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Endurance analysis of Koepe pulleys with peripheral ribs 带外肋Koepe滑轮的耐久性分析
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.4.164
S. Wolny, Bogusław Ładecki
There are numerous hoisting installations operated in Polish mines that are equipped with winding gear incorporating a Koepe pulley reinforced with peripheral ribs, where the symptoms of fatigue cracking are often revealed. Current repairs of those areas help mitigate for this undesirable phenomenon for a short time only. In order to eliminate this problem, steps have been taken to identify the origins and propagation patterns of fatigue cracks in Koepe pulleys. A numerical model of a Koepe pulley is developed and the endurance analysis is performed by the FEM method, pre­ceded by a dynamic analysis of the normal duty cycle of the hoisting installation. The results of dynamic and endurance analyses are verified through experimental testing on a real object, involving force and stress measurements taken at selected points on the Koepe pulley. Those measurement data provide the background for the fatigue endurance assess­ment and new re-designs of the Koepe pulley structure.
在波兰的矿山中,有许多起重设备都配备了带有Koepe滑轮的卷绕装置,这些卷绕装置带有外围肋筋,经常会出现疲劳开裂的症状。目前对这些地区的维修只能在短时间内缓解这种不良现象。为了消除这一问题,已采取措施确定了Koepe皮带轮疲劳裂纹的起源和扩展模式。建立了Koepe皮带轮的数值模型,采用有限元法对其进行了耐久性分析,并对其正常占空比进行了动态分析。动态和耐久性分析的结果通过在实际物体上进行的实验测试来验证,包括在Koepe滑轮上选定点进行的力和应力测量。这些测量数据为Koepe皮带轮结构的疲劳耐久性评价和新的重新设计提供了依据。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of vibrations generated by the multi-body model of a planetary gear 行星齿轮多体模型振动分析
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.4.143
D. Dąbrowski, J. Adamczyk
In the paper the dynamic model of an one-stage planetary gear was presented. The model was developed on the basis of a multi-body dynamics method. To conduct dynamic simulations the specialized multi-body dynamics software was used. In the study the tests results for steady state operations of the planetary gear were presented. In the paper the meshing force signals were analyzed. The vibrations generated by the model consist of carrier and gear meshing frequency harmonics. On the spectra the amplitude modulations of the gear meshing frequencies harmonics were observed.
本文建立了单级行星齿轮的动力学模型。该模型是基于多体动力学方法建立的。采用专门的多体动力学软件进行动力学仿真。给出了行星齿轮稳态运行的试验结果。本文对啮合力信号进行了分析。该模型产生的振动由载波频率谐波和齿轮啮合频率谐波组成。在谱上观察到齿轮啮合频率谐波的幅值变化。
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引用次数: 3
DIRECTIONS OF EXTREME STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH IN LINEAR ELASTIC ANISOTROPIC SOLIDS 线弹性各向异性固体的极限刚度和强度方向
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.3.124
P. Szeptyński
An investigation for directions of extreme - maximum or minimum - values of the longitudinal and transverse stiffness moduli as well as of the limit uniaxial and limit shear stresses in anisotropic linear elastic solids is performed in the pa­per. The cases of cubic symmetry (regular crystal system) and of volumetrically isotropic cylindrical symmetry (hexago­nal crystal system with additional constraints) are considered. The systems of non-linear equations for the components of the versors of investigated directions are derived with use of the spectral decomposition of the elasticity (stiffness and compliance) tensors.
本文对各向异性线弹性固体的纵向和横向刚度模量以及极限单轴和极限剪应力的极值和最小值方向进行了研究。考虑了立方对称(规则晶体体系)和体积各向同性圆柱对称(附加约束的六角形晶体体系)的情况。利用弹性张量(刚度张量和柔度张量)的谱分解,导出了所研究方向逆分量的非线性方程组。
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引用次数: 0
THE POSSIBILITY OF USING PSEUDO-PHASE SPACE METHODS IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP WEAR 伪相空间法分析容积泵磨损的可能性
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.3.115
J. Stojek
In this paper the possibility of tracking the evolution of reconstructed pseudo-phase portraits in the diagnosis of posi­tive-displacement pump wear has been presented. The reconstructed pseudo-phase portraits were obtained from vibra­tion signals measured in characteristic places on the pump casing and from the dynamic pressure graphs recorded in the output port of the pump during the passive test experiment. The recorded measurement concerned to tree state ofpump condition: in full working order, in part working order and pump with wear out elements.
