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Fenitization at the Lovozero Alkaline Massif, NW Russia: Composition and Evolution of Fluids 俄罗斯西北部Lovozero碱性地块的成矿作用:流体组成与演化
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100305
Olga D. Mokrushina, Julia A. Mikhailova, Yakov A. Pakhomovsky
The 360–370 Ma old Lovozero massif (NW Russia) is a layered nepheline syenitic-foidolitic pluton. Despite its huge size (650 km2), the massif is surrounded by a narrow fenite aureole, and the most intensive fenitization is associated with pegmatites and hydrothermal veins that have intruded into the wall rocks. We studied petrography, petrochemistry, mineralogy and fluid inclusions along a profile crossing the direct contact of the Lovozero massif with country Archean gneiss. We found that the fluid responsible for fenitization was a heterogeneous mixture of two coexisting phases, an aqueous fluid with salinity 8.6–15.1 eq. wt.% NaCl and a methane fluid. The coexistence of these two fluids indicates immiscibility conditions at (or below) CH4–H2O solvus. The aqueous fluid affected both the endocontact alkaline rocks and country gneiss. In the endocontact, intense autometasomatic alterations of the early crystallized minerals occurred, for example, the natrolitization of nepheline and sodalite. Besides, the aqueous fluid transported Na2O, K2O, as well as P2O5, TiO2, H2O, F, Cl and S into the exocontact. These components were precipitated in the immediate vicinity of the massif contact, and the salinity of the aqueous fluid decreased to 0.53–3.06 eq. wt.% NaCl. We assume that there are two reasons for a narrow fenite aureole in the Lovozero massif: intense autometasomatic alterations and a decrease in the permeability of country rocks due to fluid immiscibility.
360ma ~ 370ma的Lovozero地块是一层状霞石正长-似长岩体。尽管其面积巨大(650平方公里),但地块被一个狭窄的白云石光环所包围,最强烈的白云石化与侵入围岩的伟晶岩和热液脉有关。研究了Lovozero地块与太古宙片麻岩直接接触剖面的岩石学、岩石化学、矿物学和流体包裹体。研究发现,导致磷化的流体是两相共存的非均质混合物,即盐度为8.6 ~ 15.1 = wt.% NaCl的水溶液和甲烷流体。这两种流体的共存表明在(或低于)CH4-H2O溶液中存在非混相条件。含水流体对内接触碱性岩和乡村片麻岩均有影响。在内层接触中,早期结晶矿物发生强烈的自交代变化,如霞石和钠石矿的钠化作用。此外,水流体还将Na2O、K2O以及P2O5、TiO2、H2O、F、Cl和S带入外接触面。这些组分在靠近块体接触处析出,含水流体的盐度降至0.53-3.06 eq. wt.% NaCl。我们认为在Lovozero地块中有一个狭窄的硅质光圈有两个原因:强烈的自交代变化和由于流体不混溶而导致的围岩渗透率下降。
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引用次数: 0
Naïve and Semi-Naïve Bayesian Classification of Landslide Susceptibility Applied to the Kulekhani River Basin in Nepal as a Test Case Naïve和Semi-Naïve以尼泊尔库勒卡尼河流域为例的滑坡易感性贝叶斯分类
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100306
Florimond De Smedt, Prabin Kayastha, Megh Raj Dhital
Naïve Bayes classification is widely used for landslide susceptibility analysis, especially in the form of weights-of-evidence. However, when significant conditional dependence is present, the probabilities derived from weights-of-evidence are biased, resulting in an overestimation of landslide susceptibility. As a solution, this study presents a semi-naïve Bayesian method for landslide susceptibility mapping by combining logistic regression with weights-of-evidence. The utility of the method is tested by application to a case study in the Kulekhani River Basin in Central Nepal. The results show that the naïve Bayes approach with weights-of-evidence overpredicts the posterior probability of landslide occurrence by a factor of about two, while the semi-naïve Bayes approach, which uses logistic regression with weights-of-evidence, is unbiased and has more discriminatory power for landslide susceptibility mapping. In addition, the semi-naïve Bayes approach can statistically distinguish the main factors that promote landslides and allows us to estimate the model uncertainty by calculating the standard error of the predictions.
