Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110328
Vladimir Olenchenko, Anastasiia Zemlianskova, Olga Makarieva, Vladimir Potapov
Gigantic aufeis fields serve as indicators of water exchange processes within the permafrost zone and are important in assessing the state of the cryosphere in a changing climate. The Anmangynda aufeis, located in the upstream of the Kolyma River basin, is present in the mountainous regions of Northeast Eurasia. Recent decades have witnessed significant changes in aufeis formation patterns, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of cryospheric processes. The objective of the study, conducted in 2021–2022, was to examine the structure of the Anmangynda aufeis and its glade, aiming to understand its genesis and formation processes. The tasks included identifying above- and intra-frozen taliks, mapping groundwater (GW) discharge channels, determining permafrost base depth, and assessing ice thickness distribution. Soundings using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), capacitively coupled electrical resistivity tomography (CCERT), and the transient electromagnetic (TEM) method were employed. GW discharge channels originating from alluvial deposits and extending to the aufeis surface within river channels were identified through GPR and verified through drilling. Deep-seated sources of GW within the bedrock were inferred. CCERT data allowed us to identify large and localized frozen river taliks, from which water is forced onto the ice surface. According to the TEM data, the places of GW outlets spatially coincide with the zones interpreted as faults.
{"title":"Geocryological Structure of a Giant Spring Aufeis Glade at the Anmangynda River (Northeastern Russia)","authors":"Vladimir Olenchenko, Anastasiia Zemlianskova, Olga Makarieva, Vladimir Potapov","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110328","url":null,"abstract":"Gigantic aufeis fields serve as indicators of water exchange processes within the permafrost zone and are important in assessing the state of the cryosphere in a changing climate. The Anmangynda aufeis, located in the upstream of the Kolyma River basin, is present in the mountainous regions of Northeast Eurasia. Recent decades have witnessed significant changes in aufeis formation patterns, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of cryospheric processes. The objective of the study, conducted in 2021–2022, was to examine the structure of the Anmangynda aufeis and its glade, aiming to understand its genesis and formation processes. The tasks included identifying above- and intra-frozen taliks, mapping groundwater (GW) discharge channels, determining permafrost base depth, and assessing ice thickness distribution. Soundings using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), capacitively coupled electrical resistivity tomography (CCERT), and the transient electromagnetic (TEM) method were employed. GW discharge channels originating from alluvial deposits and extending to the aufeis surface within river channels were identified through GPR and verified through drilling. Deep-seated sources of GW within the bedrock were inferred. CCERT data allowed us to identify large and localized frozen river taliks, from which water is forced onto the ice surface. According to the TEM data, the places of GW outlets spatially coincide with the zones interpreted as faults.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135013067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110327
Angela Santos, Nuno David, Nelson Perdigão, Eduardo Cândido
Previous tsunami numerical model results show that the 1755 tsunami reached the Figueirinha beach 35 min after the earthquake, resulting in the inundation of the beach, the parking lot, and two sections of the road on the beach. Thus, an effective evacuation plan for the beach must be identified. However, conducting drills and evacuation exercises is costly and time-consuming. As an alternative, this study develops an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate the evacuation of beach users. The findings from this study reveal that, across the six considered scenarios, it is not feasible to evacuate all beach users in less than 35 min. The results also show there are only two routes available for evacuation—the left and right sides—with the left side offering a shorter evacuation time. However, both evacuation options come with advantages and disadvantages. The results of this study will be disseminated to local stakeholders.
