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Cost–Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment for Mining Activities in Terms of Circular Economy and Their Environmental Impact 循环经济下采矿活动的成本效益分析与风险评价及其环境影响
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100318
Evangelos Machairas, Emmanouil A. Varouchakis
Mining activities are prolific worldwide in light of the perpetual production of metal. The high need for metal materials in human life necessitates the development of mining operations, especially in places characterized as being highly enriched in metal ions. After the separation of beneficial and non-beneficial materials, industrial enrichment mechanisms take place to increase metal output. These mechanisms, known as metallurgical procedures, produce a vast volume of mining/metallurgical waste (MMW) at final disposal sites. MMW’s composition usually includes metal filings in low-pH site conditions. Thus, the environmental pollution hazard is high unless sustainable methods are implemented to reduce both heavy and toxic metals’ concentration in MMW at every disposal site. The scope of this review is to determine how cost–benefit analysis (CBA) and risk assessment (RA) could contribute positively to (a) the environmental effect of MMW reduction, (b) decreasing the environmental rehabilitation cost, and (c) research into economically sustainable methods of recovering metal from MMW.
鉴于金属的永久生产,采矿活动在世界范围内是多产的。人类生活对金属材料的高度需求使采矿业务的发展成为必要,特别是在金属离子高度富集的地方。在有益和非有益物质分离后,发生工业富集机制以增加金属产量。这些机制称为冶金程序,在最终处置地点产生大量采矿/冶金废物。毫米波的组成通常包括在低ph站点条件下的金属屑。因此,除非采用可持续的方法,在每个处置场址降低毫米波中重金属和有毒金属的浓度,否则环境污染危害很大。本综述的范围是确定成本效益分析(CBA)和风险评估(RA)如何对(a)减少毫米波的环境影响,(b)降低环境修复成本,以及(c)研究从毫米波中回收金属的经济可持续方法作出积极贡献。
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引用次数: 0
On the Potential of Using Random Forest Models to Estimate the Seismic Bearing Capacity of Strip Footings Positioned on the Crest of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Structures 随机森林模型估算土工加筋土结构顶部条形基础抗震承载力的潜力
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100317
Ernesto Ausilio, Maria Giovanna Durante, Paolo Zimmaro
Geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures are often used to support shallow foundations of various infrastructure systems including bridges, railways, and highways. When such infrastructures are located in seismic areas, their performance is linked to the seismic bearing capacity of the foundation. Various approaches can be used to calculate this quantity such as analytical solutions and advanced numerical models. Building upon a robust upper bound limit analysis, we created a database comprising 732 samples. The database was then used to train and test a model based on a random forest machine learning algorithm. The trained random forest model was used to develop a publicly available web application that can be readily used by researchers and practitioners. The model considers the following input factors: (1) the ratio of the distance of the foundation from the edge and the width of the foundation (D/B), (2) the slope angle (β), (3) the horizontal seismic intensity coefficient (kh), and (4) the dimensionless geosynthetic factor, which accounts for the tensile strength of the geosynthetic. Leveraging the model developed in this study, we show that the most important features to predict the seismic bearing capacity of strip footings positioned on the crest of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures are D/B and kh.