本文提出了跟踪重建伪相位图的演变在诊断正排量泵磨损中的可能性。重建的伪相位图是根据泵壳特征部位的振动信号和被动测试实验中记录在泵输出口的动压力图得到的。记录的测量涉及到泵的三种状态:完全工作状态、部分工作状态和有磨损元件的泵。
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引用次数: 0
YIELD STRESS MODIFICATION IN THE STRIP YIELD MODEL 条形屈服模型中的屈服应力修正
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.4.150
T. Machniewicz
From among of the deterministic models for fatigue crack growth predictions suitable for metallic materials a Strip Yield (SY) model can be considered the most general and powerful crack growth prediction tool owing to its applicability to arbitrary variable amplitude load histories. The SY model based on the conception of plasticity at the crack tip accord­ing to Dugdale, modified to accounting for the crack closure phenomena. The original Dugdale model is only valid for plane stress state conditions at the crack tip. Accounting for the triaxial stress conditions at the crack tip requires the yield stress modification, what is usually realized by using the suitable constraint factors. In the paper several concepts of the yield stress modification in the SY model have been described and notified. As it has been concluded the another important role of the constraint factors, in addition to accommodating in the SY model the triaxial stress state, is cover­ing indirectly various processes which do affect crack growth, but cannot be treated in a rigorous way.
在适用于金属材料的疲劳裂纹扩展预测的确定性模型中,带状屈服(SY)模型可以被认为是最通用和最强大的裂纹扩展预测工具,因为它适用于任意变幅载荷历史。SY模型基于Dugdale的裂纹尖端塑性概念,修正后考虑了裂纹闭合现象。原始的Dugdale模型仅适用于裂纹尖端的平面应力状态。考虑裂纹尖端的三轴应力条件,需要对屈服应力进行修正,这通常是通过使用合适的约束因子来实现的。本文对SY模型中屈服应力修正的几个概念进行了描述和说明。综上所述,约束因素的另一个重要作用,除了在SY模型中容纳三轴应力状态外,还间接地涵盖了影响裂纹扩展但不能严格处理的各种过程。
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引用次数: 4
STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF A GANTRY CRANE OF A COATING STRUCTURE 涂装结构门式起重机强度分析
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.3.102
Bogusław Ładecki, S. Badura, F. Matachowski
Gantry cranes with coating construction are used in Polish steel industry much less than truss bridges. For several bridges, which span and the supports have coating construction, there were made series of non-destructive testing, which revealed the presence of numerous fatigue cracks: in the area of a beam pad, the coating, as well as other ele­ments of their supporting structure. Periodically carried out repairs and strengthening of bridges have not eliminated the problem of the emergence of more fatigue cracks. The analysis of FEM, verified by extensometer measurements of strains, gave the basis to designate the most strenuous areas of the construction. Gathered results of periodic nonde­structive testing, combined with obtained results of FEM analysis, were the basis for designing appropriate reinforce­ments and indication the scope of conducting non-destructive testing of considered construction of bridges with coating.