Naïve贝叶斯分类被广泛应用于滑坡易感性分析,特别是以证据权重的形式。然而,当存在显著的条件依赖时,由证据权重得出的概率是有偏差的,导致对滑坡易感性的高估。作为解决方案,本研究提出了semi-naïve贝叶斯方法,将逻辑回归与证据权相结合,用于滑坡易感性制图。通过对尼泊尔中部库勒卡尼河流域的一个案例研究,验证了该方法的实用性。结果表明,naïve证据权贝叶斯方法对滑坡发生后验概率的预测过高约2个因子,而semi-naïve贝叶斯方法采用证据权逻辑回归,对滑坡敏感性作图具有无偏性和更强的判别能力。此外,semi-naïve贝叶斯方法可以统计区分促进滑坡的主要因素,并允许我们通过计算预测的标准误差来估计模型的不确定性。
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引用次数: 0
Landscape Evolution in Glacier Valleys of Glaciokarsts 冰川峡谷的景观演化
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100308
Márton Veress
The landscape evolution of the glacier valleys of glaciokarsts is described. Depending on the character of coveredness (quality and thickness of the cover), altitude and the presence of karst features, different ways of geomorphic evolution occur adjacently. Most widespread is the denudation of bare surfaces by karren formation. During this process, beds are denuded, which is primarily controlled by the dip direction of the beds. The denudation of beds may modify the original cross-section of valleys. On terrains covered with caprock, the cover is becoming thinner by erosion processes since the debris is transported into the karst depressions and then from here into the karst. On terrains covered with limestone debris, if the cover is purely limestone debris, denudation is cyclical. The thick cover becomes thinner by dissolution and subsequently, the bedrock is dissolved by karren formation if water with dissolution capacity arrives at the bedrock. Then, the debris that developed on the bedrock makes the cover thicker from below. Reaching an adequate thickness, the process is repeated by the dissolution of the cover debris. In cirques, the superficial deposit is transported into the karst, which is supplied from the slopes, increasing the upfilling of the feature.
描述了冰川峡谷的景观演变过程。根据覆盖的性质(覆盖的质量和厚度)、海拔高度和喀斯特地貌的存在,不同的地貌演化方式相邻发生。最普遍的是卡伦地层对裸露表面的剥蚀。在此过程中,层体发生剥蚀,剥蚀主要受层体倾角控制。地层的剥蚀可能改变山谷的原始截面。在被盖层覆盖的地形上,由于碎屑被输送到喀斯特洼地,然后从这里进入喀斯特,盖层在侵蚀过程中变得越来越薄。在被石灰岩碎屑覆盖的地形上,如果覆盖物纯粹是石灰岩碎屑,则剥蚀是周期性的。当具有溶蚀能力的水到达基岩时,厚盖层因溶蚀作用而变薄,基岩被卡伦地层溶解。然后,基岩上形成的碎片使覆盖层从下面变厚。达到适当的厚度后,通过溶解覆盖碎屑重复该过程。在圈闭中,浅层沉积物被输送到喀斯特中,喀斯特是由斜坡供给的,增加了地貌的充填。
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引用次数: 0
An Experimental Investigation on Dike Stabilization against Floods 防汛堤防稳定试验研究
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100307
Sohail Iqbal, Norio Tanaka
A flood protection dike blends seamlessly with natural surroundings. These dikes stand as vital shields, mitigating the catastrophic effects of floods and preserving both communities and ecosystems. Their design not only aids in controlling water flow but also ensures minimal disruption to the local environment and its biodiversity. The present study used a uniform cohesionless sand with d50 = 0.9 mm to investigate the local scour process near a single combined dike (permeable and impermeable), replicating a flooding scenario. The experiments revealed that the maximum scour depth is likely to occur at the upstream edge of the dike, resembling a local scour observed around a scaled-down emerged dike in an open channel. The scour hole downstream of the dike gets shallower as it gets smaller, as do the horseshoe vortices that surround it. Additionally, by combining different pile shapes, the flow surrounding the dike was changed to reduce horseshoe vortices, resulting in scour length and depth reductions of 48% at the nose and 45% and 65% at the upstream and downstream dike–wall junction, respectively. Contrarily, the deposition height downstream of the dike had a reciprocal effect on permeability, which can severely harm the riverbank defense system. The combined dike demonstrates their ability to mitigate scour by reducing the flow swirls formed around the dike. The suggested solutions can slow down the rapid deterioration and shield the dike and other river training infrastructure from scour-caused failures.
