Mofor Nelson Alakeh, Njoyim Estella Buleng Tamungang, Fai Joel Alongifor
This study evaluated the physicochemical properties and phosphorus adsorption characteristics of surface soils (0–30 cm) of Meupi on the flank of Mount Lefo-Awing. In volcanic-influenced soils, usually characterized by high acidity, phosphorus is often not readily available to plants, and this deficit tends to limit plant growth. Soil physicochemical properties and phosphorus adsorption studies were carried out using standard techniques. Results of soil physicochemical studies showed that the soils were strongly acidic (pH ranged from 4.7 to 5.1), with low available phosphorus (5.47 to 6.97 mg/kg). The apparent equilibrium time for phosphorus to be adsorbed in the analyzed soils was 24 hours. Phosphorus sorption studies revealed that the rate of phosphorus adsorption increased with an increase in the concentration of added phosphorus but decreased at a certain level at higher concentrations because the soil had no more capacity to adsorb phosphorus. The degree of fitness (R2) of the phosphorus adsorption data for the different adsorption models was in the order Langmuir < Temkin < Van Huay < Freundlich. This suggested that the Freundlich isotherm model was the best fit to describe P sorption processes in soils. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model, which assumed that the rate of phosphorus sorption was dependent on the number of active sites, gave a good fit to predict and describe the kinetics of phosphorus sorption from the soil solution. The capacity of the soil to adsorb phosphorus significantly correlated positively with amorphous Fe (r = 0.953 and p < 0.05 ), free Fe (r = 0.984, 0.976 and p < 0.05 ), free Al (r = 0.994 and p < 0.01 , r = 0.988 and p < 0.05 ), and clay (r = 0.968 and p < 0.05 ), which were the main parameters considered as predictors of phosphorus adsorption activities in the soils.
本研究对乐佛阿翁山山麓梅皮表层土壤(0 ~ 30 cm)的理化性质和磷吸附特性进行了研究。在通常以高酸度为特征的火山影响土壤中，植物往往不容易获得磷，而这种缺乏往往限制了植物的生长。采用标准技术对土壤理化性质和磷吸附进行了研究。土壤理化研究结果表明，土壤呈强酸性(pH值为4.7 ~ 5.1)，有效磷较低(5.47 ~ 6.97 mg/kg)。磷在土壤中吸附的表观平衡时间为24小时。土壤对磷的吸附研究表明，土壤对磷的吸附速率随着磷添加浓度的增加而增加，但随着磷添加浓度的增加，土壤对磷的吸附速率在一定程度上下降。不同吸附模型对磷吸附数据的拟合度R2为Langmuir < Temkin < Van Huay < Freundlich。这表明Freundlich等温线模型最适合描述土壤中磷的吸收过程。拟二级动力学模型假设磷的吸附速率取决于活性位点的数量，可以很好地预测和描述土壤溶液中磷的吸附动力学。土壤对磷的吸附能力与无定形铁(r = 0.953, p < 0.05)、游离铁(r = 0.984, 0.976, p < 0.05)、游离铝(r = 0.994, p < 0.01, r = 0.988, p < 0.05)和粘土(r = 0.968, p < 0.05)呈极显著正相关，这是土壤对磷吸附活性的主要预测参数。
{"title":"Phosphorus Adsorption and Its Correlation with Physicochemical Properties of Volcanic-Influenced Soils of Meupi-Awing in Northwest Cameroon","authors":"Mofor Nelson Alakeh, Njoyim Estella Buleng Tamungang, Fai Joel Alongifor","doi":"10.1155/2022/6890503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6890503","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the physicochemical properties and phosphorus adsorption characteristics of surface soils (0–30 cm) of Meupi on the flank of Mount Lefo-Awing. In volcanic-influenced soils, usually characterized by high acidity, phosphorus is often not readily available to plants, and this deficit tends to limit plant growth. Soil physicochemical properties and phosphorus adsorption studies were carried out using standard techniques. Results of soil physicochemical studies showed that the soils were strongly acidic (pH ranged from 4.7 to 5.1), with low available phosphorus (5.47 to 6.97 mg/kg). The apparent equilibrium time for phosphorus to be adsorbed in the analyzed