Extremal problems for integral time lag hyperbolic systems are presented. The optimal boundary control problems for hyperbolic systems in which integral time lags appear in the Neumann boundary conditions are solved. Such systems constitute, in a linear approximation, a universal mathematical model for many processes in which transmission signals at a certain distance with electric, hydraulic and other long lines take place. The time horizon is fixed. Making use of Dubovicki-Milyutin scheme, necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for the Neumann problem with the quadratic performance functionals and constrained control are derived.
{"title":"Extremal Problems for Hyperbolic Systems with Boundary Conditions Involving Integral Time Lags","authors":"A. Kowalewski","doi":"10.14313/par_251/23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/23","url":null,"abstract":"Extremal problems for integral time lag hyperbolic systems are presented. The optimal boundary control problems for hyperbolic systems in which integral time lags appear in the Neumann boundary conditions are solved. Such systems constitute, in a linear approximation, a universal mathematical model for many processes in which transmission signals at a certain distance with electric, hydraulic and other long lines take place. The time horizon is fixed. Making use of Dubovicki-Milyutin scheme, necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for the Neumann problem with the quadratic performance functionals and constrained control are derived.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents a modern tool created in a SaaS model for automating tests of front-end for websites and network applications, BrowserSpot. The key elements and functions of the tool were presented, as well as the industry premises and issues that initiated the start of work on the solution. All eight stages of research and development project were discussed in detail, along with the results and key achievements of each of them. The tool was created in a SaaS model to maximize its accessibility for every type of user, and is available on the market as a product by ClickRay Sp. z o.o.
{"title":"An Automatic Testing Platform for Front-end of Websites and Web Applications in a SaaS Model – BrowserSpot","authors":"Szymon Binek, Jakub Góral","doi":"10.14313/par_251/113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/113","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a modern tool created in a SaaS model for automating tests of front-end for websites and network applications, BrowserSpot. The key elements and functions of the tool were presented, as well as the industry premises and issues that initiated the start of work on the solution. All eight stages of research and development project were discussed in detail, along with the results and key achievements of each of them. The tool was created in a SaaS model to maximize its accessibility for every type of user, and is available on the market as a product by ClickRay Sp. z o.o.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article describes selected fragments of the process diagnosing communication between process stations of a mini-DCS based on an AC 800F modular industrial controller. Conducted experiments provided information on the transmission method and location of process variable values in transferred messages. The information can be used to communicate the system’s stations with a gateway to expand communication capabilities in the future.
文章介绍了基于 AC 800F 模块化工业控制器的微型 DCS 过程站之间过程诊断通信的部分片段。所进行的实验提供了有关传输信息中过程变量值的传输方式和位置的信息。这些信息可用于系统站与网关的通信，以便将来扩展通信功能。
{"title":"Diagnosing of Communication Between Process Stations of a Distributed Control System","authors":"Marcin Bednarek","doi":"10.14313/par_251/41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/41","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes selected fragments of the process diagnosing communication between process stations of a mini-DCS based on an AC 800F modular industrial controller. Conducted experiments provided information on the transmission method and location of process variable values in transferred messages. The information can be used to communicate the system’s stations with a gateway to expand communication capabilities in the future.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Bieszczad, Krzysztof Sawicki, A. Ligienza, Mariusz Mścichowski, S. Gogler
The article presents a method of modeling the signal coming from a thermal imaging camera that allows to perform a comparative analysis of algorithms for determining the so-called optical-flow. The modeling method was created for the development of an inertial sensor determining the displacement of the vehicle based on the analysis of the image from a thermal imaging camera. As part of the development work, it was necessary to select the type of optical flow algorithm and optimize its parameters. The synthetic signal model allowed for quick prototyping and automatic optimization of its parameters. The article presents exemplary results of comparing the efficiency of SAD and Farnebäck algorithms in the context of application for thermal imaging.
文章介绍了一种对来自热像仪的信号进行建模的方法，可以对确定所谓光流的算法进行比较分析。这种建模方法是为了开发一种惯性传感器，根据对热像仪图像的分析来确定车辆的位移。作为开发工作的一部分，有必要选择光流算法的类型并优化其参数。合成信号模型可以快速制作原型并自动优化参数。文章介绍了在热成像应用中比较 SAD 算法和 Farnebäck 算法效率的示例结果。
{"title":"Modeling of the Thermal Imaging Camera Signal for Optical-Flow Algorithms Evaluation","authors":"G. Bieszczad, Krzysztof Sawicki, A. Ligienza, Mariusz Mścichowski, S. Gogler","doi":"10.14313/par_251/71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/71","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a method of modeling the signal coming from a thermal imaging camera that allows to perform a comparative analysis of algorithms for determining the so-called optical-flow. The modeling method was created for the development of an inertial sensor determining the displacement of the vehicle based on the analysis of the image from a thermal imaging camera. As part of the development work, it was necessary to select the type of optical flow algorithm and optimize its parameters. The synthetic signal model allowed for quick prototyping and automatic optimization of its parameters. The article presents exemplary results of comparing the efficiency of SAD and Farnebäck algorithms in the context of application for thermal imaging.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michał Kędziora, Krzysztof Leszczyński, Robert Piotrowski
The 3D crane is an object used in various industries. From a control point of view, it is a dynamic, non-linear and multidimensional system. In this paper, two control systems are designed: with a classical PID controller and with a fractional-order PID controller. A comparative analysis of the designed control systems is presented.
