A. R. da Silva, Wênio Vieira, Ítalo Rômulo Mendes de Souza
Land use and soil physical quality are related. In this work, the S index was used to evaluate the physical quality of the soils of three rural settlement units located in the Brazilian Cerrado, with areas ranging from 700 to more than 4000 hectares, based on a novel method. To map the S index, a set of pedotransfer functions for water retention curves was adapted according to a broad range of clay content for Cambisols, in three depth layers. Some rural units presented associations with classes of land use. In general, deeper layers presented higher values of S. In areas with less than 370 g/kg of clay, land uses that provide low soil cover should be avoided to prevent physical degradation.
{"title":"Large-Scale Assessment of Soil Physical Quality of Rural Settlements in the Southeast of Goiás, Brazil","authors":"A. R. da Silva, Wênio Vieira, Ítalo Rômulo Mendes de Souza","doi":"10.1155/2022/1243332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1243332","url":null,"abstract":"Land use and soil physical quality are related. In this work, the S index was used to evaluate the physical quality of the soils of three rural settlement units located in the Brazilian Cerrado, with areas ranging from 700 to more than 4000 hectares, based on a novel method. To map the S index, a set of pedotransfer functions for water retention curves was adapted according to a broad range of clay content for Cambisols, in three depth layers. Some rural units presented associations with classes of land use. In general, deeper layers presented higher values of S. In areas with less than 370 g/kg of clay, land uses that provide low soil cover should be avoided to prevent physical degradation.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47207008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the efficacy of fermented seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) on the remediation of fluoride-contaminated soil. The soil was amended with either 1.25, 3.0, or 5.0% (w/w) fermented seaweed (FSW), parallel with the controls (0%). The amendment improved the physicochemical properties of the soil particularly pH regulated from strong alkaline (9.3) to neutral (7.0) which is essential for germination, crop growth, and yield. The amount of water soluble-fluoride (Ws-F) dropped from 81.7 ± 3.1 mg/kg to 42.7 ± 2.4, 33.7 ± 1.2, 19.6 ± 0.9, and 12 ± 1.3 mg/kg following 0, 1.25, 3, and 5% amendment dosage, respectively. Most of the Ws-F was converted into exchangeable fluoride (Ex-F) and to fluoride-bound to iron and manganese (Fe/Mn-F). Furthermore, the amendment also enhanced microbial mass and diversity in the soil. The FSW contains organic acids which participate in ionic bonding with the multivalent cations in the soil. The formed compound participates in ion exchange with clay or with anionic adsorption to positively charged clay sites at the edges. This interaction is further essential for enhancing the fluoride holding capacity of the soil. The use of seaweed reduced the bioavailability of fluoride in the agricultural soils and had positive effects on promoting soil fertility. However, further studies to observe its effects on crop performance is of significance.
{"title":"Remediation of Soils Contaminated by Fluoride Using a Fermentation Product of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii)","authors":"Ruth Lorivi Moirana, Josephine Mkunda, M. Paradelo, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, Kelvin Mtei","doi":"10.1155/2022/6967031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6967031","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the efficacy of fermented seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) on the remediation of fluoride-contaminated soil. The soil was amended with either 1.25, 3.0, or 5.0% (w/w) fermented seaweed (FSW), parallel with the controls (0%). The amendment improved the physicochemical properties of the soil particularly pH regulated from strong alkaline (9.3) to neutral (7.0) which is essential for germination, crop growth, and yield. The amount of water soluble-fluoride (Ws-F) dropped from 81.7 ± 3.1 mg/kg to 42.7 ± 2.4, 33.7 ± 1.2, 19.6 ± 0.9, and 12 ± 1.3 mg/kg following 0, 1.25, 3, and 5% amendment dosage, respectively. Most of the Ws-F was converted into exchangeable fluoride (Ex-F) and to fluoride-bound to iron and manganese (Fe/Mn-F). Furthermore, the amendment also enhanced microbial mass and diversity in the soil. The FSW contains organic acids which participate in ionic bonding with the multivalent cations in the soil. The formed compound participates in ion exchange with clay or with anionic adsorption to positively charged clay sites at the edges. This interaction is further essential for enhancing the fluoride holding capacity of the soil. The use of seaweed reduced the bioavailability of fluoride in the agricultural soils and had positive effects on promoting soil fertility. However, further studies to observe its effects on crop performance is of significance.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48615849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted at Anzecha watershed in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia, to characterize and classify the soils and to evaluate the physical land suitability of the area for the production of major crops (maize, teff, and wheat). The soils were classified based on World Reference Base for soil resource. The physical land suitability was made following FAO guideline using maximum limitation method. Four profiles were opened along toposequence and designate as upper, middle, lower, and toe slope positions (pedons 1, 2, 3, and 4), respectively. Soils of the watershed had low level of available phosphorous, low electrical conductivity, no coarse fragments, low acidity, and great depth. The soils were classified as Acrisols, Nitisols, and Vertisols. The land suitability evaluation for production of major crops showed that upper slope position (20.8%) was currently not suitable (N1) for maize, teff, and wheat. Middle slope position (27.3%) was marginally suitable (S3) for maize, teff, and wheat. Lower slope position (32.5%) was moderately suitable (S2) for maize and marginally suitable (S3) for teff and wheat. Toe slope position (19.4%) was moderately suitable (S2) for maize and teff and marginally suitable (S3) for wheat. There is no topographic position that was classified as highly suitable (S1). Hence, farmers of the area should implement major land improvement practice to create optimum condition for production of major crops or should change a land utilization type. Moreover, the soils of the study area were acidic and, therefore, there has to be acid soils management strategy in the area.