防洪堤与自然环境浑然一体。这些堤坝是重要的屏障,减轻了洪水的灾难性影响,保护了社区和生态系统。它们的设计不仅有助于控制水流,而且确保对当地环境和生物多样性的破坏最小。本研究使用d50 = 0.9 mm的均匀无粘性砂来研究单个联合堤防(透水和不透水)附近的局部冲刷过程,模拟了洪水情景。实验表明,最大冲刷深度可能发生在堤坝的上游边缘,类似于在明渠中缩小的堤坝周围观察到的局部冲刷。堤坝下游的冲刷孔越小越浅,围绕着它的马蹄形漩涡也是如此。此外,通过组合不同形状的桩,改变堤防周围的水流,以减少马蹄涡,从而使堤防前端的冲刷长度和深度分别减少48%,上游和下游堤防-墙交界处的冲刷长度和深度分别减少45%和65%。相反,堤防下游的沉降高度对渗透作用呈反比作用,严重损害堤防体系。联合堤防通过减少堤防周围形成的水流漩涡,证明了它们减轻冲刷的能力。建议的解决方案可以减缓迅速恶化的速度,并保护堤坝和其他河流管理基础设施免受洪水造成的破坏。
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引用次数: 0
Soil–Structure Interactions in a Capped CBP Wall System Triggered by Localized Hydrogeological Drawdown in a Complex Geological Setting 复杂地质环境下局部水文地质下降触发的盖顶CBP墙系统土壤-结构相互作用
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100304
Dominic Ek Leong Ong, Elizabeth Eu Mee Chong
Retaining walls are often used to construct basements and underground station boxes. This unique case study compares the field-measured contiguous bored pile (CBP) wall, surrounding geology, and hydrogeology or groundwater responses against the results using 2D and 3D numerical back analyses of a deep excavation project that experienced localized groundwater drawdown through the leaking ground anchor points. Site observations indicated that the ground anchor installation works had caused larger than expected through-the-wall leakages that subsequently triggered nearby ground and building settlements. In order to study the complex soil–structure interaction behavior, back analyses using a hybrid modeling technique of through-the-wall transient hydrogeological seepage and geomaterial stress-strain analyses was implemented. Through these soil-structure interaction back analyses, it was evidently revealed that the presence of the continuous capping beam was key in providing pile head restraints against the active earth pressures when the groundwater was depressed, as well as efficiently distributing the beneficial wall corner effects towards the middle CBP wall, leading to smaller bending moment magnitudes, characterized by their ‘S-shaped’ profiles. This behavior had been correctly diagnosed, as opposed to the ‘D-shaped’ bending moment profile usually only seen in a typical free-head cantilever wall in similar geology. The eventual results show that the wall and ground responses, i.e., deflection, bending moment, and settlement, were reasonably well predicted when compared against the instrumented field data, thus validating the reliability of the geotechnical modeling technique, key geological parameters, and hydrogeological fluctuations adopted in the 2D and 3D numerical models, as well as the beneficial contributions of the continuous capping beam, which tend to be overlooked during routine retaining wall design.
挡土墙常用于建造地下室和地下车站箱体。这个独特的案例研究将现场测量的连续钻孔桩(CBP)墙、周围地质、水文地质或地下水响应与深基坑项目的2D和3D数值反分析结果进行了比较,该项目通过泄漏的地面锚点经历了局部地下水的下降。现场观察显示,地锚安装工程造成比预期更大的穿墙渗漏,随后引发附近的地面和建筑物沉降。为了研究复杂的土-结构相互作用行为,采用穿墙瞬态水文地质渗流和岩土应力-应变分析混合建模技术进行了反分析。通过这些土-结构相互作用反分析,可以清楚地发现,连续顶梁的存在是在地下水被压抑时提供桩顶约束以抵抗主动土压力的关键,并且有效地将有益的墙角效应分配给中间的CBP墙,从而导致较小的弯矩值,其特征为“s”型。这种行为被正确地诊断出来,而不是“d形”弯矩曲线,通常只在类似地质条件下的典型自由悬臂墙中看到。最终结果表明,与现场实测数据相比,墙体和地面的挠度、弯矩和沉降响应得到了较好的预测,从而验证了二维和三维数值模型中采用的岩土建模技术、关键地质参数和水文地质波动的可靠性,以及连续顶梁的有益贡献。这些在常规挡土墙设计中往往被忽视。
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引用次数: 0
A Geoethics Syllabus for Higher Education: Evaluation of an Intervention Programme 高等教育地质伦理学大纲:干预方案的评价
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100302
Clara Vasconcelos, Alexandra Cardoso, Tiago Ribeiro
Geoethics is a field of knowledge currently in full development. Researchers in geoethics are primarily concerned with the anthropogenic interaction with the Earth system. Due to its nature, geoethics holds particular importance in sustainable development due to its nature as it aims to promote ethical human behaviour that does not negatively impact the Earth system. In the present research, we implemented an intervention program addressing various issues related to the sustainability of the Earth system, such as the exploitation of geological resources, the management of geological risks, and the conservation and promotion of geopatrimony. The intervention program was applied to higher education students in the geosciences field. A sample of 90 students from various geosciences courses completed an initial questionnaire, revealing limited knowledge about geoethics. This study resorted to mixed-method research involving interviews with some students who volunteered (n = 52). The results showed that after applying the intervention programme, most students developed a deeper understanding of the topics addressed and recognised the contributions this scientific area can make to sustainable development. Additional research in geoethics education is essential to foster the integration of geoethics into the curricula of higher education institutions.