{"title":"Agent-Based Modeling of Tsunami Evacuation at Figueirinha Beach, Setubal, Portugal","authors":"Angela Santos, Nuno David, Nelson Perdigão, Eduardo Cândido","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110327","url":null,"abstract":"Previous tsunami numerical model results show that the 1755 tsunami reached the Figueirinha beach 35 min after the earthquake, resulting in the inundation of the beach, the parking lot, and two sections of the road on the beach. Thus, an effective evacuation plan for the beach must be identified. However, conducting drills and evacuation exercises is costly and time-consuming. As an alternative, this study develops an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate the evacuation of beach users. The findings from this study reveal that, across the six considered scenarios, it is not feasible to evacuate all beach users in less than 35 min. The results also show there are only two routes available for evacuation—the left and right sides—with the left side offering a shorter evacuation time. However, both evacuation options come with advantages and disadvantages. The results of this study will be disseminated to local stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"2 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136381137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110324
Robert J. Holm, Kelly Heilbronn, Dulcie Saroa, Gideon Maim
Plate tectonic reconstructions of Papua New Guinea prior to the late Cenozoic are characterized by a lack of provenance data to constrain the relative origin of the allochthonous terranes. At present, plate tectonic reconstructions of this region infer that the accreted New Guinea terranes at the northern Australian continental margin are likely autochthonous or para-autochthonous in nature. This study presents the results of an investigation into zircons derived from Miocene–Pliocene volcanics and volcaniclastics of the Papuan Peninsula. Results from U-Pb zircon geochronology inform the recent geological history of the Papuan Peninsula, with magmatism active in the late Miocene and early Pliocene, between approximately 9 Ma and 4.5 Ma. More significantly, however, is the recognition of extensive inherited zircon grains within the volcanic and volcaniclastic sequences. These inherited zircon grains are most likely sourced from the Owen Stanley Metamorphics, which form the basement rocks of the Papuan Peninsula. Provenance of the inherited zircon grains imply that the Cretaceous volcaniclastic protolith of the Owen Stanley Metamorphics must have had input from continental detritus, but this cannot be derived from North Queensland, Australia as inferred by current reconstructions. Instead, zircon U-Pb age spectra correlate with probable source regions further to the south, adjacent to the Shoalwater Formation of the Central Queensland margin, and New Caledonia. These findings suggest that late Mesozoic and Cenozoic regional reconstructions of eastern Australia and the Southwest Pacific require major revision and that additional work is undertaken to inform the provenance of such allochthonous terranes.
{"title":"Provenance of the Papuan Peninsula (Papua New Guinea): Zircon Inheritance from Miocene–Pliocene Volcanics and Volcaniclastics","authors":"Robert J. Holm, Kelly Heilbronn, Dulcie Saroa, Gideon Maim","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110324","url":null,"abstract":"Plate tectonic reconstructions of Papua New Guinea prior to the late Cenozoic are characterized by a lack of provenance data to constrain the relative origin of the allochthonous terranes. At present, plate tectonic reconstructions of this region infer that the accreted New Guinea terranes at the northern Australian continental margin are likely autochthonous or para-autochthonous in nature. This study presents the results of an investigation into zircons derived from Miocene–Pliocene volcanics and volcaniclastics of the Papuan Peninsula. Results from U-Pb zircon geochronology inform the recent geological history of the Papuan Peninsula, with magmatism active in the late Miocene and early Pliocene, between approximately 9 Ma and 4.5 Ma. More significantly, however, is the recognition of extensive inherited zircon grains within the volcanic and volcaniclastic sequences. These inherited zircon grains are most likely sourced from the Owen Stanley Metamorphics, which form the basement rocks of the Papuan Peninsula. Provenance of the inherited zircon grains imply that the Cretaceous volcaniclastic protolith of the Owen Stanley Metamorphics must have had input from continental detritus, but this cannot be derived from North Queensland, Australia as inferred by current reconstructions. Instead, zircon U-Pb age spectra correlate with probable source regions further to the south, adjacent to the Shoalwater Formation of the Central Queensland margin, and New Caledonia. These findings suggest that late Mesozoic and Cenozoic regional reconstructions of eastern Australia and the Southwest Pacific require major revision and that additional work is undertaken to inform the provenance of such allochthonous terranes.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"1 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135170634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110323
Ana Kamenski, Tvrtko Korbar
The Aiza research area covers over 650 km2 of the northern Adriatic offshore, a common Adriatic foreland of the older Dinarides on the NE, and the younger Apennines on the SW. High-quality 3D reflection seismic data were used to investigate the area’s Mesozoic to Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic evolution. Four main seismo-stratigraphical horizons were recognized: Base of Carbonate Platform (BCP), Top of Carbonate Platform (TCP), Messinian Erosional Surface (MES), and a Plio-Quaternary horizon (PlQh), as well as the dominant faults. The results depict the geological setting and tectonic evolution of the area. A long-lasting (Jurassic to Cretaceous) stable NW-SE striking platform margin evolved probably along the inherited Triassic normal fault. The marginal belt of the platform was affected during the Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene by extension and opening of the intra-platform basin, probably on the southern limb of the then developing Dinaric forebulge. The transverse fault system (Kvarner fault) was probably reactivated as a strike-slip zone during the late Miocene tectonic reorganization. The area was tilted to the SW during the Pliocene, in the distal foreland of the progressively northward propagating Northern Apennines. Sub-horizontal late Quaternary cover of Dinaric and Apenninic structures could imply active subsidence of the foreland in between nowadays sub-vertically exhuming neighboring orogenic belts.