{"title":"Characterization and Classification of Soils and Land Suitability Evaluation for the Production of Major Crops at Anzecha Watershed, Gurage Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Semu Moshago, A. Regassa, T. Yitbarek","doi":"10.1155/2022/9733102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9733102","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted at Anzecha watershed in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia, to characterize and classify the soils and to evaluate the physical land suitability of the area for the production of major crops (maize, teff, and wheat). The soils were classified based on World Reference Base for soil resource. The physical land suitability was made following FAO guideline using maximum limitation method. Four profiles were opened along toposequence and designate as upper, middle, lower, and toe slope positions (pedons 1, 2, 3, and 4), respectively. Soils of the watershed had low level of available phosphorous, low electrical conductivity, no coarse fragments, low acidity, and great depth. The soils were classified as Acrisols, Nitisols, and Vertisols. The land suitability evaluation for production of major crops showed that upper slope position (20.8%) was currently not suitable (N1) for maize, teff, and wheat. Middle slope position (27.3%) was marginally suitable (S3) for maize, teff, and wheat. Lower slope position (32.5%) was moderately suitable (S2) for maize and marginally suitable (S3) for teff and wheat. Toe slope position (19.4%) was moderately suitable (S2) for maize and teff and marginally suitable (S3) for wheat. There is no topographic position that was classified as highly suitable (S1). Hence, farmers of the area should implement major land improvement practice to create optimum condition for production of major crops or should change a land utilization type. Moreover, the soils of the study area were acidic and, therefore, there has to be acid soils management strategy in the area.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41722846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agoubli Issine, D. Tsozué, A. Nzeukou, R. Yongue, B. P. Kagonbé
In recent decades, many regions in the Chad Republic in Central Africa have experienced a continuous decline in agricultural yields. In order to determine the main factors leading to this decline in yields and mainly Sorghum yields, this study was conducted in South-Western Chad, in the Sudano-Sahelian environment. Three soil profiles of variable depths, namely, M1, M2, and M3, were dug along a toposequence, respectively, in the footslope, mid-slope, and the upslope. Soil samples collected from each horizon in the three soil profiles were labelled and sent to laboratories for mineralogical, geochemical, and physicochemical analyses. For land evaluation, climatic characteristics are divided into rating groups with respect to the crop and its climatic requirements. Parametric values were attributed to each soil characteristic for soil evaluation and the land index calculated. The main minerals identified in the studied soils are quartz, K-feldspars, plagioclase, kaolinite, smectite, illite, associated to traces of anatase, sepiolite, calcite, and interstratified minerals. In all the analyzed samples, silicon content is very high. It is closely followed by aluminum, iron, and potassium. The presence of kaolinite and smectite suggests that monosiallitisation is a crystallochemical processes acting at the bottom of profile towards bisiallitisation. All samples collected from the three soil profile horizons are mainly sandy and globally poor in nutrients. The pedoclimatic assessment of Sorghum cultivation reveals that the studied soils are marginally to moderately suitable for the production of Sorghum due to soil texture, wetness, and soil fertility. The decline in yields is related to low base saturation, in line with low exchange base content in the studied soils. These limitations could be solved by restoration of the cation balance through fertilization and liming, combining organic inputs with mineral fertilizer, and the realization of channels for the drainage of water at the base of the soil sequence.
