J. Shahraki, A. Shahraki, Neda Ali Ahmadi, Zeynab Radmehr
Determining the extent to which the bakeries of Gonabad, Iran have succeeded in the optimal use of certain resources and to explore the possibility of production increase with a certain set of production resources and factors, the technical efficiency of bakeries in this city was estimated. Data were collected from 98 bakeries in Gonabad using simple randomization in 2016. To accomplish research objectives, the stochastic frontier production function and technical inefficiency were simultaneously estimated by the Cabb-Douglas production function. The results showed that the average technical efficiency of the bakeries is 71.12% influenced positively and significantly by the variables of flour and labor. Also, bakers’ age and experience had a negative relationship with their technical inefficiency, but their educational level had no significant effect. On the other hand, the difference between the minimum and maximum technical efficiency was calculated to be 72.75%. According to the results, experience is a requirement to enhance production and efficiency.
{"title":"The Economic Assessment of The Production and Technical Efficiency of Bakeries with A Focus on Social Factor Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis","authors":"J. Shahraki, A. Shahraki, Neda Ali Ahmadi, Zeynab Radmehr","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.84135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.84135","url":null,"abstract":"Determining the extent to which the bakeries of Gonabad, Iran have succeeded in the optimal use of certain resources and to explore the possibility of production increase with a certain set of production resources and factors, the technical efficiency of bakeries in this city was estimated. Data were collected from 98 bakeries in Gonabad using simple randomization in 2016. To accomplish research objectives, the stochastic frontier production function and technical inefficiency were simultaneously estimated by the Cabb-Douglas production function. The results showed that the average technical efficiency of the bakeries is 71.12% influenced positively and significantly by the variables of flour and labor. Also, bakers’ age and experience had a negative relationship with their technical inefficiency, but their educational level had no significant effect. On the other hand, the difference between the minimum and maximum technical efficiency was calculated to be 72.75%. According to the results, experience is a requirement to enhance production and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42952506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Dadgar, Mohammadjavad Moradalian, Seyed Hamidreza Hoseiny Mehr
The economic status of society does affect both kinds and amounts of violent crimes. This paper is going to analyze the relationships between some economic variables in Iran, on one hand, and violent crimes on the other: Economic growth, misery index, and female employment rate are the main economic variables in this research. Proxies of violent crimes in this paper include the number of intentional murders, number of unintentional murders, number of maiming, number of beating documents, and poising documents. Some findings of this paper indicate a positive and significant relationship between economic variables and violent crimes in question in Iran in both the short run and long run. The periods of study are 1981-2016. One policy implication for this work is that increasing the cost of committing the crime, decreasing the misery index, and progress in economic growth, all can decrease violent crimes in Iran.
{"title":"The Relationship between Violent Crime and Misery Index: A Specific Case in Iran","authors":"Y. Dadgar, Mohammadjavad Moradalian, Seyed Hamidreza Hoseiny Mehr","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.84145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.84145","url":null,"abstract":"The economic status of society does affect both kinds and amounts of violent crimes. This paper is going to analyze the relationships between some economic variables in Iran, on one hand, and violent crimes on the other: Economic growth, misery index, and female employment rate are the main economic variables in this research. Proxies of violent crimes in this paper include the number of intentional murders, number of unintentional murders, number of maiming, number of beating documents, and poising documents. Some findings of this paper indicate a positive and significant relationship between economic variables and violent crimes in question in Iran in both the short run and long run. The periods of study are 1981-2016. One policy implication for this work is that increasing the cost of committing the crime, decreasing the misery index, and progress in economic growth, all can decrease violent crimes in Iran.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42885793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzes to describe and develop investments for small, medium, and large entrepreneurs and policymakers. There are 50 respondents (including experts in Investment Agency and Central Bureau of Statistics in Malang City, heads of sub-districts in Malang City, and businessmen in small, medium, and large-sized enterprises in Malang City). The research finding shows that the values of ICOR Lag 1 to Lag 3 are efficient. Therefore, the investment should be done in a long-term period. The potential areas for investment are located in three sub-districts in Malang City.