soils was 24 hours. Phosphorus sorption studies revealed that the rate of phosphorus adsorption increased with an increase in the concentration of added phosphorus but decreased at a certain level at higher concentrations because the soil had no more capacity to adsorb phosphorus. The degree of fitness (R2) of the phosphorus adsorption data for the different adsorption models was in the order Langmuir < Temkin < Van Huay < Freundlich. This suggested that the Freundlich isotherm model was the best fit to describe P sorption processes in soils. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model, which assumed that the rate of phosphorus sorption was dependent on the number of active sites, gave a good fit to predict and describe the kinetics of phosphorus sorption from the soil solution. The capacity of the soil to adsorb phosphorus significantly correlated positively with amorphous Fe (r = 0.953 and \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ), free Fe (r = 0.984, 0.976 and \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ), free Al (r = 0.994 and \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.01\u0000 \u0000 , r = 0.988 and \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ), and clay (r = 0.968 and \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ), which were the main parameters considered as predictors of phosphorus adsorption activities in the soils.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47401833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochar, pumice, and mycorrhizae applications using direct testing methods in the field have not been widely carried out. The application of biochar in this study was used as a conservation material to control runoff and erosion. The research was conducted using a field plot during the peak of the rainy season (March-April) of 2021. The study was conducted in areas where the soil material is dominated by clay (>40%) and steep slope angles (>60%). The cropping pattern at the research site is generally cassava in the dry season and corn in the rainy season. Four 1 × 10 m field plots with corn stands were prepared with biochar, pumice, mycorrhizae, and control treatments. Runoff and sediment measurements were carried out by calculating the volume of water and suspension in the storage tank. The effect of three treatments was observed and measured through some soil characteristics such as bulk density (BD), specific gravity (SG), porosity, organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and aggregate stability. The highest rainfall in March and April reached 441 mm/month, with the highest intensity reaching 150 mm/week. Under intense rainfall, biochar application provides better performance than pumice and mycorrhizae. Runoff reduction from biochar is the highest, with 51.67%. On the other hand, pumice and mycorrhizae show a lower effectivity in decreasing runoff with 40.15% and 37.92%, respectively. The effectivity on lowering runoff translates to each ameliorant’s performance in reducing soil loss. Biochar decreases soil loss by 50.78%, while pumice and mycorrhizae decrease soil loss by 37.9% and 26.26%. The application of biochar reduced the rate of erosion by altering soil characteristics. Biochar application provides better soil characteristics by reducing BD and SG while at the same time increasing the porosity, OM, CEC, and aggregate stability. The changes provided by biochar can provide means to both soil conservation and increase in soil productivity.