{"title":"The Use of Fractional Order Calculus in 3D Crane Control","authors":"Michał Kędziora, Krzysztof Leszczyński, Robert Piotrowski","doi":"10.14313/par_251/63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/63","url":null,"abstract":"The 3D crane is an object used in various industries. From a control point of view, it is a dynamic, non-linear and multidimensional system. In this paper, two control systems are designed: with a classical PID controller and with a fractional-order PID controller. A comparative analysis of the designed control systems is presented.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 56","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140392201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enceladus is the Saturnian satellite is known to have water vapor erupting from its south pole region called „Tiger Stripes”. Data collected by Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph during Enceladus transiting Saturn allow us to estimate water plume absorption from 1115.35–1912.50 Å and compare it to the Mie solutions of Maxwell equations for particles with a diameter in the range from 10 nm up to 2 µm. The best fit performed using Gradient Descent method indicates a presence of sub-micrometer particles of diameters: 120–180 nm and 240–320 nm consistent with Thermofilum sp., Thermoproteus sp., and Pyrobaculum sp. cell sizes present in hydrothermal vents on Earth.
{"title":"Sub-Micrometer Particles Remote Detection in Enceladus’ Plume Based on Cassini’s UV Spectrograph Data","authors":"J. Kotlarz, Katarzyna Kubiak, N. Zalewska","doi":"10.14313/par_251/107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/107","url":null,"abstract":"Enceladus is the Saturnian satellite is known to have water vapor erupting from its south pole region called „Tiger Stripes”. Data collected by Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph during Enceladus transiting Saturn allow us to estimate water plume absorption from 1115.35–1912.50 Å and compare it to the Mie solutions of Maxwell equations for particles with a diameter in the range from 10 nm up to 2 µm. The best fit performed using Gradient Descent method indicates a presence of sub-micrometer particles of diameters: 120–180 nm and 240–320 nm consistent with Thermofilum sp., Thermoproteus sp., and Pyrobaculum sp. cell sizes present in hydrothermal vents on Earth.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an innovative and simple method of high-frequency thermal impedance measurement using infrared (IR) technique. The method is based on the Fourier transformation of the input power signal and the thermal response of the object after supplying the heat source with square-wave current of different frequencies. The experiment was carried out using a single-detector, low-cost infrared system equipped with a photovoltaic detector module to measure the thermal impedance of an SMD thick-film resistor. Both the simulation using a compact thermal model and the measurement results are discussed.
{"title":"Thermal Impedance Measurement of Thick-Film Resistor in High-Frequency Range Using Single-Detector IR System","authors":"M. Strąkowska, Bogusław Więcek, Gilbert De Mey","doi":"10.14313/par_251/81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/81","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an innovative and simple method of high-frequency thermal impedance measurement using infrared (IR) technique. The method is based on the Fourier transformation of the input power signal and the thermal response of the object after supplying the heat source with square-wave current of different frequencies. The experiment was carried out using a single-detector, low-cost infrared system equipped with a photovoltaic detector module to measure the thermal impedance of an SMD thick-film resistor. Both the simulation using a compact thermal model and the measurement results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper analyses the selection of optimal controllers (LQR, SMC and PD) for a mechatronic gyroscope system used in scanning-tracking heads of mobile objects such as spacecrafts, unmanned land vehicles, flying drones or self-guided missiles. The integral of the absolute value of the deviation error of the set motion from the real moving object and the integral of the square of the state and control have been taken as the quality criterion. The results of computer simulation studies are presented.