{"title":"Platform-to-Basin Evolution of a Tectonically Indistinct Part of a Multiple Foreland—Analysis of a 3D Seismic Block in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Croatian Offshore)","authors":"Ana Kamenski, Tvrtko Korbar","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110323","url":null,"abstract":"The Aiza research area covers over 650 km2 of the northern Adriatic offshore, a common Adriatic foreland of the older Dinarides on the NE, and the younger Apennines on the SW. High-quality 3D reflection seismic data were used to investigate the area’s Mesozoic to Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic evolution. Four main seismo-stratigraphical horizons were recognized: Base of Carbonate Platform (BCP), Top of Carbonate Platform (TCP), Messinian Erosional Surface (MES), and a Plio-Quaternary horizon (PlQh), as well as the dominant faults. The results depict the geological setting and tectonic evolution of the area. A long-lasting (Jurassic to Cretaceous) stable NW-SE striking platform margin evolved probably along the inherited Triassic normal fault. The marginal belt of the platform was affected during the Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene by extension and opening of the intra-platform basin, probably on the southern limb of the then developing Dinaric forebulge. The transverse fault system (Kvarner fault) was probably reactivated as a strike-slip zone during the late Miocene tectonic reorganization. The area was tilted to the SW during the Pliocene, in the distal foreland of the progressively northward propagating Northern Apennines. Sub-horizontal late Quaternary cover of Dinaric and Apenninic structures could imply active subsidence of the foreland in between nowadays sub-vertically exhuming neighboring orogenic belts.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"1 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135217867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110322
Samuele Segoni
Despite the importance of Earth sciences in addressing the global challenges that humanity is presently facing, attention toward related disciplines has been witnessed to be globally declining at various levels, including education and university teaching. To increase students’ engagement and explore alternative teaching activities, a didactical experiment was carried out at the University of Florence (Italy); the teaching course, “basic elements of geomorphology”, was reorganized to include relevant elements of gamification. Parallel to the frontal lessons, a competition based on a recurring quiz game was conducted. This activity was called “Who wants to be a Geomorphologist?”, clearly paraphrasing a notorious TV show. During every lesson, a moment was included where the students used their mobile devices to access a series of quizzes that were previously prepared by the teacher to test the reasoning skills of the students and their abilities to make connections between distinct topics. A commercial educational app was used to organize the activity, run the quiz sessions, assign points, and update the leaderboard in real time. A quantitative evaluation procedure assessed the positive impacts in terms of supporting the learning process, improving the engagement in the teaching course, and fostering the liking for geomorphology.