{"title":"Soil Characteristics and Pedoclimatic Evaluation of Rainfed Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in the Mayo-Lemié Division, South-Western Chad","authors":"Agoubli Issine, D. Tsozué, A. Nzeukou, R. Yongue, B. P. Kagonbé","doi":"10.1155/2022/7394260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7394260","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, many regions in the Chad Republic in Central Africa have experienced a continuous decline in agricultural yields. In order to determine the main factors leading to this decline in yields and mainly Sorghum yields, this study was conducted in South-Western Chad, in the Sudano-Sahelian environment. Three soil profiles of variable depths, namely, M1, M2, and M3, were dug along a toposequence, respectively, in the footslope, mid-slope, and the upslope. Soil samples collected from each horizon in the three soil profiles were labelled and sent to laboratories for mineralogical, geochemical, and physicochemical analyses. For land evaluation, climatic characteristics are divided into rating groups with respect to the crop and its climatic requirements. Parametric values were attributed to each soil characteristic for soil evaluation and the land index calculated. The main minerals identified in the studied soils are quartz, K-feldspars, plagioclase, kaolinite, smectite, illite, associated to traces of anatase, sepiolite, calcite, and interstratified minerals. In all the analyzed samples, silicon content is very high. It is closely followed by aluminum, iron, and potassium. The presence of kaolinite and smectite suggests that monosiallitisation is a crystallochemical processes acting at the bottom of profile towards bisiallitisation. All samples collected from the three soil profile horizons are mainly sandy and globally poor in nutrients. The pedoclimatic assessment of Sorghum cultivation reveals that the studied soils are marginally to moderately suitable for the production of Sorghum due to soil texture, wetness, and soil fertility. The decline in yields is related to low base saturation, in line with low exchange base content in the studied soils. These limitations could be solved by restoration of the cation balance through fertilization and liming, combining organic inputs with mineral fertilizer, and the realization of channels for the drainage of water at the base of the soil sequence.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48931086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamrat Sinore, M. Chernet, Kibemo Detamo, Mekiso Yohannes
Soil degradation is a global challenge for agricultural productivity. To tackle this, the Ethiopian government and different NGOs launched soil management technologies in different parts of Ethiopia, including the Wera sub-watershed in Anlemo district, southern Ethiopia. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil management practices on soil properties at various landscape positions in the Wera sub-watershed. To achieve the intended objective, the 27 composite soil samples were collected from soil bund with desho grass, fanya-juu with desho grass and no management practices (control) with three replications at three landscape positions from 0 to 30 cm depth whereas, 27 undisturbed soil samples were collected for bulk density analysis. The collected soil samples were analyzed for soil texture, soil reaction, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus. The result showed that soil bund with desho grass and fanya-juu with desho grass were significantly influenced selected soil physico-chemical properties when compared with no management measures. In addition, landscape position has significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) influenced the selected physico-chemical properties of soil. Hereafter, soil bund with desho grass and fanya-juu with desho grass practices were found to be effective in changing landscape positions and advancing soil productiveness. Therefore, implementing soil bund with desho grass and fanya-juu with desho grass by considering landscape position is vital for increasing soil productivity via minimizing soil loss.