{"title":"How are the Estimation of Investment Index and Its Improvement Strategy","authors":"Nasikh","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.83456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.83456","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes to describe and develop investments for small, medium, and large entrepreneurs and policymakers. There are 50 respondents (including experts in Investment Agency and Central Bureau of Statistics in Malang City, heads of sub-districts in Malang City, and businessmen in small, medium, and large-sized enterprises in Malang City). The research finding shows that the values of ICOR Lag 1 to Lag 3 are efficient. Therefore, the investment should be done in a long-term period. The potential areas for investment are located in three sub-districts in Malang City.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43268132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study intends to securitize the asymmetric link between tourism and deficit in the balance of payments of Pakistan. To this end, the study deploys the annual data for 1976-2019, applying a novel cointegrating approach, viz, asymmetric Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (NARDL) technique. The Zivot and Andrews (1992) test is also deployed to capture the potential structural break. The findings confirm the non-linear cointegration among the selected series. Additionally, the results reveal that the deficit in the balance of payment (BOPs) responds to the positive and negative changes in the tourism atypically. Besides, the balance of trade deficit, real effective exchange rate, and fiscal balance deficit exhibit the direct association with BOPs deficit. Based on the outcomes, the study recommends some crucial policies to encourage the tourism sector in Pakistan as it has significant potential to reduce the deficit in the BOPs.
{"title":"Analysis of Asymmetries in the Nexus between Tourism and Balance of Payments Deficit: An Updated Evidence from Pakistan","authors":"M. Chishti, B. Hussain","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.82848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.82848","url":null,"abstract":"The current study intends to securitize the asymmetric link between tourism and deficit in the balance of payments of Pakistan. To this end, the study deploys the annual data for 1976-2019, applying a novel cointegrating approach, viz, asymmetric Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (NARDL) technique. The Zivot and Andrews (1992) test is also deployed to capture the potential structural break. The findings confirm the non-linear cointegration among the selected series. Additionally, the results reveal that the deficit in the balance of payment (BOPs) responds to the positive and negative changes in the tourism atypically. Besides, the balance of trade deficit, real effective exchange rate, and fiscal balance deficit exhibit the direct association with BOPs deficit. Based on the outcomes, the study recommends some crucial policies to encourage the tourism sector in Pakistan as it has significant potential to reduce the deficit in the BOPs.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42109433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Having a good stock portfolio, which is one of the most important factors in making money in the stock market, requires the correct choice of criteria. This issue for new stock traders in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) who do more than 50 per cent of daily transactions in this market, due to their lack of sufficient experience, seems thoroughly essential. As a result, newcomers who were trading in the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2020 have been invited to participate in this study. After identifying the most influential variables in portfolio-selection via Delphi Method, these factors have been ranked based on Shannon’s Entropy Approach. The results show that Familiarity, Net Profit Ratio and Stock Price are respectively the main priorities of new entrants in choosing the stock portfolio. Besides, risk-related variables have generally the least importance in stock portfolio selection from the perspective of new entrants.
{"title":"Newcomers' Priorities in Portfolio Selection: A Shannon Entropy Approach","authors":"Seyed Rasoul Salimi Rostami, A. Samimi, M. Paydar","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.82849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.82849","url":null,"abstract":"Having a good stock portfolio, which is one of the most important factors in making money in the stock market, requires the correct choice of criteria. This issue for new stock traders in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) who do more than 50 per cent of daily transactions in this market, due to their lack of sufficient experience, seems thoroughly essential. As a result, newcomers who were trading in the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2020 have been invited to participate in this study. After identifying the most influential variables in portfolio-selection via Delphi Method, these factors have been ranked based on Shannon’s Entropy Approach. The results show that Familiarity, Net Profit Ratio and Stock Price are respectively the main priorities of new entrants in choosing the stock portfolio. Besides, risk-related variables have generally the least importance in stock portfolio selection from the perspective of new entrants.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48761200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Ranjbar, H. Shamsi, Vahid Mohammadi, F. Mirzaii
Investigating the import demand function has particular importance in identifying the macroeconomic models and effectiveness and commercial efficiencies of the Iranian economy. For this reason, one of the major issues that can be addressed in the field of importing goods is the estimation of import demand function and investigating impacting factors on imports. Therefore, in this paper, throughout using seasonal data for the period 1992-2017 and applying the almost ideal demand system (AIDS) and using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) econometric technique, we have estimated import price and income elasticities for five commodity groups based on one-digit tariffs code for the Iranian economy. The empirical results indicated that the import allocation pattern is single-stage and depends on the domestic sales. Also, the own-price elasticities had a negative sign which supports import behavior. Cross-price elasticities also showed a poor complementarity between the Other portable and metal commodities and, Social & personal services and Financial & business Services, domestic sales with Agricultural, forestry & fishing products, Other portable & metal commodities and Financial & business Services groups. The expenditure elasticities in five commodity groups were significant, except the first group, which implying effectiveness of demand for each commodity groups relative to income.