{"title":"Who Wants to Be a Geomorphologist? Gamification in a BSc Teaching Course","authors":"Samuele Segoni","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110322","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the importance of Earth sciences in addressing the global challenges that humanity is presently facing, attention toward related disciplines has been witnessed to be globally declining at various levels, including education and university teaching. To increase students’ engagement and explore alternative teaching activities, a didactical experiment was carried out at the University of Florence (Italy); the teaching course, “basic elements of geomorphology”, was reorganized to include relevant elements of gamification. Parallel to the frontal lessons, a competition based on a recurring quiz game was conducted. This activity was called “Who wants to be a Geomorphologist?”, clearly paraphrasing a notorious TV show. During every lesson, a moment was included where the students used their mobile devices to access a series of quizzes that were previously prepared by the teacher to test the reasoning skills of the students and their abilities to make connections between distinct topics. A commercial educational app was used to organize the activity, run the quiz sessions, assign points, and update the leaderboard in real time. A quantitative evaluation procedure assessed the positive impacts in terms of supporting the learning process, improving the engagement in the teaching course, and fostering the liking for geomorphology.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"30 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135216282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110326
Lorenzo Marzini, Enrico D’Addario, Michele Pio Papasidero, Francesco Chianucci, Leonardo Disperati
In this work, we evaluated the influence of root structure on shallow landslide distribution. Root density measurements were acquired in the field and the corresponding root cohesion was estimated. Data were acquired from 150 hillslope deposit trenches dug in areas either devoid or affected by shallow landslides within the Garfagnana Valley (northern Tuscany, Italy). Results highlighted a correlation between the root reinforcement and the location of measurement sites. Namely, lower root density was detected within shallow landslides, with respect to neighboring areas. Root area ratio (RAR) data allowed us to estimate root cohesion by the application of the revised version of the Wu and Waldron Model. Then, we propose a new method for the assimilation of the lateral root reinforcement into the infinite slope model and the limit equilibrium approach by introducing the equivalent root cohesion parameter. The results fall within the range of root cohesion values adopted in most of the physically based shallow landslide susceptibility models known in the literature (mean values ranging between ca. 2 and 3 kPa). Moreover, the results are in line with the scientific literature that has demonstrated the link between root mechanical properties, spatial variability of root reinforcement, and shallow landslide locations.
{"title":"Influence of Root Reinforcement on Shallow Landslide Distribution: A Case Study in Garfagnana (Northern Tuscany, Italy)","authors":"Lorenzo Marzini, Enrico D’Addario, Michele Pio Papasidero, Francesco Chianucci, Leonardo Disperati","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110326","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we evaluated the influence of root structure on shallow landslide distribution. Root density measurements were acquired in the field and the corresponding root cohesion was estimated. Data were acquired from 150 hillslope deposit trenches dug in areas either devoid or affected by shallow landslides within the Garfagnana Valley (northern Tuscany, Italy). Results highlighted a correlation between the root reinforcement and the location of measurement sites. Namely, lower root density was detected within shallow landslides, with respect to neighboring areas. Root area ratio (RAR) data allowed us to estimate root cohesion by the application of the revised version of the Wu and Waldron Model. Then, we propose a new method for the assimilation of the lateral root reinforcement into the infinite slope model and the limit equilibrium approach by introducing the equivalent root cohesion parameter. The results fall within the range of root cohesion values adopted in most of the physically based shallow landslide susceptibility models known in the literature (mean values ranging between ca. 2 and 3 kPa). Moreover, the results are in line with the scientific literature that has demonstrated the link between root mechanical properties, spatial variability of root reinforcement, and shallow landslide locations.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"40 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135168588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110325
Ausonio Ronchi, Lorenzo Marchetti, Hendrik Klein, Gideon Hendrik Groenewald
The Gansfontein palaeosurface (Fraserburg, Karoo, South Africa), which is correlated with the stratigraphic lowermost part of the continental Middle–Upper Permian Teekloof Formation, is revisited. This treasure trove of peculiar and exquisitely preserved sedimentary structures and invertebrate and vertebrate traces serves as a document of a set of fluvial paleoenvironments ranging from small ponds to marginal lacustrine and muddy riverine outer banks. It represents an isolated and relatively small “oasis” within the dominating sedimentary environments of the Teekloof Formation characterized by fine and medium-grained siliciclastics related to repeated higher-energy flooding events. The vertebrate traces include abundant therapsid trackways and, locally, tetrapod swimming traces. Tetrapod footprints show a very variable preservation in different areas of the palaeosurface, and it also changed based on the time of impression. Fish trails (Undichna) are relatively common. The invertebrate ichnofauna is comprised of abundant arthropod traces and horizontal burrows; however, the palaeosurface was not intersected by intense bioturbation. The occurrence of this scenario of abundant life reflects complex interaction among different tracemakers with the substrate and is evidence of a relatively quiet palaeoenvironment, which was suddenly submerged and sealed during a flooding event. Sedimentological and ichnological insights from such a palaeosurface, therefore, opens a rare window into Middle Permian ecosystems in southernmost Gondwana.