{"title":"Effect of Soil Management Practices on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties: A Case of Wera Sub-Watershed, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Tamrat Sinore, M. Chernet, Kibemo Detamo, Mekiso Yohannes","doi":"10.1155/2022/5370477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5370477","url":null,"abstract":"Soil degradation is a global challenge for agricultural productivity. To tackle this, the Ethiopian government and different NGOs launched soil management technologies in different parts of Ethiopia, including the Wera sub-watershed in Anlemo district, southern Ethiopia. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil management practices on soil properties at various landscape positions in the Wera sub-watershed. To achieve the intended objective, the 27 composite soil samples were collected from soil bund with desho grass, fanya-juu with desho grass and no management practices (control) with three replications at three landscape positions from 0 to 30 cm depth whereas, 27 undisturbed soil samples were collected for bulk density analysis. The collected soil samples were analyzed for soil texture, soil reaction, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus. The result showed that soil bund with desho grass and fanya-juu with desho grass were significantly influenced selected soil physico-chemical properties when compared with no management measures. In addition, landscape position has significantly (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 ≤\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) influenced the selected physico-chemical properties of soil. Hereafter, soil bund with desho grass and fanya-juu with desho grass practices were found to be effective in changing landscape positions and advancing soil productiveness. Therefore, implementing soil bund with desho grass and fanya-juu with desho grass by considering landscape position is vital for increasing soil productivity via minimizing soil loss.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45058545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethiopia has used several techniques for conserving water and soil. However, different sociocultural and technical problems have been affecting their implementation. The study is aimed at assessing sustainable agricultural management of land implementations through traditional and modern conservation of soil and water technologies in the central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. The research approach used was a descriptive survey using a cross-sectional research design. Household heads were chosen at random from the three kebeles, while representatives were chosen using a proportionate sample technique. Furthermore, kebeles and key informants were selected by using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field observation. The results show that both traditional and contemporary methods for conserving soil and water have advantages and disadvantages of their own, and some of them have been combined. A number of factors, including age, family size, education, topography, distance from the homestead, income, and the availability of training, have a big impact on whether or not soil and water conservation methods are adopted. The majority of farmers use mixed farming followed by crop production to meet their livelihood needs. The most widely implemented physical measure was terracing, followed by stone bunds. The farmers practiced traditional waterways, furrows, check dams, terracing, and stone bunds as traditional conservation practices. Agroforestry, followed by grass strip and area closure, was the most commonly implemented vegetative measure. Besides, animal manure, followed by animal parking, was the most implemented agronomic measure. The concerned stakeholders need to pay more attention to community mobilization for the conservation, upkeep, and development of traditional and modern soil and water conservation structures. In order to employ traditional and contemporary soil and water conservation measures for sustainable agricultural land management practices, experts need to instruct the local farmers.
{"title":"Sustainable Agricultural Management of Land Using Technology for Soil and Water Conservation within the Central Rift Valley, Central Ethiopia","authors":"Tesfaye Birhan, W. Tekalign","doi":"10.1155/2022/7329580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7329580","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia has used several techniques for conserving water and soil. However, different sociocultural and technical problems have been affecting their implementation. The study is aimed at assessing sustainable agricultural management of land implementations through traditional and modern conservation of soil and water technologies in the central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. The research approach used was a descriptive survey using a cross-sectional research design. Household heads were chosen at random from the three kebeles, while representatives were chosen using a proportionate sample technique. Furthermore, kebeles and key informants were selected by using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field observation. The results show that both traditional and contemporary methods for conserving soil and water have advantages and disadvantages of their own, and some of them have been combined. A number of factors, including age, family size, education, topography, distance from the homestead, income, and the availability of training, have a big impact on whether or not soil and water conservation methods are adopted. The majority of farmers use mixed farming followed by crop production to meet their livelihood needs. The most widely implemented physical measure was terracing, followed by stone bunds. The farmers practiced traditional waterways, furrows, check dams, terracing, and stone bunds as traditional conservation practices. Agroforestry, followed by grass strip and area closure, was the most commonly implemented vegetative measure. Besides, animal manure, followed by animal parking, was the most implemented agronomic measure. The concerned stakeholders need to pay more attention to community mobilization for the conservation, upkeep, and development of traditional and modern soil and water conservation structures. In order to employ traditional and contemporary soil and water conservation measures for sustainable agricultural land management practices, experts need to instruct the local farmers.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42474586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The focus of this study was to evaluate the performance of the regional climate models with regard to simulating streamflow, sediment yield, precipitation, and temperatures. It is recognized that RCMs are not free of bias and uncertainty when simulating climate variables. The evaluation was about simulating annual climatology, annual cycles, and annual variability of climate variables by statistical tools and streamflow and sediment yield by SWAT model output. The study used observed and CORDEX Africa-44 meteorological data for RACMO22T, RCA4, CCLM4-8-17, and HIRHAM5 models using grid points. This analysis of the mean annual rainfall cycle in the summer season shows that all RCMs were underestimated. However, RACMO22T and RCA4 are better suited for simulating climate variables. The higher errors were associated with the simulations of maximum and minimum temperatures in the highest terrain area of the catchment. The statistical analysis with climatology indicates that all RCM was performed in much the same way, except for the seasonal perspective. In this case, RACMO22T was best able to simulate streamflow and sediment yield with PBIAS of 0.14, NSE of 0.91, R2 of 0.82, R2 of 0.72, NSE of 0.78, and PBIAS of −2.61%, respectively. RCA4 simulated streamflow better, but it underestimated the simulated sediment yield. The result proved that RACMO22T and RCA4 performed better in the upper floodplain area. The performance of the climate model varied with catchments, locations, and terrains. The output of this statistical and SWAT model shows that climate models do not accurately simulate hydro-climatological variables. Finally, this study showed that climate models were better at simulating the rainy season than the dry season. This integration of statistical tools and the SWAT model to analyze the RCM’s performance is a unique method to improve the quality of the output for its implementation in maintaining water balance and sediment load reduction.
