花岗岩可划分为I ~ s型和钛铁矿系列花岗岩,凡仓花岗岩可划分为I型和磁铁矿系列花岗岩。推测这两个花岗质岩组的差异是由于大陆地壳物质的掺入量和碎屑沉积岩中碳或石墨含量的差异造成的,当它们的埃达克质岩浆侵入大陆地壳时。本江—雀孙花岗岩具有较高的初始Sr同位素特征,与Van Canh花岗岩相比,本江—雀孙花岗岩明显含有较多的大陆地壳物质,具有钛铁矿系和I—s型花岗岩的特征。因此,本江—雀孙花岗岩具有较高的A/CNK比值和较高的黑云母中总Al含量,而范灿花岗岩具有较低的A/CNK比值和较低的黑云母中总Al含量。本江—阙孙花岗岩的侵入引起了高温变质作用,分解了周围陆相地壳物质(如碎屑沉积岩)中的部分碳或石墨。与此同时,Van Canh花岗岩体侵入时间晚于Ben jiang - que Son花岗岩体,其大陆地壳物质中碳或石墨的含量较低,与Ben jiang - que Son花岗岩体不同,保留了绿质、磁铁矿系列和i型花岗岩体的化学特征。
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引用次数: 0
Slip Activation Potential of Fractures in the Crystalline Basement Rocks of Kuujjuaq (Nunavik, Canada) to Assess Enhanced Geothermal Systems Development Kuujjuaq (Nunavik, Canada)结晶基底岩裂缝滑动激活电位评价地热系统开发
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110340
Mafalda M. Miranda, Ali Yaghoubi, Jasmin Raymond, Andrew Wigston, Maurice B. Dusseault
This work presents an estimate of the slip activation potential of existing fractures in a remote northern community located on Canadian Shield rocks for geothermal purposes. To accomplish this objective, we analyzed outcrop analogues and recorded geometrical properties of fractures, namely the strike and dip. Then, we estimated the stress regime in the study area through an empirical approach and performed a probabilistic slip tendency analysis. This allowed us to determine the slip probability of the pre-existing fractures at the current state of stress, the orientation of fractures that are most likely to be activated and the fluid pressures needed for the slip activation of pre-existing fractures, which are key aspects for developing Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The results of this simple, yet effective, analysis suggest that at the current state of stress, the pre-existing natural fractures are relatively stable, and an injection pressure of about 12.5 MPa/km could be required to activate the most optimally oriented fractures to slip. An injection of water at this pressure gradient could open the optimally oriented pre-existing fractures and enhance the permeability of the reservoir for geothermal fluid extraction. The information described in this paper provides a significant contribution to the geothermal research underway in remote northern communities.
这项工作对位于加拿大地盾岩石上的偏远北部社区现有裂缝的滑动激活潜力进行了估计,用于地热目的。为了实现这一目标,我们分析了露头类似物,并记录了裂缝的几何性质,即走向和倾角。然后,我们通过经验方法估计了研究区的应力状态,并进行了概率滑移趋势分析。这使我们能够确定现有裂缝在当前应力状态下的滑动概率、最有可能被激活的裂缝的方向以及激活现有裂缝所需的流体压力,这些都是开发增强型地热系统的关键方面。这种简单而有效的分析结果表明,在目前的应力状态下,现有的天然裂缝相对稳定,大约需要12.5 MPa/km的注入压力才能激活最优定向的裂缝。在此压力梯度下注水可以打开现有裂缝的最佳定向,提高储层的渗透率,从而有利于地热流体的开采。本文所描述的信息为正在进行的偏远北部社区地热研究提供了重大贡献。
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引用次数: 0
The Petrology and Geochemistry of REE-Enriched, Alkaline Volcanic Rocks of Ambitle Island, Feni Island Group, Papua New Guinea 巴布亚新几内亚Feni岛群Ambitle岛富ree碱性火山岩的岩石学和地球化学
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110339
Olive L. Ponyalou, Michael G. Petterson, Joseph O. Espi