地球伦理学是一个正在全面发展的知识领域。地球伦理学的研究人员主要关注人类与地球系统的相互作用。由于其性质,地球伦理学在可持续发展中具有特别重要的意义,因为它的性质旨在促进不会对地球系统产生负面影响的道德人类行为。在本研究中,我们实施了一项干预计划,以解决与地球系统可持续性有关的各种问题,如地质资源的开发、地质风险的管理以及地质遗产的保护和促进。该干预方案适用于地球科学领域的高等教育学生。来自不同地球科学课程的90名学生完成了一份初步调查问卷,显示他们对地球伦理学的了解有限。本研究采用混合方法研究,包括采访一些自愿参加研究的学生(n = 52)。结果表明,在应用干预方案后,大多数学生对所讨论的主题有了更深的理解,并认识到这一科学领域可以为可持续发展做出的贡献。为了促进将地质伦理学纳入高等教育机构的课程,对地质伦理学教育进行进一步的研究是必不可少的。
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引用次数: 0
Earthquake Environmental Effects and Building Properties Controlling Damage Caused by the 6 February 2023 Earthquakes in East Anatolia 2023年2月6日东安纳托利亚地震造成的地震环境影响和建筑特性控制损失
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100303
Spyridon Mavroulis, Ioannis Argyropoulos, Emmanuel Vassilakis, Panayotis Carydis, Efthymis Lekkas
On 6 February 2023, East Anatolia was devastated by two major earthquakes resulting in hundreds of thousands of collapses and tens of thousands of human casualties. This paper investigates the factors related to building properties and earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) that contributed to the building damage grade and distribution in southeastern Turkey. In regards to the building construction properties, the loose enforcement of the building code, the random urban planning solutions and the poor construction standards are the main construction deficiencies that led to one of the largest disasters in Turkey’s recent history. Regarding geological factors, the triggering of primary and secondary EEEs largely shaped the grade and distribution of damage. Where coseismic surface ruptures intersected with the built environment, heavy to very heavy structural damage was observed. This was evident in many cases along the ruptured segments of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). Liquefaction observed close to waterbodies caused damage typical of building foundation load-bearing capacity loss. The earthquake-triggered landslides affected mainly mountainous and semi-mountainous settlements characterized with pre-earthquake high related susceptibility. The high susceptibility to generation of EEEs was extensively confirmed in many cases resulting in extensive damage. The provided information highlights the importance of such studies for hazard mitigation and disaster risk reduction.