{"title":"Statistical and SWAT Model-Based Performance Evaluation of RCMs in Modeling Streamflow and Sediment Yield at Upper Awash Sub-Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Bekan Chelkeba Tumsa","doi":"10.1155/2022/9193516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9193516","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this study was to evaluate the performance of the regional climate models with regard to simulating streamflow, sediment yield, precipitation, and temperatures. It is recognized that RCMs are not free of bias and uncertainty when simulating climate variables. The evaluation was about simulating annual climatology, annual cycles, and annual variability of climate variables by statistical tools and streamflow and sediment yield by SWAT model output. The study used observed and CORDEX Africa-44 meteorological data for RACMO22T, RCA4, CCLM4-8-17, and HIRHAM5 models using grid points. This analysis of the mean annual rainfall cycle in the summer season shows that all RCMs were underestimated. However, RACMO22T and RCA4 are better suited for simulating climate variables. The higher errors were associated with the simulations of maximum and minimum temperatures in the highest terrain area of the catchment. The statistical analysis with climatology indicates that all RCM was performed in much the same way, except for the seasonal perspective. In this case, RACMO22T was best able to simulate streamflow and sediment yield with PBIAS of 0.14, NSE of 0.91, R2 of 0.82, R2 of 0.72, NSE of 0.78, and PBIAS of −2.61%, respectively. RCA4 simulated streamflow better, but it underestimated the simulated sediment yield. The result proved that RACMO22T and RCA4 performed better in the upper floodplain area. The performance of the climate model varied with catchments, locations, and terrains. The output of this statistical and SWAT model shows that climate models do not accurately simulate hydro-climatological variables. Finally, this study showed that climate models were better at simulating the rainy season than the dry season. This integration of statistical tools and the SWAT model to analyze the RCM’s performance is a unique method to improve the quality of the output for its implementation in maintaining water balance and sediment load reduction.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44152845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sediment movement is the most critical problem in Ethiopia, notably in the Ketar River watershed, which is located in the Rift Valley Basin. The Ketar River flows through rugged terrain with steep slopes and high sediment movement. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the Soil and Water Assessment Tool's (SWAT) ability to simulate sediment and to identify areas that are vulnerable to soil erosion. This will aid water resource planners in determining the appropriate corrective action. In SWAT sediment sensitivity analysis, the USLE soil erodibility factor (USLE-K) is found to be the most sensitive sediment parameter. The SWAT model sediment simulation performance is evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The model performance results in R2 and NSE values of 0.69 and 0.55 for calibration and 0.73 and 0.51 for validation, respectively, using the SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT-CUP). The sediment-prone area subbasins have steep slopes and were mostly covered by cultivated land. Annual sediment yield from cultivated land was approximately 1872.12 t/y, while yield for moderately cultivated grassland was 171.45 t/y. Woodland and forest land have less soil erosion rate. The subbasin highly covered by Eutric Nitisols is found in very high soil erosion-prone areas. Sediment yield from a slight slope is almost zero, whereas sediment yield from steep and very steep slopes is very high. The slope of the subbasin is an important factor in determining sediment yield, followed by land cover and soil types. The very high sediment yield rate area accounted for 39.64% of the total subbasin and it needs soil conservation planning.