{"title":"Field-Based Biochar, Pumice, and Mycorrhizae Application on Dryland Agriculture in Reducing Soil Erosion","authors":"Surya Sabda Nugraha, J. Sartohadi, M. Nurudin","doi":"10.1155/2022/1775330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1775330","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar, pumice, and mycorrhizae applications using direct testing methods in the field have not been widely carried out. The application of biochar in this study was used as a conservation material to control runoff and erosion. The research was conducted using a field plot during the peak of the rainy season (March-April) of 2021. The study was conducted in areas where the soil material is dominated by clay (>40%) and steep slope angles (>60%). The cropping pattern at the research site is generally cassava in the dry season and corn in the rainy season. Four 1 × 10 m field plots with corn stands were prepared with biochar, pumice, mycorrhizae, and control treatments. Runoff and sediment measurements were carried out by calculating the volume of water and suspension in the storage tank. The effect of three treatments was observed and measured through some soil characteristics such as bulk density (BD), specific gravity (SG), porosity, organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and aggregate stability. The highest rainfall in March and April reached 441 mm/month, with the highest intensity reaching 150 mm/week. Under intense rainfall, biochar application provides better performance than pumice and mycorrhizae. Runoff reduction from biochar is the highest, with 51.67%. On the other hand, pumice and mycorrhizae show a lower effectivity in decreasing runoff with 40.15% and 37.92%, respectively. The effectivity on lowering runoff translates to each ameliorant’s performance in reducing soil loss. Biochar decreases soil loss by 50.78%, while pumice and mycorrhizae decrease soil loss by 37.9% and 26.26%. The application of biochar reduced the rate of erosion by altering soil characteristics. Biochar application provides better soil characteristics by reducing BD and SG while at the same time increasing the porosity, OM, CEC, and aggregate stability. The changes provided by biochar can provide means to both soil conservation and increase in soil productivity.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46567485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdourhimou Amadou Issoufou, Bachirou Hamadou Younoussa, I. Soumana, A. Mahamane
The decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important processes influencing the global carbon (C) cycle, the physicochemical characteristics of soils, and the mineralization of nutrients for plant growth and soil food webs. Yet, priming effects are considered to be large enough to influence ecosystem carbon fluxes. Here, we have tested the effects of soil restoration practices on priming effects and carbon fluxes. Our results suggest that indirect effects such as altered stabilization of older C associated with the increased inputs of fresh plant inputs (“priming”) add uncertainty to the prediction of future soil C responses. In addition, restoration influences the abundance and diversity of decomposers, as well as the soil microbial community, by inducing up to more CO2 emission with fresh millet straw addition in fresh state than the predecomposed one. Restoration had strongly increased the impact by up to 22.7%, while the priming effect (PE) mineralization did not increase. The latter of the nonrestored site was lower than that of the restored site by 14.9–22.7%; the lowest mineralization per unit carbon was recorded in the nonrestored site. Through the “4 per 1000” initiative, it has been very recently demonstrated that priming effects could have a noticeable impact on soil carbon sequestration. The study has revealed that the degraded soil played a dominant positive role in the soil organic carbon mineralization. Our results provide solid evidence that SOC content plays a critical role in regulating apparent priming effects, with important implications for the improvement of C cycling models under global change scenarios.
{"title":"Soil Restoration Practices on Priming Effect Intensity and Carbon Fluxes","authors":"Abdourhimou Amadou Issoufou, Bachirou Hamadou Younoussa, I. Soumana, A. Mahamane","doi":"10.1155/2022/1038514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1038514","url":null,"abstract":"The decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important processes influencing the global carbon (C) cycle, the physicochemical characteristics of soils, and the mineralization of nutrients for plant growth and soil food webs. Yet, priming effects are considered to be large enough to influence ecosystem carbon fluxes. Here, we have tested the effects of soil restoration practices on priming effects and carbon fluxes. Our results suggest that indirect effects such as altered stabilization of older C associated with the increased inputs of fresh plant inputs (“priming”) add uncertainty to the prediction of future soil C responses. In addition, restoration influences the abundance and diversity of decomposers, as well as the soil microbial community, by inducing up to more CO2 emission with fresh millet straw addition in fresh state than the predecomposed one. Restoration had strongly increased the impact by up to 22.7%, while the priming effect (PE) mineralization did not increase. The latter of the nonrestored site was lower than that of the restored site by 14.9–22.7%; the lowest mineralization per unit carbon was recorded in the nonrestored site. Through the “4 per 1000” initiative, it has been very recently demonstrated that priming effects could have a noticeable impact on soil carbon sequestration. The study has revealed that the degraded soil played a dominant positive role in the soil organic carbon mineralization. Our results provide solid evidence that SOC content plays a critical role in regulating apparent priming effects, with important implications for the improvement of C cycling models under global change scenarios.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46605994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although Ethiopia is a center of barley domestication and diversity, and barley has an important place in African dry land agriculture due to its resilience to wide-ranging stresses; the average yield continues to be low, mainly due to low soil fertility. Site-specific fertilizer recommendation for barley in Wolaita, Ethiopia, has a pivotal role not only in optimizing barley productivity but also in maintaining ecological balance. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the relationship between grain yield and site-specific nutrient requirements for a target yield using a Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soil (QUEFTS) model. The data input was derived from field experiments predominantly in the major barley production areas of Wolaita, Ethiopia. Calibration of the QUEFTS model was estimated by describing the two boundary lines of the maximum accumulation and dilution of N, P, and K contents targeting the barley grain yield. The study revealed that balanced nutrient requirements estimated by the QUEFTS model had a good correlation between the simulated and observed grain yields (r2 = 0.82 ∗ , 0.88 ∗ , and 0.83 ∗ ) for different sites, namely, Doga Mashido, Kokate, and Gurimo Koyisha, respectively, while evaluation of the QUEFTS model by U-Theil values showed a good agreement between the simulated and observed yields. Therefore, the study concluded that the QUEFTS model can be used for determining nutrient requirements of crops, thereby contributing to the development of site-specific fertilizer recommendations.