重新考察了与大陆中上二叠统Teekloof组最下部地层相关的Gansfontein古地表(Fraserburg, Karoo, South Africa)。这个保存完好的独特沉积结构和无脊椎动物和脊椎动物痕迹的宝库，作为一组河流古环境的文件，从小池塘到边缘湖泊和泥泞的河流外岸。它代表了Teekloof组主要沉积环境中一个孤立的、相对较小的“绿洲”，其特征是与重复的高能洪水事件相关的细粒和中粒硅塑料。脊椎动物的足迹包括丰富的兽头纲动物足迹和局部的四足动物游泳痕迹。四足动物足迹在古地表的不同区域呈现出非常不同的保存方式，并且随着印痕时间的不同而发生变化。鱼径(Undichna)相对常见。无脊椎鱼动物群由丰富的节肢动物痕迹和水平洞穴组成;然而，古地表并没有被强烈的生物扰动所交叉。这种丰富的生命场景的出现反映了不同的示踪器与基质之间复杂的相互作用，是一个相对安静的古环境的证据，它在洪水事件中突然被淹没和封闭。因此，从这样一个古表面获得沉积学和技术上的见解，为研究冈瓦纳最南端的中二叠纪生态系统打开了一扇罕见的窗口。
{"title":"A Middle Permian Oasis for Vertebrate and Invertebrate Life in a High-Energy Fluvial Palaeoecosystem of Southern Gondwana (Karoo, Republic of South Africa)","authors":"Ausonio Ronchi, Lorenzo Marchetti, Hendrik Klein, Gideon Hendrik Groenewald","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110325","url":null,"abstract":"The Gansfontein palaeosurface (Fraserburg, Karoo, South Africa), which is correlated with the stratigraphic lowermost part of the continental Middle–Upper Permian Teekloof Formation, is revisited. This treasure trove of peculiar and exquisitely preserved sedimentary structures and invertebrate and vertebrate traces serves as a document of a set of fluvial paleoenvironments ranging from small ponds to marginal lacustrine and muddy riverine outer banks. It represents an isolated and relatively small “oasis” within the dominating sedimentary environments of the Teekloof Formation characterized by fine and medium-grained siliciclastics related to repeated higher-energy flooding events. The vertebrate traces include abundant therapsid trackways and, locally, tetrapod swimming traces. Tetrapod footprints show a very variable preservation in different areas of the palaeosurface, and it also changed based on the time of impression. Fish trails (Undichna) are relatively common. The invertebrate ichnofauna is comprised of abundant arthropod traces and horizontal burrows; however, the palaeosurface was not intersected by intense bioturbation. The occurrence of this scenario of abundant life reflects complex interaction among different tracemakers with the substrate and is evidence of a relatively quiet palaeoenvironment, which was suddenly submerged and sealed during a flooding event. Sedimentological and ichnological insights from such a palaeosurface, therefore, opens a rare window into Middle Permian ecosystems in southernmost Gondwana.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135112270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110319
Karan Nayak, Charbeth López-Urías, Rosendo Romero-Andrade, Gopal Sharma, German Michel Guzmán-Acevedo, Manuel Edwiges Trejo-Soto
The study delves into the relationship between ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomalies and seismic activity, with a focus on Morocco’s 6.8 Mw earthquake on 8 September 2023, lying within a tectonically active region at the convergence of the African and Eurasian Plates. To enhance the reliability of our findings, we incorporate space weather conditions, utilizing indices (Dst, Kp, and F10.7) to pinpoint periods of stable space weather. This minimizes the possibility of erroneously attributing natural ionospheric fluctuations to seismic events. Notably, our TEC analysis unveils positive and negative anomalies, with some occurring up to a week before the earthquake. These anomalies, exceeding predefined thresholds, provide compelling evidence of significant deviations from typical ionospheric conditions. Spatial mapping techniques employing both station-specific vTEC data and pseudorandom noise codes (PRNs) from multiple global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations highlight a strong correlation between ionospheric anomalies and the earthquake’s epicenter. The integration of PRNs enhances coverage and sensitivity to subtle anomalies. Additionally, the analysis of satellite imagery and ground displacement data using Sentinel-1 confirms significant ground uplift of approximately 15 cm following the earthquake, shedding light on surface responses to seismic events. These findings underscore the potential of ionospheric science in advancing earthquake early warning systems and deepening our understanding of earthquake precursors, thus contributing to the mitigation of seismic event impacts and the protection of lives and infrastructure.