2023年2月6日,东安纳托利亚发生两次大地震,造成数十万房屋倒塌,数万人伤亡。本文研究了影响土耳其东南部建筑破坏等级和分布的建筑性能和地震环境效应相关因素。在建筑建筑属性方面,建筑规范的松散执行,随意的城市规划解决方案和糟糕的建筑标准是导致土耳其近期历史上最大灾难之一的主要建筑缺陷。在地质因素方面,初级和次级eee的触发在很大程度上决定了破坏的等级和分布。在同震地表破裂与建筑环境相交的地方,观察到严重到非常严重的结构破坏。这在东安纳托利亚断裂带(EAFZ)断裂段的许多情况下都很明显。在靠近水体的地方观测到的液化造成了典型的建筑物基础承载能力丧失的破坏。地震引发的滑坡主要发生在震前相关易感性高的山地和半山地聚落。在许多情况下,广泛证实了产生电子电气设备的高易感性,造成了广泛的损害。所提供的资料强调了这类研究对减轻危害和减少灾害风险的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Geomorphology, Geoarchaeology, and Geochronology of the Upper Pleistocene Archaeological Site of El Olivo Cave (Llanera, Asturias, Northern Spain) 西班牙北部阿斯图里亚斯Llanera地区El Olivo洞穴上更新世考古遗址的地貌学、地质考古学和地质年代学
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100301
Jesús F. Jordá Pardo, David Álvarez-Alonso, María de Andrés-Herrero, Daniel Ballesteros, Pilar Carral, Aitor Hevia-Carrillo, Jorge Sanjurjo, Santiago Giralt, Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez
El Olivo Cave (Pruvia de Arriba, Llanera, Asturias, Spain) is a small karst cave located in the Aboño River basin and formed in the Cretaceous limestone of the Mesozoic cover of the Cantabrian Mountains (north of the Iberian Peninsula). It contains an important upper Pleistocene sedimentary, archaeological, and paleontological record, with abundant technological evidence and faunal remains. The archaeological record shows a first occupation that could correspond to the Middle Paleolithic and a second occupation in the Middle Magdalenian. The stratigraphic sequence inside and outside the cave was studied with geoarchaeological methodology. In this paper, the lithostratigraphic sequence is analyzed, and the data from the granulometric, mineralogical, edaphological, and radiometric analyses are presented. The results of these analyses enable an accurate interpretation of both the lithostratigraphy of the deposit and the processes responsible for its formation and subsequent evolution. The available numerical dates allow us to locate the first sedimentation episode in the cave in OIS 7a, in the Middle Pleistocene, the base of the outer fluvial sedimentation in the cold OIS 3a stage of the Upper Pleistocene and the Magdalenian occupation in the Last Glacial Maximum (OIS 2) at the end of the Late Pleistocene.
El Olivo洞穴(Pruvia de Arriba, Llanera,西班牙阿斯图里亚斯)是位于Aboño河流域的一个小型岩溶洞穴,形成于坎塔布连山脉(伊比利亚半岛北部)中生代覆盖的白垩纪石灰岩中。它包含了重要的上更新世沉积、考古和古生物记录,有丰富的技术证据和动物遗骸。考古记录显示,第一次职业可能对应于旧石器时代中期,第二次职业可能对应于马格达莱尼中期。用地质考古方法对洞内外层序进行了研究。本文分析了岩石地层层序,并给出了颗粒学、矿物学、土壤学和辐射学等方面的分析资料。这些分析的结果使我们能够准确地解释该矿床的岩石地层学及其形成和随后演化的过程。利用现有的数值资料,确定了中更新世ois7a期洞内第一次沉积期、上更新世ois3a期冷期外河流沉积期的基底和晚更新世末末盛冰期(ois2)末马达莱期的占领期。
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引用次数: 0
Metamorphic Remnants of the Variscan Orogeny across the Alps and Their Tectonic Significance 横跨阿尔卑斯山脉的瓦里斯坎造山带变质残余物及其构造意义
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100300
Manuel Roda, Maria Iole Spalla, Marco Filippi, Jean-Marc Lardeaux, Gisella Rebay, Alessandro Regorda, Davide Zanoni, Michele Zucali, Guido Gosso
Lithospheric slices preserving pre-Alpine metamorphic imprints are widely described in the Alps. The Variscan parageneses recorded in continental, oceanic, and mantle rocks suggest a heterogeneous metamorphic evolution across the Alpine domains. In this contribution, we collect quantitative metamorphic imprints and ages of samples that document Variscan tectonometamorphic evolution from 420 to 290 Ma. Based on age distribution and metamorphic imprint, three main stages can be identified for the Variscan evolution of the Alpine region: Devonian (early Variscan), late Devonian–late Carboniferous (middle Variscan), and late Carboniferous–early Permian (late Variscan). The dominant metamorphic imprint during Devonian times was recorded under eclogite and HP granulite facies conditions in the Helvetic–Dauphinois–Provençal, Penninic, and eastern Austroalpine domains and under Ep-amphibolite facies conditions in the Southalpine domain. These metamorphic conditions correspond to a mean Franciscan-type metamorphic field gradient. During the late Devonian–late Carboniferous period, in the Helvetic–Dauphinois–Provençal and central Austroalpine domains, the dominant metamorphic imprint developed under eclogite and HP granulite facies conditions with a Franciscan field gradient. Amphibolite facies conditions dominated in the Penninic and Southalpine domains and corresponded to a Barrovian-type metamorphic field gradient. At the Carboniferous–Permian transition, the metamorphic imprints mainly developed under amphibolite-LP granulite facies conditions in all domains of the Alps, corresponding to a mean metamorphic field gradient at the transition between Barrovian and Abukuma (Buchan) types. This distribution of the metamorphic imprints suggests a pre-Alpine burial of oceanic and continental crust underneath a continental upper plate, in a scenario of single or multiple oceanic subductions preceding the continental collision. Both scenarios are discussed and revised considering the consistency of collected data and a comparison with numerical models. Finally, the distribution of Devonian to Triassic geothermal gradients agrees with a sequence of events that starts with subduction, continues with continental collision, and ends with the continental thinning announcing the Jurassic oceanization.