土工合成加筋土结构通常用于支持各种基础设施系统的浅基础,包括桥梁,铁路和高速公路。当此类基础设施位于地震区时,其性能与基础的抗震承载力有关。可以使用各种方法来计算这个量,例如解析解和高级数值模型。基于一个健壮的上限分析,我们创建了一个包含732个样本的数据库。然后使用该数据库来训练和测试基于随机森林机器学习算法的模型。经过训练的随机森林模型被用来开发一个可供研究人员和从业人员随时使用的公开可用的web应用程序。该模型考虑了以下输入因素:(1)基础到边缘的距离与基础宽度的比值(D/B),(2)斜坡角(β),(3)水平地震烈度系数(kh),(4)土工合成物的无量纲因子,它决定了土工合成物的抗拉强度。利用本研究开发的模型,我们表明,预测位于土工合成加筋土结构顶部的条形基础的抗震承载力最重要的特征是D/B和kh。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal Conductivity Variations in Frozen Hydrate-Bearing Sand upon Heating and Dissociation of Pore Gas Hydrate 孔隙气体水合物加热解离过程中含水冻结砂导热系数的变化
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100316
Evgeny Chuvilin, Dinara Davletshina, Boris Bukhanov, Sergey Grebenkin, Elena Pankratova
High-latitude permafrost, including hydrate-bearing frozen ground, changes its properties in response to natural climate change and to impacts from petroleum production. Of special interest is the behavior of thermal conductivity, one of the key parameters that control the thermal processes in permafrost containing gas hydrate accumulations. Thermal conductivity variations under pressure and temperature changes were studied in the laboratory through physical modeling using sand sampled from gas-bearing permafrost of the Yamal Peninsula (northern West Siberia, Russia). When gas pressure drops to below equilibrium at a constant negative temperature (about −6 °C), the thermal conductivity of the samples first becomes a few percent to 10% lower as a result of cracking and then increases as pore gas hydrate dissociates and converts to water and then to ice. The range of thermal conductivity variations has several controls: pore gas pressure, hydrate saturation, rate of hydrate dissociation, and amount of additionally formed pore ice. In general, hydrate dissociation can cause up to 20% thermal conductivity decrease in frozen hydrate-bearing sand. As the samples are heated to positive temperatures, their thermal conductivity decreases by a magnitude depending on residual contents of pore gas hydrate and ice: the decrease reaches ~30% at 20–40% hydrate saturation. The thermal conductivity decrease in hydrate-free saline frozen sand is proportional to the salinity and can become ~40% lower at a salinity of 0.14%. The behavior of thermal conductivity in frozen hydrate-bearing sediments under a pressure drop below the equilibrium and a temperature increase to above 0 °C is explained in a model of pore space changes based on the experimental results.
高纬度永久冻土,包括含水冻土,会随着自然气候变化和石油生产的影响而改变其性质。特别令人感兴趣的是热导率的行为,这是控制含天然气水合物聚集的永久冻土热过程的关键参数之一。利用从亚马尔半岛(俄罗斯西西伯利亚北部)含气永久冻土带取样的沙子,在实验室通过物理建模研究了压力和温度变化下的导热系数变化。当气体压力在恒定的负温度(约- 6℃)下降至平衡以下时,样品的导热系数首先由于开裂而降低了百分之几到10%,然后随着孔隙气体水合物解离并转化为水,然后转化为冰而增加。热导率变化的范围有几个控制因素:孔隙气体压力、水合物饱和度、水合物解离率和额外形成的孔隙冰的数量。一般来说,水合物解离会导致含水合物冻结砂的导热系数降低20%。当样品被加热到正温度时,其导热系数会根据孔隙气体水合物和冰的残余含量下降一个量级:在水合物饱和度为20-40%时,其导热系数下降约30%。无水盐冻砂的导热系数降低与矿化度成正比,当矿化度为0.14%时,导热系数降低约40%。基于实验结果,用孔隙空间变化模型解释了含水合物冻结沉积物在压力降低于平衡、温度升高至0℃以上时的导热行为。
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引用次数: 0
Distinctive Accumulation Patterns of Trace Elements in Sediments of Bedrock Rivers (Miño River, NW Iberian Peninsula) 基岩河流(Miño河,伊比利亚半岛西北部)沉积物中微量元素的独特富集模式
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100315
Miguel Ángel Álvarez-Vázquez, Elena De Uña-Álvarez, Alexandra María Ramírez-Pérez, Esther de Blas, Ricardo Prego
Sediment compositions and enrichment patterns are investigated in an urban reach of a bedrock river, the Miño River passing through Ourense City, Spain. This study focuses on the trace element distribution in different fractions to gain insights into trace element enrichment. To assess enrichment, a context-specific approach was employed, based on the mean, the standard deviation of the estimated background, and the empirical rule, avoiding the pitfalls of general and arbitrary thresholds. Notably, the <0.063 mm and <2 mm fractions showed differential accumulation patterns. Both fractions serve to detect enrichments that can be indicative of contamination, but they measure different things, the maturity of sediments and postdepositional processes being key factors in understanding the sediment composition and enrichments. These findings also highlight the role of rock cavities, particularly those hosting permanent deposits, as traps for trace elements and their potential significance in assessing environmental enrichment. This work contributes to understanding sediment compositions and enrichment dynamics in bedrock rivers. It also underscores the significance of considering site-specific approaches for enrichment assessment and the necessity for further research to unravel the mechanisms driving differential accumulation within distinct depositional environments.