{"title":"Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Anomalies as Earthquake Precursors: Unveiling the Geophysical Connection Leading to the 2023 Moroccan 6.8 Mw Earthquake","authors":"Karan Nayak, Charbeth López-Urías, Rosendo Romero-Andrade, Gopal Sharma, German Michel Guzmán-Acevedo, Manuel Edwiges Trejo-Soto","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110319","url":null,"abstract":"The study delves into the relationship between ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomalies and seismic activity, with a focus on Morocco’s 6.8 Mw earthquake on 8 September 2023, lying within a tectonically active region at the convergence of the African and Eurasian Plates. To enhance the reliability of our findings, we incorporate space weather conditions, utilizing indices (Dst, Kp, and F10.7) to pinpoint periods of stable space weather. This minimizes the possibility of erroneously attributing natural ionospheric fluctuations to seismic events. Notably, our TEC analysis unveils positive and negative anomalies, with some occurring up to a week before the earthquake. These anomalies, exceeding predefined thresholds, provide compelling evidence of significant deviations from typical ionospheric conditions. Spatial mapping techniques employing both station-specific vTEC data and pseudorandom noise codes (PRNs) from multiple global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations highlight a strong correlation between ionospheric anomalies and the earthquake’s epicenter. The integration of PRNs enhances coverage and sensitivity to subtle anomalies. Additionally, the analysis of satellite imagery and ground displacement data using Sentinel-1 confirms significant ground uplift of approximately 15 cm following the earthquake, shedding light on surface responses to seismic events. These findings underscore the potential of ionospheric science in advancing earthquake early warning systems and deepening our understanding of earthquake precursors, thus contributing to the mitigation of seismic event impacts and the protection of lives and infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135274247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110321
Sizenando Bispo-Silva, Cleverson J. Ferreira de Oliveira, Gabriel de Alemar Barberes
Chromatographic oil analysis is an important step for the identification of biodegraded petroleum via peak visualization and interpretation of phenomena that explain the oil geochemistry. However, analyses of chromatogram components by geochemists are comparative, visual, and consequently slow. This article aims to improve the chromatogram analysis process performed during geochemical interpretation by proposing the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), which are deep learning techniques widely used by big tech companies. Two hundred and twenty-one chromatographic oil images from different worldwide basins (Brazil, the USA, Portugal, Angola, and Venezuela) were used. The open-source software Orange Data Mining was used to process images by CNN. The CNN algorithm extracts, pixel by pixel, recurring features from the images through convolutional operations. Subsequently, the recurring features are grouped into common feature groups. The training result obtained an accuracy (CA) of 96.7% and an area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve (AUC) of 99.7%. In turn, the test result obtained a 97.6% CA and a 99.7% AUC. This work suggests that the processing of petroleum chromatographic images through CNN can become a new tool for the study of petroleum geochemistry since the chromatograms can be loaded, read, grouped, and classified more efficiently and quickly than the evaluations applied in classical methods.