{"title":"Site-Specific Fertilizer Recommendation for Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Using the QUEFTS Model in Wolaita Zone in Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Mesfin Kassa, Wasie Halie, F. Kebede","doi":"10.1155/2022/7710139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7710139","url":null,"abstract":"Although Ethiopia is a center of barley domestication and diversity, and barley has an important place in African dry land agriculture due to its resilience to wide-ranging stresses; the average yield continues to be low, mainly due to low soil fertility. Site-specific fertilizer recommendation for barley in Wolaita, Ethiopia, has a pivotal role not only in optimizing barley productivity but also in maintaining ecological balance. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the relationship between grain yield and site-specific nutrient requirements for a target yield using a Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soil (QUEFTS) model. The data input was derived from field experiments predominantly in the major barley production areas of Wolaita, Ethiopia. Calibration of the QUEFTS model was estimated by describing the two boundary lines of the maximum accumulation and dilution of N, P, and K contents targeting the barley grain yield. The study revealed that balanced nutrient requirements estimated by the QUEFTS model had a good correlation between the simulated and observed grain yields (r2 = 0.82\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 , 0.88\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 , and 0.83\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ∗\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ) for different sites, namely, Doga Mashido, Kokate, and Gurimo Koyisha, respectively, while evaluation of the QUEFTS model by U-Theil values showed a good agreement between the simulated and observed yields. Therefore, the study concluded that the QUEFTS model can be used for determining nutrient requirements of crops, thereby contributing to the development of site-specific fertilizer recommendations.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43504903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tundra and tundra barrens of the maritime Antarctica represent a unique type of terrestrial ecosystem, geographically confined to the region of the Antarctic Peninsula and a number of surrounding archipelagos. Antarctic soils are underestimated in the quantity of organic matter (OM) pools, organic remnant humification/mineralization rates, and biogenic-abiogenic interactions. The structure of reserves for humic substances within the permafrost zone, as well as the role of the molecular composition of organic substances, are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate humic acids of selected sub-Antarctic soils in terms of elemental and structural composition to evaluate OM stabilization degree and to assess carbon distributions in the molecules by solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR and ESR spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the studied humic acids consist mainly of aliphatic structural fragments. According to ESR spectroscopy, it was noted that the most stable molecules by the data of ESR spectroscopy are formed in postornithogenic soils. In contrast, the average portion of the aromatic compounds is about 30% in humic acids, extracted from soils with evident ornithogenic effect.