涂装结构的龙门起重机在波兰钢铁工业中的应用要比桁架桥少得多。对于几座桥梁,跨度和支撑都有涂层结构,进行了一系列的无损检测,发现存在大量的疲劳裂纹:在梁垫区,涂层,以及其他构件的支撑结构。定期进行的桥梁维修和加固并没有消除出现更多疲劳裂缝的问题。有限元分析,并通过应变延伸计测量验证,为指定最费力的施工区域提供了依据。收集的定期无损检测结果与有限元分析结果相结合,是设计合适的配筋的基础,也是对考虑的涂覆桥梁进行无损检测的范围的指示。
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引用次数: 3
Prediction of elastic properties of polyurethane-infiltrated carbon foams 聚氨酯渗碳泡沫塑料弹性性能的预测
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.3.97
M. Janus-Michalska
This paper presents micromechanical approach to assessment of elastic properties of composite polyurethane-carbon foams. Analysis is based on specific choice of RVE combined with micro-macro transition. It leads to evaluation of strength and elastic constants of a composite. Foam behaviour is investigated numerically. Solid skeleton part shape is based on the tetrahedron cut out with spheres. 3D unit cell model is FE discetized. Calculations are performed for foams of selected densities using ABAQUS system. The comparison shows good agreement between the theoretical approach and experimental data. The presented method may be applied to design novel materials such as graphitized foam and nano composites and tailoring these materials for desired elastic properties.
本文提出了评价聚氨酯-碳复合泡沫材料弹性性能的微力学方法。分析是基于RVE的具体选择,并结合微观宏观转型。它可用于评价复合材料的强度和弹性常数。对泡沫特性进行了数值研究。实体骨架部分的形状是基于球体切割出来的四面体。三维单元胞模型进行有限元分解。采用ABAQUS系统对选定密度的泡沫进行了计算。结果表明,理论方法与实验数据吻合较好。所提出的方法可用于设计新型材料,如石墨化泡沫和纳米复合材料,并根据所需的弹性性能定制这些材料。
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引用次数: 1
OBSERVATIONS ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AND FATIGUE LIFE OF RIVETED LAP JOINTS 铆接搭接接头疲劳裂纹扩展及疲劳寿命观察
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.3.108
A. Skorupa, M. Skorupa, T. Machniewicz, A. Korbel
Effects of variables related to design and production of riveted lap joints representative of longitudinal sheet connec­tions for a pressurized transport aircraft fuselage were experimentally investigated. The specimens from an aircraft Al alloy D16 Alclad sheets of three different thicknesses (1.9, 1.2 and 0.8 mm) were assembled under load control using round head rivets and rivets with the compensator from a P24 Al alloy. For the joints from 1.9 mm thick sheets fatigue tests indicated a dependency of the crack initiation site and crack path on the squeeze force level and on the rivet type. At the same time, increasing the squeeze force led to improved fatigue properties of the joints, specimens assembled using the rivets with the compensator showing fatigue lives consistently longer than joints with the round head rivets. All ob­served trends have been explained based on hole expansion and load transfer measurements. For thin sheets connected using the round head rivets, local deformations and indentations under the driven rivet head promoted crack initiation and failure in the adjacent sheet. Fatigue test results indicated that the detrimental effect of this type imperfections could outweigh the benefits associated with a decrease in secondary bending due to thinning the sheets. The rivets with the compensator were observed to cause significant local imperfections beneath the manufactured head, which adversely affected the joint fatigue performance.
以某型运输机机身为研究对象,对具有代表性的铆接搭接设计与生产相关变量的影响进行了试验研究。采用圆头铆钉和带有P24铝合金补偿器的铆钉,在载荷控制下组装三种不同厚度(1.9、1.2和0.8 mm)的航空铝合金D16 Alclad板上的试样。对于1.9 mm厚板的接头,疲劳试验表明,裂纹起裂部位和裂纹路径与挤压力水平和铆钉类型有关。同时,增加挤压力导致接头的疲劳性能得到改善,使用带有补偿器的铆钉组装的试件的疲劳寿命始终比使用圆头铆钉的接头长。所有的观测趋势都是基于井眼膨胀和载荷传递测量来解释的。对于使用圆头铆钉连接的薄板,从动铆钉头下的局部变形和压痕促进了相邻板的裂纹产生和破坏。疲劳试验结果表明,由于薄板变薄,这种类型的缺陷的有害影响可能超过与减少二次弯曲相关的好处。观察到带有补偿器的铆钉在制造的头部下方造成明显的局部缺陷,这对接头的疲劳性能产生不利影响。
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引用次数: 0
WORM GEAR ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF NUMERICAL MODELLING 蜗轮蜗杆的数值模拟分析
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.4.133
M. Biegaj, K. Dziedziech, Adam Macheta
A worm gear mechanism, widely used in numerous mechanical applications, is the essential component in energy ef­ficiency considerations. Compared to traditional gearboxes, worm gear is characterized by lower value of efficiency, provided by the manufacturers as 70-90%. However, the efficiency level can differ depending on the specific conditions of operation such as output torque, input rotational velocity, ambient temperature and type of lubrication. In order to analyse and simulate the worm gear mechanism in mechanical systems, it is essential to establish the actual efficiency value for specific conditions. The following article contains the description of efficiency test performed for the worm gear as a part of tram pantograph system studied in frame of ESTOMAD project. The aim of the experiment was to deter­mine the actual efficiency value of the transmission tested. The worm gear has been tested in an open loop configuration, therefore the efficiency has been determined basing on input and output torque and rotational velocity measurements. The tests have been performed for various output torques and input velocities to obtain view on losses in worm gear under different operational conditions, paying special attention to the velocity that drives the pantograph mechanism. The efficiency changes with the output torque variation, while the impact of rotational velocity level on the mentioned value is minimal. The results of measurements are used in modelling phase of worm gear component in 1D simulation environment, particularly creating new model and its correlation and validation.