保存前阿尔卑斯变质印记的岩石圈切片在阿尔卑斯山脉得到了广泛的描述。在大陆、海洋和地幔岩石中记录的瓦里斯坎共生岩表明,整个阿尔卑斯地区的变质演化是不均匀的。在这篇文章中,我们收集了定量的变质印记和样品的年龄,记录了Variscan构造变质演化从420到290 Ma。根据时代分布和变质印记,将高寒地区的瓦里斯坎演化划分为泥盆世(瓦里斯坎早期)、晚泥盆世-晚石炭世(瓦里斯坎中期)和晚石炭世-早二叠世(瓦里斯坎晚期)三个主要阶段。泥盆纪的主要变质印记记录在helvei - dauphinois - provenalal、pennini和东澳阿尔卑斯域的榴辉岩和HP麻粒岩相条件下,以及南阿尔卑斯域的ep -角闪岩相条件下。这些变质条件对应于一个平均的方济各型变质场梯度。晚泥盆世-晚石炭世,在helveti - dauphinois - provenal和中奥高山域中,以榴辉岩和HP麻粒岩相条件发育为主的变质印记,具有方济场梯度。闪长岩相条件在奔宁和南阿尔卑斯地区占主导地位,对应于巴罗维亚型变质场梯度。在石炭-二叠纪过渡时期,阿尔卑斯山脉各域的变质印记主要发育于角闪岩- lp麻粒岩相条件下,对应于Barrovian型与Abukuma (Buchan)型过渡时期的平均变质场梯度。这种变质印记的分布表明,在大陆板块碰撞之前的单一或多次海洋俯冲的情况下,在大陆板块上的海洋和大陆地壳的前阿尔卑斯埋藏。考虑到所收集数据的一致性以及与数值模型的比较,对这两种情景进行了讨论和修正。最后,泥盆纪至三叠纪地温梯度的分布符合从俯冲开始、大陆碰撞继续到大陆减薄结束的一系列事件,表明侏罗纪海洋化。
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引用次数: 1
Weathering Effects on Engineering Geological Properties of Trachydacitic Volcanic Rocks from the Monte Amiata (Southern Tuscany, Italy) 风化作用对意大利南托斯卡纳Amiata山粗面质火山岩工程地质性质的影响
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.3390/geosciences13100299
Enrico D’Addario, Giovanna Giorgetti, Claudia Magrini, Leonardo Disperati
Variability in lithology and weathering degree affects physical and mechanical properties of rocks. In this study, we investigated the relationships between weathering degree and engineering geological properties of trachydacitic volcanic rocks from Monte Amiata (central Italy) by coupling field and laboratory analyses. We collected in situ Schmidt hammer tests in the field. We evaluated weathering quantifying the percentage of secondary minerals through thermal analysis in the laboratory. We also determined dry density (ρd), specific gravity of solids (Gs), porosity (n) and two-dimensional (2D) porosity as resulted from scanning electron microscopy investigations. The results of our study indicate a negative linear correlation between Schmidt hammer rebound values and secondary mineral percentage. This correlation provides a tool to quantitatively estimate the deterioration of rock uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) as weathering increases. Moreover, thermal analysis turned out to be a quantitative and reproducible method to evaluate weathering degree of magmatic rocks.
岩性和风化程度的变化影响岩石的物理力学性质。本文采用野外和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了意大利中部阿米亚塔山粗面质火山岩的风化程度与工程地质性质之间的关系。我们收集了现场的施密特锤测试数据。我们通过实验室的热分析来评估风化作用,量化了次生矿物的百分比。我们还确定了干密度(ρd),固体比重(Gs),孔隙度(n)和二维(2D)孔隙度的扫描电镜调查结果。研究结果表明,施密特锤回弹值与次生矿物含量呈负线性相关。这种相关性提供了一种定量估计岩石单轴抗压强度(UCS)随风化增加而恶化的工具。热分析是评价岩浆岩风化程度的一种定量、可重复的方法。
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引用次数: 0
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Geosciences (Switzerland)
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