{"title":"Optimal Hybrid Control of a Gyroscope System","authors":"I. Krzysztofik, Z. Koruba","doi":"10.14313/par_251/15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/15","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyses the selection of optimal controllers (LQR, SMC and PD) for a mechatronic gyroscope system used in scanning-tracking heads of mobile objects such as spacecrafts, unmanned land vehicles, flying drones or self-guided missiles. The integral of the absolute value of the deviation error of the set motion from the real moving object and the integral of the square of the state and control have been taken as the quality criterion. The results of computer simulation studies are presented.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jarosław Mamala, M. Graba, K. Prażnowski, B. Tomczuk, A. Waindok
The article describes the process of selecting the design parameters of the electromagnetic actuator, which was used to regulate the compression pressure in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The electromagnetic actuator was installed in the timing system of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine, which forced its basic design parameters in terms of force and frequency of operation. For the electromagnetic actuator in question, field calculations of the esign variants of the linear electromagnetic actuator for two types of materials were conducted. The finite element method was applied to the computer-aided design of electromagnetic actuators. The influence of the magnetic circuit and the dimensions of the windings on the distribution of the magnetic field were analyzed. The thickness and height of the magnetic field induces, and the dimensions of the stator poles have been changed while maintaining the same external dimensions of the actuator for design reasons. All this work was aimed at improving the performance of the internal combustion engine in terms of improving efficiency in terms of partial engine loads. In this area, the internal combustion engine is characterized by low efficiency, significantly deviating from the maximum, and at the same time, during normal operation of vehicles is the area most often exploited.
{"title":"Structural and Material Analysis of an Electromagnetic Actuator for Pressure Control in an Internal Combustion Engine","authors":"Jarosław Mamala, M. Graba, K. Prażnowski, B. Tomczuk, A. Waindok","doi":"10.14313/par_251/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/5","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the process of selecting the design parameters of the electromagnetic actuator, which was used to regulate the compression pressure in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The electromagnetic actuator was installed in the timing system of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine, which forced its basic design parameters in terms of force and frequency of operation. For the electromagnetic actuator in question, field calculations of the esign variants of the linear electromagnetic actuator for two types of materials were conducted. The finite element method was applied to the computer-aided design of electromagnetic actuators. The influence of the magnetic circuit and the dimensions of the windings on the distribution of the magnetic field were analyzed. The thickness and height of the magnetic field induces, and the dimensions of the stator poles have been changed while maintaining the same external dimensions of the actuator for design reasons. All this work was aimed at improving the performance of the internal combustion engine in terms of improving efficiency in terms of partial engine loads. In this area, the internal combustion engine is characterized by low efficiency, significantly deviating from the maximum, and at the same time, during normal operation of vehicles is the area most often exploited.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power converters inherently display non-linear load characteristics, resulting in a high level of mains harmonics, and hence the necessity of implementing Power Factor Correction (PFC). Active PFC circuitry typically comprises an inductor and a power switch to control and alter the input current so that it matches, in shape and phase, the input voltage. This modelling of the waveforms can be performed by means of distinct conduction modes of the PFC inductor. The digital controller implemented in the constructed and investigated boost-type PFC converter can be programmed to operate in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), continuous conduction mode (CCM), or a combination of the two. The individual modes of operation, via distinct PFC inductor current waveforms, impact the overall efficiency of power conversion and, by extension, temperature distribution in the magnetic component. This paper investigates how the examined conduction modes bear on distinct power-loss mechanisms present in the PFC inductor, including high-frequency eddy-current-generating phenomena, and the fringing effect in particular. As demonstrated herein, the DCM operation, for the set output power level, exhibits exacerbated power dissipation in the winding of the inductor due to the somewhat increased RSM value of the current and the intensified fringing magnetic flux at an air gap. The latter assertion will undergo further, more quantitatively focused research. Finally, the construction of the coil was optimised to reduce power loss by diminishing eddy-current mechanisms.
{"title":"Power Loss and Temperature Distribution in Coil of PFC Inductor with Air Gap for Multimode Operation","authors":"R. Kasikowski","doi":"10.14313/par_251/89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14313/par_251/89","url":null,"abstract":"Power converters inherently display non-linear load characteristics, resulting in a high level of mains harmonics, and hence the necessity of implementing Power Factor Correction (PFC). Active PFC circuitry typically comprises an inductor and a power switch to control and alter the input current so that it matches, in shape and phase, the input voltage. This modelling of the waveforms can be performed by means of distinct conduction modes of the PFC inductor. The digital controller implemented in the constructed and investigated boost-type PFC converter can be programmed to operate in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), continuous conduction mode (CCM), or a combination of the two. The individual modes of operation, via distinct PFC inductor current waveforms, impact the overall efficiency of power conversion and, by extension, temperature distribution in the magnetic component. This paper investigates how the examined conduction modes bear on distinct power-loss mechanisms present in the PFC inductor, including high-frequency eddy-current-generating phenomena, and the fringing effect in particular. As demonstrated herein, the DCM operation, for the set output power level, exhibits exacerbated power dissipation in the winding of the inductor due to the somewhat increased RSM value of the current and the intensified fringing magnetic flux at an air gap. The latter assertion will undergo further, more quantitatively focused research. Finally, the construction of the coil was optimised to reduce power loss by diminishing eddy-current mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":383231,"journal":{"name":"Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka","volume":" 60","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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