{"title":"Measuring Price and Income Elasticity of Demand Function of the Iranian Imports","authors":"H. Ranjbar, H. Shamsi, Vahid Mohammadi, F. Mirzaii","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.81923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.81923","url":null,"abstract":"Investigating the import demand function has particular importance in identifying the macroeconomic models and effectiveness and commercial efficiencies of the Iranian economy. For this reason, one of the major issues that can be addressed in the field of importing goods is the estimation of import demand function and investigating impacting factors on imports. Therefore, in this paper, throughout using seasonal data for the period 1992-2017 and applying the almost ideal demand system (AIDS) and using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) econometric technique, we have estimated import price and income elasticities for five commodity groups based on one-digit tariffs code for the Iranian economy. The empirical results indicated that the import allocation pattern is single-stage and depends on the domestic sales. Also, the own-price elasticities had a negative sign which supports import behavior. Cross-price elasticities also showed a poor complementarity between the Other portable and metal commodities and, Social & personal services and Financial & business Services, domestic sales with Agricultural, forestry & fishing products, Other portable & metal commodities and Financial & business Services groups. The expenditure elasticities in five commodity groups were significant, except the first group, which implying effectiveness of demand for each commodity groups relative to income.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49382183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The co-existence of crime rate, misery index and urbanization has become an emerging challenge across the developing globe. The present research, primarily explores the economic and demographic factors affecting the crime rate in the country and also identify the co-incidence of crime rate, misery index and urbanization in Pakistan. The study based upon the annually time series data to be collected through the various secondary sources during 1973 to 2020. ARDL Bound testing technique have been used to determine the short run and long run association among the variables. The findings of the study exhibits the long run relationship connected with crime rate, misery index and urbanization. The results suggest that increasing misery index and widening urbanization largely contributes to magnify the crimes in Pakistan. The government may take suitable measures to improve the miserable situation and also demotivate the urbanization factor; so that the crime rate may decline in the country.
{"title":"Nexus of Crime Rate, Misery Index and Urbanization in Pakistan","authors":"S. Zaman","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.81926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.81926","url":null,"abstract":"The co-existence of crime rate, misery index and urbanization has become an emerging challenge across the developing globe. The present research, primarily explores the economic and demographic factors affecting the crime rate in the country and also identify the co-incidence of crime rate, misery index and urbanization in Pakistan. The study based upon the annually time series data to be collected through the various secondary sources during 1973 to 2020. ARDL Bound testing technique have been used to determine the short run and long run association among the variables. The findings of the study exhibits the long run relationship connected with crime rate, misery index and urbanization. The results suggest that increasing misery index and widening urbanization largely contributes to magnify the crimes in Pakistan. The government may take suitable measures to improve the miserable situation and also demotivate the urbanization factor; so that the crime rate may decline in the country.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42378745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study investigates the behavioural dependence of domestic institutional investors (DIIs) with the sectoral indices of the national stock exchange of India. For the first time in the Indian context, the domestic institutional investors are studied in a broad sense, i.e. the study not includes merely mutual funds, but financial institutions, insurance companies and venture capital funds also. The results reveal positive and strong behavioural dependence of many sectoral indices in the national stock exchange on financial institutions, insurance companies and mutual funds. The Correlation results support the results of Toda Yamamoto model by showing strong and positive correlations of sectoral indices vis a vis financial institutions, insurance companies and mutual funds. The results of the Toda Yamamoto model for venture capital fund, on the other hand, are insignificant with weak correlation. In contrast to the findings of many previous studies that mutual funds do not affect future stock returns the current study reports that causality runs from financial institution, insurance companies and mutual fund investments to sectoral indices of national stock exchange of India. These results illuminate the important role played by domestic institutional investors in Indian stock markets.