沉积物组成和富集模式在基岩河流的城市河段进行了调查,Miño河通过乌伦斯市,西班牙。通过对不同馏分中微量元素分布的研究,深入了解微量元素富集规律。为了评估富集程度,采用了一种基于具体情况的方法,该方法基于估计背景的平均值、标准差和经验规则,避免了一般和任意阈值的陷阱。值得注意的是,0.063 mm和2 mm馏分表现出不同的积累模式。这两种组分都用于检测富集程度,可以指示污染,但它们测量的东西不同,沉积物的成熟度和沉积后过程是了解沉积物组成和富集程度的关键因素。这些发现还强调了岩洞的作用,特别是那些拥有永久矿床的岩洞,作为微量元素的陷阱,以及它们在评估环境富集方面的潜在意义。这项工作有助于了解基岩河流的沉积物组成和富集动力学。它还强调了考虑特定地点富集评价方法的重要性,以及进一步研究阐明在不同沉积环境中驱动差异聚集的机制的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Time-Series Variation of Landslide Expansion in Areas with a Low Frequency of Heavy Rainfall 低频率强降雨地区滑坡扩展的时间序列变化
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100314
Ken’ichi Koshimizu, Taro Uchida
After multiple simultaneous landslides caused by heavy rainfall, expanding landslides continue to occur for a certain duration. Evaluation of the influencing period of sediment yield due to expanding landslides is vital for comprehensive sediment management of the basin. In this study, we investigated a region with a low frequency of heavy rainfall that has not received its due level of attention until now. Consequently, the transition of expanding landslides depends on the transition of the number of remaining landslides, based on the difference in the frequency of heavy rainfall. Furthermore, the transition of expanding landslides depends on the maximum daily rainfall after the landslides. These findings indicate that “the number of remaining landslides” and “maximum daily rainfall after a landslide” are related factors that determine the period during which expanding landslides frequently occur. An estimation formula based on elapsed time was developed to calculate the number of remaining landslides. An empirical formula for the number of expanding landslides was obtained by multiplying the function of the daily maximum rainfall after the landslide by the estimation formula for the number of remaining landslides. The developed empirical formula can be used effectively for evaluation during periods when rainfall-induced landslides are subject to subsequent expansion.