石油色谱分析是识别生物降解石油的重要步骤，通过峰可视化和解释现象来解释石油的地球化学特征。然而，地球化学家对色谱成分的分析是比较的、直观的，因此速度很慢。本文旨在通过提出使用卷积神经网络(CNN)来改进地球化学解释过程中的色谱分析过程，卷积神经网络是大型科技公司广泛使用的深度学习技术。使用了来自全球不同盆地(巴西、美国、葡萄牙、安哥拉和委内瑞拉)的221张色谱油图像。CNN使用开源软件Orange Data Mining来处理图像。CNN算法通过卷积运算从图像中逐像素提取重复特征。随后，将重复出现的特性分组到公共特性组中。训练结果准确率(CA)为96.7%，ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为99.7%。反过来，测试结果获得97.6%的CA和99.7%的AUC。该研究表明，与传统的评价方法相比，利用CNN对石油色谱图像进行加载、读取、分组和分类的效率更高，可以成为石油地球化学研究的一种新工具。
{"title":"Geochemical Biodegraded Oil Classification Using a Machine Learning Approach","authors":"Sizenando Bispo-Silva, Cleverson J. Ferreira de Oliveira, Gabriel de Alemar Barberes","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110321","url":null,"abstract":"Chromatographic oil analysis is an important step for the identification of biodegraded petroleum via peak visualization and interpretation of phenomena that explain the oil geochemistry. However, analyses of chromatogram components by geochemists are comparative, visual, and consequently slow. This article aims to improve the chromatogram analysis process performed during geochemical interpretation by proposing the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), which are deep learning techniques widely used by big tech companies. Two hundred and twenty-one chromatographic oil images from different worldwide basins (Brazil, the USA, Portugal, Angola, and Venezuela) were used. The open-source software Orange Data Mining was used to process images by CNN. The CNN algorithm extracts, pixel by pixel, recurring features from the images through convolutional operations. Subsequently, the recurring features are grouped into common feature groups. The training result obtained an accuracy (CA) of 96.7% and an area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve (AUC) of 99.7%. In turn, the test result obtained a 97.6% CA and a 99.7% AUC. This work suggests that the processing of petroleum chromatographic images through CNN can become a new tool for the study of petroleum geochemistry since the chromatograms can be loaded, read, grouped, and classified more efficiently and quickly than the evaluations applied in classical methods.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"49 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13110320
Ritu Ghose, Patricia Persaud, Robert W. Clayton
We constrained sedimentary basin structure using a nodal seismic array consisting of ten dense lines that overlie multiple basins in the northern Los Angeles area. The dense array consists of 758 seismic nodes, spaced ~250–300 m apart along linear transects, that recorded ground motions for 30–35 days. We applied the receiver function (RF) technique to 16 teleseismic events to investigate basin structure. Primary basin-converted phases were identified in the RFs. A shear wave velocity model produced in a separate study using the same dataset was incorporated to convert the basin time arrivals to depth. The deepest part of the San Bernardino basin was identified near the Loma Linda fault at a depth of 2.4 km. Basin depths identified at pierce points for separate events reveal lateral changes in basin depth across distances of ~2–3 km near individual stations. A significant change in basin depth was identified within a small distance of ~4 km near the San Jacinto fault. The San Gabriel basin exhibited the largest basin depths of all three basins, with a maximum depth of 4.2 km. The high lateral resolution from the dense array helped to reveal more continuous structures and reduce uncertainties in the RFs interpretation. We discovered a more complex basin structure than previously identified. Our findings show that the basins’ core areas are not the deepest, and significant changes in basin depth were observed near some faults, including the San Jacinto fault, Fontana fault, Red Hill fault and Indian Hill fault.
{"title":"Basin Structure for Earthquake Ground Motion Estimates in Urban Los Angeles Mapped with Nodal Receiver Functions","authors":"Ritu Ghose, Patricia Persaud, Robert W. Clayton","doi":"10.3390/geosciences13110320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110320","url":null,"abstract":"We constrained sedimentary basin structure using a nodal seismic array consisting of ten dense lines that overlie multiple basins in the northern Los Angeles area. The dense array consists of 758 seismic nodes, spaced ~250–300 m apart along linear transects, that recorded ground motions for 30–35 days. We applied the receiver function (RF) technique to 16 teleseismic events to investigate basin structure. Primary basin-converted phases were identified in the RFs. A shear wave velocity model produced in a separate study using the same dataset was incorporated to convert the basin time arrivals to depth. The deepest part of the San Bernardino basin was identified near the Loma Linda fault at a depth of 2.4 km. Basin depths identified at pierce points for separate events reveal lateral changes in basin depth across distances of ~2–3 km near individual stations. A significant change in basin depth was identified within a small distance of ~4 km near the San Jacinto fault. The San Gabriel basin exhibited the largest basin depths of all three basins, with a maximum depth of 4.2 km. The high lateral resolution from the dense array helped to reveal more continuous structures and reduce uncertainties in the RFs interpretation. We discovered a more complex basin structure than previously identified. Our findings show that the basins’ core areas are not the deepest, and significant changes in basin depth were observed near some faults, including the San Jacinto fault, Fontana fault, Red Hill fault and Indian Hill fault.","PeriodicalId":38189,"journal":{"name":"Geosciences (Switzerland)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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