{"title":"Sediment Yield Modeling and Mapping of the Spatial Distribution of Soil Erosion-Prone Areas","authors":"Chala Hailu Sime, Wondmagegn Taye Abebe","doi":"10.1155/2022/4291699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4291699","url":null,"abstract":"Sediment movement is the most critical problem in Ethiopia, notably in the Ketar River watershed, which is located in the Rift Valley Basin. The Ketar River flows through rugged terrain with steep slopes and high sediment movement. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the Soil and Water Assessment Tool's (SWAT) ability to simulate sediment and to identify areas that are vulnerable to soil erosion. This will aid water resource planners in determining the appropriate corrective action. In SWAT sediment sensitivity analysis, the USLE soil erodibility factor (USLE-K) is found to be the most sensitive sediment parameter. The SWAT model sediment simulation performance is evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The model performance results in R2 and NSE values of 0.69 and 0.55 for calibration and 0.73 and 0.51 for validation, respectively, using the SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT-CUP). The sediment-prone area subbasins have steep slopes and were mostly covered by cultivated land. Annual sediment yield from cultivated land was approximately 1872.12 t/y, while yield for moderately cultivated grassland was 171.45 t/y. Woodland and forest land have less soil erosion rate. The subbasin highly covered by Eutric Nitisols is found in very high soil erosion-prone areas. Sediment yield from a slight slope is almost zero, whereas sediment yield from steep and very steep slopes is very high. The slope of the subbasin is an important factor in determining sediment yield, followed by land cover and soil types. The very high sediment yield rate area accounted for 39.64% of the total subbasin and it needs soil conservation planning.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48868477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vivien Piercy Lotse Tedontsah, M. B. Mbog, Gilbert-François Ngon Ngon, Robert Christel Edzoa, B. Tassongwa, D. Bitom, J. Etamé
Foumban is located in the West Cameroon Highlands, precisely in the Noun Valley. Given the low productivity recorded in this locality, this study aims to assess the state of soil fertility in this locality in order to redefine the major agro-ecological complexes in Cameroon. In order to achieve this objective, ninety (90) soil samples of this area were studied in order to determine their physicochemical parameters, namely, soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (N), available P, total P, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH of water. The results obtained showed that the soils of Foumban present three classes of fertility, namely: class one (01) includes soils with a good level of fertility that are plaggic hortic NITISOLS (arenic) (NIpha), the chernic arenic UMBRISOLS (UMca), umbric arenic FERRALSOLS (Flua), mollic fragic NITISOL (hortic) (NImfh), the cambic hortic FERRALSOLS (plaggic) (FLchp) on basalts, umbric pisoplinthic PLINTHOSOLS (haplic) (PLuph), nitic CHERNOSOLS (pretic) (CHnp), and cambic FRAGISOLS (plaggic) (FGcp) with an area of about 528.71 Km2. Class two (02) includes soils with an average level of fertility that are the pretic UMBRISOLS (UMp) only, on an area of about 226.14 Km2. Class three (03) includes soils with a poor level of fertility that are the hortic FERRALSOLS (plaggic) (FLchp) on trachytes and the cambic FRAGISOLS (plaggic) (FGcp) with an area of about 38.47 Km2. Principal component analysis (PCA) has revealed that the parameters that control fertility in Foumban soils are C/N, pHeau, Ca, CEC, OM, P, and Mg. An amendment of these soils in organic fertilizer (fluent, compost, and manure) would facilitate the formation of the clay-humus complex; thus, allowing good retention of water in the soil.
{"title":"Physicochemical Properties and Fertility Assessment of Soils in Foumban (West Cameroon)","authors":"Vivien Piercy Lotse Tedontsah, M. B. Mbog, Gilbert-François Ngon Ngon, Robert Christel Edzoa, B. Tassongwa, D. Bitom, J. Etamé","doi":"10.1155/2022/7889430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7889430","url":null,"abstract":"Foumban is located in the West Cameroon Highlands, precisely in the Noun Valley. Given the low productivity recorded in this locality, this study aims to assess the state of soil fertility in this locality in order to redefine the major agro-ecological complexes in Cameroon. In order to achieve this objective, ninety (90) soil samples of this area were studied in order to determine their physicochemical parameters, namely, soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (N), available P, total P, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH of water. The results obtained showed that the soils of Foumban present three classes of fertility, namely: class one (01) includes soils with a good level of fertility that are plaggic hortic NITISOLS (arenic) (NIpha), the chernic arenic UMBRISOLS (UMca), umbric arenic FERRALSOLS (Flua), mollic fragic NITISOL (hortic) (NImfh), the cambic hortic FERRALSOLS (plaggic) (FLchp) on basalts, umbric pisoplinthic PLINTHOSOLS (haplic) (PLuph), nitic CHERNOSOLS (pretic) (CHnp), and cambic FRAGISOLS (plaggic) (FGcp) with an area of about 528.71 Km2. Class two (02) includes soils with an average level of fertility that are the pretic UMBRISOLS (UMp) only, on an area of about 226.14 Km2. Class three (03) includes soils with a poor level of fertility that are the hortic FERRALSOLS (plaggic) (FLchp) on trachytes and the cambic FRAGISOLS (plaggic) (FGcp) with an area of about 38.47 Km2. Principal component analysis (PCA) has revealed that the parameters that control fertility in Foumban soils are C/N, pHeau, Ca, CEC, OM, P, and Mg. An amendment of these soils in organic fertilizer (fluent, compost, and manure) would facilitate the formation of the clay-humus complex; thus, allowing good retention of water in the soil.