Ambitle in the Feni Island Group is located within the NW trending Tabar–Lihir–Tanga–Feni (TLTF) volcanic island chain, Melanesian Arc, northeastern Papua New Guinea. The TLTF chain is renowned for its alkaline magmatism, geothermal activity, copper–gold mineralization, and world-class gold mining. Although its geochemical patterns indicate island arc signatures (i.e., high LILE and depleted HFSE), TLTF volcanism is not directly related to the older Melanesian Arc subduction system. However, it may have been influenced by source mantle metasomatism linked to the older subduction. The purpose of this study is to (1) present and interpret the petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data from Feni within the context of the tectonic evolution of the TLTF and (2) propose a geodynamic, petrogenetic model for the Feni volcanic rocks. The key methodologies used in this study are field mapping and sampling, petrographic analysis using the optical microscope, whole-rock geochemical analysis via XRF and ICP MS, and mineralogical analysis using an electron microprobe. The main rock types sampled in this study include feldspathoid-bearing basalt, trachybasalt, phonotephrite, trachyandesite, and trachydacite. Minerals identified include forsteritic olivine, diopside, augite, labradorite, andesine, anorthitic plagioclase, nepheline, and leucite in the primitive mafic suites, whereas the more evolved intermediate and felsic hypabyssal suites contain amphibole, albite, orthoclase, biotite, and either rare quartz or feldspathoids. Amphibole composition is primarily magnesiohastingsite with minor pargasite formed under polybaric conditions. Accessory minerals include apatite, titanite, and Ti-magnetite. We propose that limestone assimilation followed by fractional crystallization are plausible dominant processes in the geochemical evolution of the Ambitle volcanics. Clinopyroxene fractionation is dominant in the mafic volcanics whereas hornblende fractionation is a major petrologic process within the intermediate suites proven by the enrichment of LREE and depletions in MREE and HREE. Feni magmas are also highly enriched in REEs relative to neighboring arcs. This study is globally significant as alkaline magmas are important sources of Cu, Au, and REE as critical elements for green energy and modern technology.
Feni岛群的Ambitle位于巴布亚新几内亚东北部美拉尼西亚岛弧的西北走向的tabar - lihirr - tanga - Feni (TLTF)火山岛链内。TLTF链以其碱性岩浆作用、地热活动、铜金矿化和世界级金矿而闻名。虽然其地球化学模式具有岛弧特征(即高LILE和低HFSE),但TLTF火山活动与较老的美拉尼西亚弧俯冲系统没有直接关系。然而,它可能受到与较早俯冲有关的源幔交代作用的影响。本研究的目的是:(1)在TLTF构造演化的背景下呈现和解释芬尼的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学数据;(2)提出芬尼火山岩的地球动力学、岩石成因模型。本研究使用的主要方法是野外测绘和采样、光学显微镜岩石学分析、XRF和ICP MS全岩地球化学分析以及电子显微探针矿物学分析。主要岩石类型为含长石玄武岩、粗面玄武岩、音质软玉岩、粗面安山岩和粗面英石岩。在原始基性岩套中发现的矿物包括橄榄石、透辉石、辉长石、辉长石、安山石、斜长石、霞石和白长石,而在更进化的中长石和长质浅浅岩套中则含有角闪石、钠长石、正长石、黑云母以及稀有的石英或长石。角闪孔成分主要为镁促生岩,在多压条件下形成少量寄生岩。辅助矿物包括磷灰石、钛矿和钛磁铁矿。本文认为,灰岩同化后的分馏结晶作用可能是阿姆毕尔火山岩地球化学演化的主导过程。镁基性火山岩中斜辉石分馏作用占主导地位,角闪石分馏作用是中间套中主要的岩石学过程,轻稀土富集、重稀土和重稀土亏缺证明了这一点。Feni岩浆相对于邻近弧也富含稀土元素。该研究具有全球意义,因为碱性岩浆是铜、金和稀土的重要来源,是绿色能源和现代技术的关键元素。
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Geosciences (Switzerland)
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