强降雨引起多处滑坡同时发生后,在一定时间内继续发生扩大滑坡。滑坡扩展产沙影响期的评价对流域的综合治沙具有重要意义。在这项研究中,我们调查了一个低频强降雨地区,直到现在还没有得到应有的重视。因此,滑坡扩展的过渡取决于剩余滑坡数量的过渡,基于强降雨频率的差异。此外,滑坡扩展的过渡取决于滑坡发生后的最大日降雨量。这些结果表明,“剩余滑坡数量”和“滑坡后最大日降雨量”是决定扩大型滑坡多发期的相关因素。建立了一个基于时间的估算公式来计算剩余滑坡的数量。将滑坡发生后日最大降雨量函数与剩余滑坡数估算公式相乘,得到滑坡扩展数的经验公式。所建立的经验公式可以有效地用于降雨诱发滑坡后续扩展时期的评价。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the Snow Cover Climatology over Turkey from ERA5-Land Reanalysis Data and MODIS Snow Cover Frequency Product 基于ERA5-Land再分析数据和MODIS积雪频率产品的土耳其积雪气候学研究
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100311
Zuhal Akyurek, Semih Kuter, Çağrı H. Karaman, Berkay Akpınar
Understanding the distribution, patterns, and characteristics of snowfall and snow cover within a given region over extended periods is important. Snow climatology provides valuable insights into the seasonal and long-term variations in snowfall, helping researchers and meteorologists understand the impacts of climate change on snow accumulation, melt rates, and snowmelt runoff. In this study, in order to understand the spatial and temporal variation in snow cover in Turkey, the temporal and spatial dynamics of snow cover in the country were analyzed during the latest and longest period from 1970 to 2022 using ERA5-Land reanalysis product. It is aimed (1) to show snow-covered area (SCA), snow duration, and snow depth trends over the country; (2) to examine the altitudinal difference of snow phenology response to climate change; and (3) to evaluate the Snow Cover Frequency Maps from MODIS Snow Cover Products with the reanalysis snow depth data. It is found that the “false snow” mapping problem still exists in the MOD10C1_CGF Snow Cover Frequency maps over Turkey, especially in the melting period. We found that an increasing trend of 0.4 °C/decade and snow duration have a decreasing trend due to the early melting between 1970 and 2022. This trend is even more noticeable at elevations below 2000 m. Another important finding is the decreasing trend in snow duration at altitudes below 500 m, indicating a shift from snow to rain for precipitation types.
了解给定区域内长时间内的降雪和积雪的分布、模式和特征是很重要的。雪气候学为降雪的季节性和长期变化提供了有价值的见解,帮助研究人员和气象学家了解气候变化对积雪、融化速度和融雪径流的影响。为了了解土耳其积雪的时空变化,利用ERA5-Land再分析产品,分析了1970 - 2022年土耳其最晚和最长时间积雪的时空动态。它的目的是(1)显示全国的积雪覆盖面积(SCA)、积雪持续时间和雪深趋势;(2)考察积雪物候对气候变化响应的海拔差异;(3)利用再分析雪深数据对MODIS积雪产品的积雪频率图进行评价。发现MOD10C1_CGF土耳其地区积雪频率图仍然存在“假雪”成图问题,特别是在融化期。研究发现,在1970 - 2022年期间,由于早期融化,积雪持续时间呈减少趋势,增加幅度为0.4°C/ 10年。这种趋势在海拔2000米以下的地区更为明显。另一个重要的发现是,在海拔500米以下的地区,积雪持续时间呈减少趋势,表明降水类型从雪转向雨。
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引用次数: 0
Geomorphological Evolution of Volcanic Cliffs in Coastal Areas: The Case of Maronti Bay (Ischia Island) 沿海地区火山悬崖地貌演化:以马龙蒂湾(Ischia Island)为例
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100313
Luigi Massaro, Giovanni Forte, Melania De Falco, Antonio Santo
The morphoevolution of coastal areas is due to the interactions of multiple continental and marine processes that define a highly dynamic environment. These processes can occur as rapid catastrophic events (e.g., landslides, storms, and coastal land use) or as slower continuous processes (i.e., wave, tidal, and current actions), creating a multi-hazard scenario. Maronti Bay (Ischia Island, Southern Italy) can be classified as a pocket beach that represents an important tourist and environmental area for the island, although it has been historically affected by slope instability, sea cliff recession, and coastal erosion. In this study, the historical morphoevolution of the shoreline was analysed by means of a dataset of aerial photographs and cartographic information available in the literature over a 25-year period. Furthermore, the role of cliff recession and its impact on the beach was also explored, as in recent years, the stability condition of the area was worsened by the occurrence of a remarkable landslide in 2019. The latter was reactivated following a cloudburst on the 26th of November 2022 that affected the whole Island and was analysed with the Dem of Difference technique. It provided an estimate of the mobilised volumes and showed how the erosion and deposition areas were distributed and modified by wave action. The insights from this research can be valuable in developing mitigation strategies and protective measures to safeguard the surrounding environment and ensure the safety of residents and tourists in this multi-hazard environment.