{"title":"Characterization of Humic Acids Isolated from Selected Soils of Livingston Island by CP/MAS 13C NMR and ESR Spectroscopy","authors":"E. Abakumov, R. Yaneva, V. Polyakov, M. Zhiyanski","doi":"10.1155/2022/7540077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7540077","url":null,"abstract":"The tundra and tundra barrens of the maritime Antarctica represent a unique type of terrestrial ecosystem, geographically confined to the region of the Antarctic Peninsula and a number of surrounding archipelagos. Antarctic soils are underestimated in the quantity of organic matter (OM) pools, organic remnant humification/mineralization rates, and biogenic-abiogenic interactions. The structure of reserves for humic substances within the permafrost zone, as well as the role of the molecular composition of organic substances, are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate humic acids of selected sub-Antarctic soils in terms of elemental and structural composition to evaluate OM stabilization degree and to assess carbon distributions in the molecules by solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR and ESR spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the studied humic acids consist mainly of aliphatic structural fragments. According to ESR spectroscopy, it was noted that the most stable molecules by the data of ESR spectroscopy are formed in postornithogenic soils. In contrast, the average portion of the aromatic compounds is about 30% in humic acids, extracted from soils with evident ornithogenic effect.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44985377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Leta, Dessalegn Geleta Ebsa, Motuma Shiferaw Regasa
The hydrological model is an important tool in water resource management, allocation, and prediction. However, the hydrological models are subject to the uncertainty resulting from different sources of errors involved in the large number of parameters. The hydrological models in the management of water resources play a very significant role in quantifying uncertainty. Therefore, uncertainty analysis implementation is essential to advance confidence in modeling before performing the hydrological simulation. The purpose of the study was to assess the uncertainty parameters for the streamflow using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model integrated sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm to Nashe watershed located in the Northwestern, Upper Blue Nile River Basin. The required input data for this study were digital elevation model, land use, soil map and data, meteorological data (precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity), and streamflow data. The calibration and validation model was computed to simulate the observed streamflow data from 1985 to 2008 including two years of warm-up periods. Model calibration, validation, and analysis of parameter uncertainty were conducted for both daily and monthly observed streamflows at the gauging stations through SUFI-2, which is one of the algorithms of the SWAT-Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT_CUP). The results show that CN_2, GW_DELAY, ALPHA_BNK, CH_N2, and SOL_AWC were the most sensitive parameter for the monthly period and had a great impact on the streamflow simulation. Modeling results indicated that the method provides better results for the monthly time period than the daily time period for both calibration and validation. The result indicated that R2 and NSE were 0.89 and 0.85 and 0.82 and 0.79, respectively, monthly and daily during the calibration. The validation likewise demonstrated a good performance with R2 and NSE results of 0.88 and 0.78 and 0.85 and 0.76, respectively, for monthly and daily time periods. The results of this study provide a scientific reference based on uncertainty analysis to decision-makers to improve the decision support process in river basin management.
水文模型是水资源管理、分配和预测的重要工具。然而，水文模型受到大量参数所涉及的不同误差来源的不确定性的影响。水资源管理中的水文模型在量化不确定性方面起着非常重要的作用。因此，在进行水文模拟之前，实施不确定性分析对于提高建模的可信度至关重要。本研究采用水土评估工具(SWAT)水文模型综合序列不确定性拟合(SUFI-2)算法，对青尼罗上游纳西流域的径流不确定性参数进行了评估。本研究需要输入的数据包括数字高程模型、土地利用、土壤图和数据、气象数据(降水、最低和最高温度、风速、太阳辐射、相对湿度)和河流流量数据。计算了校正和验证模型，模拟了1985年至2008年的观测流量数据，其中包括两年的预热期。利用SWAT_CUP - calibration and uncertainty Program (SWAT_CUP)算法之一的SUFI-2对各测量站逐日和逐月观测流量进行模型定标、验证和参数不确定度分析。结果表明，CN_2、GW_DELAY、ALPHA_BNK、CH_N2和SOL_AWC是月间最敏感的参数，对径流模拟影响较大。建模结果表明，该方法对月周期的校正和验证效果均优于日周期。结果表明，每月和每日的R2和NSE分别为0.89和0.85,0.82和0.79。验证同样显示了良好的性能，R2和NSE结果分别为0.88和0.78，每月和每日时间段分别为0.85和0.76。研究结果为决策者改进流域管理决策支持过程提供了科学参考。