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48606222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy and water are the two most important natural resources in the globe. In this regard, dams and reservoirs are the critical hydraulic structures that store water and, above all, provide energy required by humanity. However, water storage and the provision of energy by reservoirs and dams have been disrupted by significant environmental changes taking place in the catchment areas and the reservoir environment. These disruptions are brought about by climatic parameters and sediment transport by different eroding agents. One such environmental problem is soil erosion, whose effect is reservoir sedimentation. Consequently, a part of the transported sediment is deposited at the catchment outlet, which serves as the reservoir inlet. This study was carried out to establish the physicochemical characteristics of the deposited sediment at the reservoir inlet. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size distribution, organic matter content, bulk density, porosity, electrical conductivity, penetration resistance, hydraulic conductivity, pH, and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) using standard laboratory procedures. The study established that the deposited sediments were predominantly sand particles with mean values of 50.60% and 58.60% for the surface (0–10 cm) or sub-surface horizons (10–20 cm), respectively. The average values for sediment pH, organic matter, porosity, bulk density, electrical conductivity, penetration resistance, hydraulic conductivity, and nutrients were 6.30 and 6.61; 1.91 and 1.80%; 54.10 and 57.10%; 1.22 and 1.14 g·cm−3 for the surface and sub-surface horizons, respectively. The most variable parameters were silt content (sub-surface horizon), hydraulic conductivity, penetration resistance, electrical conductivity, nitrogen content (surface horizon), and phosphorous (surface horizon) content with CV >0.35. Based on the present study results, the deposited sediments at the reservoir inlet were found to have low concentrations of nutrients and high sand proportions. Therefore, the deposited sediments appear to have great potential to reclaim the immediate barren dam environment upon enrichment and to promote sand harvesting programs for economic benefits.
{"title":"The Physicochemical Properties of Deposited Sediments at the Maruba Dam Reservoir Inlet, Machakos County, Kenya","authors":"A. Luvai, J.P.O Obiero, C. Omuto","doi":"10.1155/2022/3148073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3148073","url":null,"abstract":"Energy and water are the two most important natural resources in the globe. In this regard, dams and reservoirs are the critical hydraulic structures that store water and, above all, provide energy required by humanity. However, water storage and the provision of energy by reservoirs and dams have been disrupted by significant environmental changes taking place in the catchment areas and the reservoir environment. These disruptions are brought about by climatic parameters and sediment transport by different eroding agents. One such environmental problem is soil erosion, whose effect is reservoir sedimentation. Consequently, a part of the transported sediment is deposited at the catchment outlet, which serves as the reservoir inlet. This study was carried out to establish the physicochemical characteristics of the deposited sediment at the reservoir inlet. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size distribution, organic matter content, bulk density, porosity, electrical conductivity, penetration resistance, hydraulic conductivity, pH, and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) using standard laboratory procedures. The study established that the deposited sediments were predominantly sand particles with mean values of 50.60% and 58.60% for the surface (0–10 cm) or sub-surface horizons (10–20 cm), respectively. The average values for sediment pH, organic matter, porosity, bulk density, electrical conductivity, penetration resistance, hydraulic conductivity, and nutrients were 6.30 and 6.61; 1.91 and 1.80%; 54.10 and 57.10%; 1.22 and 1.14 g·cm−3 for the surface and sub-surface horizons, respectively. The most variable parameters were silt content (sub-surface horizon), hydraulic conductivity, penetration resistance, electrical conductivity, nitrogen content (surface horizon), and phosphorous (surface horizon) content with CV >0.35. Based on the present study results, the deposited sediments at the reservoir inlet were found to have low concentrations of nutrients and high sand proportions. Therefore, the deposited sediments appear to have great potential to reclaim the immediate barren dam environment upon enrichment and to promote sand harvesting programs for economic benefits.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41563277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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