沿海地区的形态演变是由于多种大陆和海洋过程的相互作用,这些过程定义了一个高度动态的环境。这些过程可以作为快速的灾难性事件(例如,滑坡、风暴和沿海土地利用)发生,也可以作为较慢的连续过程(例如,波浪、潮汐和洋流的作用)发生,从而形成多灾害情景。马龙蒂湾(意大利南部伊斯基亚岛)可以被归类为一个口袋海滩,代表了该岛重要的旅游和环境区域,尽管它在历史上受到斜坡不稳定,海崖衰退和海岸侵蚀的影响。在这项研究中,海岸线的历史形态演变通过25年期间的航空照片和文献中可用的地图信息数据集进行了分析。此外,还探讨了悬崖衰退的作用及其对海滩的影响,因为近年来,该地区的稳定状况因2019年发生的一次显著滑坡而恶化。后者在2022年11月26日影响整个岛屿的一场暴雨后重新启动,并使用差分差分技术进行了分析。它提供了对活动体积的估计,并显示了侵蚀和沉积区域是如何分布的,以及波浪作用是如何改变的。这项研究的见解对于制定缓解战略和保护措施,以保护周围环境,确保居民和游客在这种多灾害环境中的安全,具有重要价值。
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引用次数: 0
On the Flow of CO2-Saturated Water in a Cement Fracture 水泥裂缝中co2饱和水流动研究
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100312
De Nyago Tafen, Barbara Kutchko, Mehrdad Massoudi
Cement fractures represent preferential leakage pathways in abandoned wells upon exposure to a CO2-rich fluid. Understanding fracture alteration resulting from geochemical reactions is critical for assessing well integrity in CO2 storage. This paper describes a mathematical model used to investigate the physical and the chemical changes in cement properties when CO2-saturated water is injected into a wellbore. This study examines the flow of a solution of CO2-saturated water in a two-dimensional fractured cement. In this approach, a micro-continuum equation based on the Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes (DBS) equation is used as the momentum balance equation; in addition, reactive transport equations are used to study the coupled processes of reactant transport and geochemical reactions, and the model for cement porosity alteration and fracture enhancement. This paper focuses on the effects of cement porosity, fracture aperture size, and surface roughness. Mineral dissolution and precipitation mechanisms are also considered. Our simulations show that smaller initial fracture apertures tend to a high mineral precipitation self-sealing. However, a complete sealing of the fracture is not observed due to the continuous flow of CO2-saturated water. The calcite precipitation mechanism of a rough fracture (random zigzag shape) differs from that of a smooth/flat fracture surface.
在暴露于富含二氧化碳的流体中,水泥裂缝代表了废弃井的优先泄漏路径。了解地球化学反应导致的裂缝蚀变对于评估CO2储层井的完整性至关重要。本文介绍了一种数学模型,用于研究饱和二氧化碳水注入井筒后水泥性质的物理和化学变化。本研究考察了二氧化碳饱和水溶液在二维裂隙水泥中的流动。该方法采用基于Darcy-Brinkman-Stokes (DBS)方程的微连续统方程作为动量平衡方程;利用反应输运方程研究了化学物质输运与地球化学反应的耦合过程,建立了水泥孔隙度蚀变和裂缝增强模型。本文重点研究了水泥孔隙度、裂缝孔径大小和表面粗糙度的影响。还考虑了矿物溶解和沉淀机制。我们的模拟表明,较小的初始裂缝孔径倾向于高矿物沉淀自密封。然而,由于二氧化碳饱和水的持续流动,没有观察到裂缝的完全密封。粗糙断口(随机之字形)的方解石析出机制与光滑/平坦断口的不同。
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引用次数: 0
Generalized Additive Models for Predicting Sea Level Rise in Coastal Florida 预测佛罗里达沿海海平面上升的广义加性模型
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100310
Hanna N. Vaidya, Robert D. Breininger, Marisela Madrid, Steven Lazarus, Nezamoddin N. Kachouie