{"title":"Parameter Uncertainty Analysis for Streamflow Simulation Using SWAT Model in Nashe Watershed, Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"M. Leta, Dessalegn Geleta Ebsa, Motuma Shiferaw Regasa","doi":"10.1155/2022/1826942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1826942","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrological model is an important tool in water resource management, allocation, and prediction. However, the hydrological models are subject to the uncertainty resulting from different sources of errors involved in the large number of parameters. The hydrological models in the management of water resources play a very significant role in quantifying uncertainty. Therefore, uncertainty analysis implementation is essential to advance confidence in modeling before performing the hydrological simulation. The purpose of the study was to assess the uncertainty parameters for the streamflow using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model integrated sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm to Nashe watershed located in the Northwestern, Upper Blue Nile River Basin. The required input data for this study were digital elevation model, land use, soil map and data, meteorological data (precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity), and streamflow data. The calibration and validation model was computed to simulate the observed streamflow data from 1985 to 2008 including two years of warm-up periods. Model calibration, validation, and analysis of parameter uncertainty were conducted for both daily and monthly observed streamflows at the gauging stations through SUFI-2, which is one of the algorithms of the SWAT-Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT_CUP). The results show that CN_2, GW_DELAY, ALPHA_BNK, CH_N2, and SOL_AWC were the most sensitive parameter for the monthly period and had a great impact on the streamflow simulation. Modeling results indicated that the method provides better results for the monthly time period than the daily time period for both calibration and validation. The result indicated that R2 and NSE were 0.89 and 0.85 and 0.82 and 0.79, respectively, monthly and daily during the calibration. The validation likewise demonstrated a good performance with R2 and NSE results of 0.88 and 0.78 and 0.85 and 0.76, respectively, for monthly and daily time periods. The results of this study provide a scientific reference based on uncertainty analysis to decision-makers to improve the decision support process in river basin management.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64772503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanan Fawzy Salman, Nagam Khudhair, Thefaf Abdullah Ahmed, Ahmed Khalid AL-ANI, Ibrahim Faisal Ibrahim
The earthworm is the most beneficial organism for assessing metallic contamination due to the fact that critical high-quality correlations have been determined between earthworm steel concentrations and soil cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and mercury concentrations. The mercury compounds are very poisonous for most organisms. Here, we investigated the ability of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) to HgCl2 (below laboratory conditions). A study of the effect of five different salt concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2) 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm was studied on worm survival and calculation of the concentration required to destroy half the number of worms (LC50). The results showed that there is an inverse relationship between these salt concentrations and the time required to perish 100% of worms. It was found that the concentration of 100 ppm is the lethal concentration of half the number (LC50) of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). The effects of the salt concentrations used confirmed their effect on the experimental worm weights as well, so the concentration of 50 ppm was the most influential on earthworm weights of the type of Lumbricus terrestris, as it caused a reduction 12% of worm weights with a significant difference, while the concentrations 1 ppm and 100 ppm were the least effective, as they caused the worms to decrease by only (5%), while the remaining two concentrations 5 ppm and 10 ppm caused their effect to decrease by 7% only. Thus, it can be concluded that lower worm weights have nothing to do with the lethal concentrations of the heavy metal salt (HgCl2). The histological study also showed that low concentrations of mercury chloride salt have less effect on earthworms’ skin tissue compared to higher concentrations.