蜗轮机构广泛应用于许多机械应用中,是能源效率考虑的重要组成部分。与传统的齿轮箱相比,蜗轮的特点是效率值较低,制造商提供的效率值为70-90%。然而,效率水平可以根据具体的操作条件,如输出扭矩、输入转速、环境温度和润滑类型而有所不同。为了对机械系统中的蜗轮机构进行分析和仿真,必须建立特定条件下的实际效率值。下面的文章描述了在ESTOMAD项目框架下,对作为电车受电弓系统一部分的蜗轮进行的效率试验。实验的目的是确定被测变速器的实际效率值。蜗轮在开环结构下进行了测试,因此根据输入、输出扭矩和转速测量来确定效率。在不同的输出扭矩和输入速度下进行了试验,以了解不同工作条件下蜗轮蜗杆的损耗情况,并特别关注驱动受电弓机构的速度。效率随输出转矩的变化而变化,转速水平对效率的影响最小。将测量结果应用于蜗轮蜗杆部件的一维仿真建模阶段,重点介绍了新模型的建立及其关联和验证。
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引用次数: 0
MULTICHANNEL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR VIBROACOUSTIC SIGNALS 振动声信号多通道数据采集系统
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.7494/MECH.2012.31.4.158
J. Piechowicz, P. Pawlik
The authors have made an attempt to construct a multi-channel data acquisition system for vibroacoustic signals, col­lected for analysis of acoustic field distributions in enclosed rooms and determination of surface acoustic impedance values at the wall surfaces. The scope of the study required a synchronic registration of acoustic pressure by 24 mea­surement microphones, determination of the phase-shift angles between the measured signals and determination of the vibration velocity for the loudspeaker diaphragm. The paper presents the first stage of the research, directly related to the multi-channel system for registration and analysis of vibroacoustic signals. The constructed research tools, due to their modular structure, can be adapted to new tasks, extended by adding new elements (further measurement cards, microphones, accelerometers etc.), what ensures greatflexibility and suitability of the system for realization of advanced acoustical measurements. Open source code and users request for specialized acoustic analyses make the developed software packages a highly prospective research tool both for today and tomorrow.
作者尝试构建了一个多通道的振动声信号数据采集系统,收集这些信号用于分析封闭房间的声场分布和测定墙壁表面声阻抗值。研究范围要求24个测量麦克风同步记录声压,确定测量信号之间的相移角,并确定扬声器振膜的振动速度。本文介绍了第一阶段的研究,直接关系到多通道系统的配准和分析的振动声信号。由于其模块化结构,构建的研究工具可以适应新的任务,通过添加新的元素(进一步的测量卡,麦克风,加速度计等)进行扩展,从而确保系统的灵活性和适用性,以实现先进的声学测量。开放源代码和用户对专门声学分析的要求使开发的软件包成为当今和未来极具前景的研究工具。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Mechanics and Control
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