Within the last century, the global sea level has risen between 16 and 21 cm and will likely accelerate into the future. Projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show the global mean sea level (GMSL) rise may increase to up to 1 m (1000 mm) by 2100. The primary cause of the sea level rise can be attributed to climate change through the thermal expansion of seawater and the recession of glaciers from melting. Because of the complexity of the climate and environmental systems, it is very difficult to accurately predict the increase in sea level. The latest estimate of GMSL rise is about 3 mm/year, but as GMSL is a global measure, it may not represent local sea level changes. It is essential to obtain tailored estimates of sea level rise in coastline Florida, as the state is strongly impacted by the global sea level rise. The goal of this study is to model the sea level in coastal Florida using climate factors. Hence, water temperature, water salinity, sea surface height anomalies (SSHA), and El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) 3.4 index were considered to predict coastal Florida sea level. The sea level changes across coastal Florida were modeled using both multiple regression as a broadly used parametric model and the generalized additive model (GAM), which is a nonparametric method. The local rates and variances of sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) were analyzed and compared to regional and global measurements. The identified optimal model to explain and predict sea level was a GAM with the year, global and regional (adjacent basins) SSHA, local water temperature and salinity, and ENSO as predictors. All predictors including global SSHA, regional SSHA, water temperature, water salinity, ENSO, and the year were identified to have a positive impact on the sea level and can help to explain the variations in the sea level in coastal Florida. Particularly, the global and regional SSHA and the year are important factors to predict sea level changes.
在上个世纪,全球海平面上升了16到21厘米,未来可能会加速上升。政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的预测显示,到2100年,全球平均海平面(GMSL)上升可能会增加到1米(1000毫米)。海平面上升的主要原因可以归结为气候变化,这是由于海水的热膨胀和冰川的退缩而导致的。由于气候和环境系统的复杂性,准确预测海平面的上升是非常困难的。最新估计的GMSL上升约为3毫米/年,但由于GMSL是一个全球测量,它可能不代表局部海平面变化。由于佛罗里达州受到全球海平面上升的强烈影响,因此有必要对佛罗里达州海岸线的海平面上升进行量身定制的估计。这项研究的目的是利用气候因素来模拟佛罗里达沿海地区的海平面。因此,考虑水温、海水盐度、海面高度异常(SSHA)和El Niño南方涛动(ENSO) 3.4指数对佛罗里达沿海海平面的预测。采用多元回归模型和广义加性模型(GAM)对佛罗里达沿海海平面变化进行了建模,前者是一种常用的参数模型,而前者是一种非参数模型。分析了海面高度异常(SSHA)的局地率和方差,并与区域和全球测量结果进行了比较。确定的最优模型是以年、全球和区域(邻近盆地)SSHA、当地水温和盐度以及ENSO为预测因子的GAM模型。包括全球SSHA、区域SSHA、水温、盐度、ENSO和年份在内的所有预测因子都对海平面产生了积极影响,并有助于解释佛罗里达沿海海平面的变化。特别是全球和区域SSHA和年份是预测海平面变化的重要因子。
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引用次数: 0
Li-Cs-Na-Rich Beryl from Beryl-Bearing Pegmatite Dike No. 7 of the Shongui Deposit, Kola Province, Russia 俄罗斯科拉省松桂矿床7号含绿柱石伟晶岩脉中的富li - cs - na绿柱石
Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100309
Lyudmila N. Morozova, Sergey G. Skublov, Dmitry R. Zozulya, Pavel A. Serov, Elena S. Borisenko, Anna N. Solovjova, Alexandra K. Gavrilchik