{"title":"Domestic Institutional Investors and Sectoral Indices of India: A Toda Yamamoto Approach","authors":"Purwa Srivastava, S. Varshney","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.81924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.81924","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates the behavioural dependence of domestic institutional investors (DIIs) with the sectoral indices of the national stock exchange of India. For the first time in the Indian context, the domestic institutional investors are studied in a broad sense, i.e. the study not includes merely mutual funds, but financial institutions, insurance companies and venture capital funds also. The results reveal positive and strong behavioural dependence of many sectoral indices in the national stock exchange on financial institutions, insurance companies and mutual funds. The Correlation results support the results of Toda Yamamoto model by showing strong and positive correlations of sectoral indices vis a vis financial institutions, insurance companies and mutual funds. The results of the Toda Yamamoto model for venture capital fund, on the other hand, are insignificant with weak correlation. In contrast to the findings of many previous studies that mutual funds do not affect future stock returns the current study reports that causality runs from financial institution, insurance companies and mutual fund investments to sectoral indices of national stock exchange of India. These results illuminate the important role played by domestic institutional investors in Indian stock markets.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47623281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is an empirical analysis of policy preferences in the control of poverty in Nigeria. It uses annual data between 1980 and 2019 to construct a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and simulate Forecast Error Variance Decomposition to explain the role of economic freedom, fiscal and monetary policy in poverty alleviation. Fundamental policy issues arising from the results include the favoring of expansionary fiscal policy to mitigate poverty, and the same hold for monetary policy. But monetary policy is less effective than the fiscal policy. However, expansionary fiscal-monetary policy mix worsens poverty. Also, alone, a high degree of economic freedom deepens poverty. Further, a policy juxtaposition of expansionary fiscal policy and more degree of economic freedom exacerbates poverty. Lastly, a concurrent expansionary monetary policy and an improved degree of economic freedom reduce poverty. The findings are applicable in the short run and long run.
{"title":"Fiscal and Monetary Policy Adjustment and Economic Freedom for Poverty Alleviation","authors":"A. Adediyan, B. Omo-Ikirodah","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.81925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.81925","url":null,"abstract":"This study is an empirical analysis of policy preferences in the control of poverty in Nigeria. It uses annual data between 1980 and 2019 to construct a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and simulate Forecast Error Variance Decomposition to explain the role of economic freedom, fiscal and monetary policy in poverty alleviation. Fundamental policy issues arising from the results include the favoring of expansionary fiscal policy to mitigate poverty, and the same hold for monetary policy. But monetary policy is less effective than the fiscal policy. However, expansionary fiscal-monetary policy mix worsens poverty. Also, alone, a high degree of economic freedom deepens poverty. Further, a policy juxtaposition of expansionary fiscal policy and more degree of economic freedom exacerbates poverty. Lastly, a concurrent expansionary monetary policy and an improved degree of economic freedom reduce poverty. The findings are applicable in the short run and long run.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43177246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food deficit is one of the main problems of the developing countries which could be attributed to different factors. This study highlights the role of trade openness in eradicating food deficit in Sub Saharan African countries. The estimation techniques employed are capable to control the unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity problems. The findings show that increased trade openness, agricultural production and population growth have negatively influenced the food deficit problem. Similarly, inflation and domestic investment also appeared to be helpful in curbing the problem of food deficit. Furthermore, per person income and political stability have worsened the food deficit problem, while government consumption has not had any significant impact on food deficit.It is suggested that the African economies shall speed up the process of trade liberalization, pay favorable attention to the agricultural sector and domestic investment in the presence of moderate inflation to eradicate food deficit.
{"title":"Is Trade Openness Relevant in Reducing Food Deficit? Evidence from African Countries","authors":"M. Tahir, K. Rashid, M. A. Afridi","doi":"10.22059/IER.2021.81638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22059/IER.2021.81638","url":null,"abstract":"Food deficit is one of the main problems of the developing countries which could be attributed to different factors. This study highlights the role of trade openness in eradicating food deficit in Sub Saharan African countries. The estimation techniques employed are capable to control the unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity problems. The findings show that increased trade openness, agricultural production and population growth have negatively influenced the food deficit problem. Similarly, inflation and domestic investment also appeared to be helpful in curbing the problem of food deficit. Furthermore, per person income and political stability have worsened the food deficit problem, while government consumption has not had any significant impact on food deficit.It is suggested that the African economies shall speed up the process of trade liberalization, pay favorable attention to the agricultural sector and domestic investment in the presence of moderate inflation to eradicate food deficit.","PeriodicalId":38289,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44116606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：