Beryl is both an accessory and a rock-forming mineral in pegmatites that contain beryl, making it a major source of Be. Beryl-bearing pegmatites of the Shongui deposit, located in the Kola province of the Northeastern Fennoscandian Shield, hold beryl with a yellowish-greenish color. An investigation into the chemical composition of this beryl from pegmatite dike No. 7 has been performed for the first time via the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique, and the chemical composition of the beryl-bearing pegmatites has been analyzed for the first time by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. These pegmatites have high concentrations (ppm) of Be (11.8), Li (30.9), Rb (482), Nb (50.3), Ta (14.6), Cs (66.8), and Mn (283) and low concentrations of Sr, Y, Ba, rare earth elements (REE), Zr, and Th. In the Shongui pegmatite field, concentrations of Be, Li, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta, and Mn increase from barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites, whereas concentrations of Ba, Sr, Y, and REE decline. Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr, and Zr/Hf ratios, showing the fractionation degree, change from the barren to beryl-bearing pegmatites: Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr increase from 111 and 0.46 to 1365 and 8.06, respectively, and Zr/Hf decreases from 18.9 to 14.5. The chemical composition of beryl from the Shongui deposit is unique. This mineral has a concentration of 25,300 ppm of alkalis (Li, Cs, K, Rb, Na) and the average Li, Ce, and Na content is 4430, 5000, and 15,400 ppm, respectively. According to its chemical composition, the Shongui beryl belongs to the Li-Cs-Na type, a type that is not recognized in the available classifications. It is supposed that this beryl was mainly crystallized in the magmatic stage rather than in any hydrothermal and metasomatic stages. Two beryl groups have been distinguished in beryl-bearing pegmatite dike No. 7: beryl from the intermediate zone (Brl-I) and beryl from the core zone (Brl-II). These beryls are concluded to have crystallized in the following order: Brl-I and then Brl-II. Compared with Brl-I, Brl-II is depleted in Cs, Na, Cl, and H2O and is enriched in Fe and Mn. The Fe/Mn ratio varies from 9.18 to 16.50 in these beryls and their yellowish-greenish shades are thought to be driven by a large amount of Fe compared to Mn.
在含有绿柱石的伟晶岩中,绿柱石既是一种附属物,也是一种造岩矿物,使其成为Be的主要来源。位于芬诺斯坎地盾东北部科拉省的松桂矿床含绿柱石伟晶岩中含有绿柱石,呈黄绿色。首次采用二次离子质谱(SIMS)技术对7号伟晶岩脉中绿柱石的化学成分进行了研究,并首次采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)方法对含绿柱石的化学成分进行了分析。这些伟晶岩具有高浓度(ppm)的Be(11.8)、Li(30.9)、Rb(482)、Nb(50.3)、Ta(14.6)、Cs(66.8)和Mn(283),以及低浓度的Sr、Y、Ba、稀土元素(REE)、Zr和Th。在松桂伟晶岩中,Be、Li、Rb、Cs、Nb、Ta、Mn等元素的富集程度从贫瘠伟晶岩向含绿叶绿伟晶岩逐渐增加,而Ba、Sr、Y、REE等元素的富集程度则逐渐降低。反映分选程度的Rb/Ba、Rb/Sr和Zr/Hf比值从秃晶到含绿叶绿晶的变化:Rb/Ba和Rb/Sr分别从111和0.46上升到1365和8.06,Zr/Hf从18.9下降到14.5。松桂矿床绿柱石的化学成分独特。该矿物的碱(Li, Cs, K, Rb, Na)浓度为25,300 ppm, Li, Ce和Na的平均含量分别为4430,5000和15,400 ppm。根据其化学成分,松桂绿柱石属于Li-Cs-Na型,这是一种现有分类中未发现的类型。认为该绿柱石主要在岩浆阶段结晶,而不是在任何热液和交代阶段结晶。在含绿柱石7号岩脉中发现了两个绿柱石群:中间带绿柱石(Brl-I)和核心带绿柱石(Brl-II)。这些绿柱石的结晶顺序如下:Brl-I,然后是Brl-II。与Brl-I相比,Brl-II在Cs、Na、Cl和H2O中缺乏,而在Fe和Mn中富集。这些绿柱石的Fe/Mn比值从9.18到16.50不等,其黄绿色的色调被认为是由大量的Fe而不是Mn驱动的。
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Geosciences (Switzerland)
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