{"title":"Study of the Effect of Mercury Salt on the Presence of Annelida (Lumbricus terrestris) in Soil and the Histological Changes on the Skin Tissue","authors":"Hanan Fawzy Salman, Nagam Khudhair, Thefaf Abdullah Ahmed, Ahmed Khalid AL-ANI, Ibrahim Faisal Ibrahim","doi":"10.1155/2022/6817507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6817507","url":null,"abstract":"The earthworm is the most beneficial organism for assessing metallic contamination due to the fact that critical high-quality correlations have been determined between earthworm steel concentrations and soil cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and mercury concentrations. The mercury compounds are very poisonous for most organisms. Here, we investigated the ability of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) to HgCl2 (below laboratory conditions). A study of the effect of five different salt concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2) 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm was studied on worm survival and calculation of the concentration required to destroy half the number of worms (LC50). The results showed that there is an inverse relationship between these salt concentrations and the time required to perish 100% of worms. It was found that the concentration of 100 ppm is the lethal concentration of half the number (LC50) of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). The effects of the salt concentrations used confirmed their effect on the experimental worm weights as well, so the concentration of 50 ppm was the most influential on earthworm weights of the type of Lumbricus terrestris, as it caused a reduction 12% of worm weights with a significant difference, while the concentrations 1 ppm and 100 ppm were the least effective, as they caused the worms to decrease by only (5%), while the remaining two concentrations 5 ppm and 10 ppm caused their effect to decrease by 7% only. Thus, it can be concluded that lower worm weights have nothing to do with the lethal concentrations of the heavy metal salt (HgCl2). The histological study also showed that low concentrations of mercury chloride salt have less effect on earthworms’ skin tissue compared to higher concentrations.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48403503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important winter legume crops for human consumption as a green or dried, fresh, or canned. Low soil fertility and acidity are the major constraints of faba bean production in Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted in the Kiremu district of West Oromia, Ethiopia, under rain-fed conditions on a farmer's field to evaluate the effect of different rates of lime and NPSB-blended fertilizer application with and without inoculation on yield components and yield of faba bean. The three factors, lime rates (0, 2, and 4 t ha−1), mineral fertilizer rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg·ha−1 NPSB), and rhizobium inoculation (with and without), were combined in 3 x 4 x 2 factorial arrangement of RCBD in three replications. The data were collected on yield and yield components and subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA results revealed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, hundred seeds weight, harvest index, aboveground biomass, and grain yield were significantly affected by the treatment. Therefore, the highest faba bean yield was obtained from the application of 2 t limes ha−1, 120 NPSB ha−1, and 500 g·ha−1 rhizobium inoculation, and thus, the integrated application of the aforementioned rates of lime, NPSB, and rhizobium inoculation could be recommended for maximizing the productivity profitability of faba bean production in the study area and similar agro-ecologies.
蚕豆(Vicia Faba L.)是最重要的冬季豆科作物之一，可作为绿色或干燥，新鲜或罐装供人类食用。土壤肥力和酸度低是埃塞俄比亚蚕豆生产的主要制约因素。在埃塞俄比亚西奥罗米亚州Kiremu地区，在雨养条件下，在一农户田间进行了田间试验，评价了接种和不接种不同剂量石灰和npsb混合肥料对蚕豆产量组成和产量的影响。在3个重复中，将石灰用量(0、2和4 t ha−1)、矿物肥用量(0、60、120和180 kg·ha−1 NPSB)和根瘤菌接种(含和不含)这3个因素组合在RCBD的3 × 4 × 2因子安排中。收集产量和产量成分数据，进行方差分析(ANOVA)。方差分析结果表明，处理对单株荚果数、荚果数、百粒重、收获指数、地上生物量和籽粒产量均有显著影响。综上所示，2 t石灰/ ha - 1、120 NPSB / ha - 1和500 g·ha - 1根瘤菌接种量可获得最高的蚕豆产量。因此，建议综合施用上述石灰、NPSB和根瘤菌接种量，以最大限度地提高研究区和类似农业生态区蚕豆生产的生产力效益。
{"title":"Yield Response of Faba Bean to Lime, NPSB, and Rhizobium Inoculation in Kiremu District, Western Ethiopia","authors":"Dereje Geleta, G. Bekele","doi":"10.1155/2022/3208922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3208922","url":null,"abstract":"Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important winter legume crops for human consumption as a green or dried, fresh, or canned. Low soil fertility and acidity are the major constraints of faba bean production in Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted in the Kiremu district of West Oromia, Ethiopia, under rain-fed conditions on a farmer's field to evaluate the effect of different rates of lime and NPSB-blended fertilizer application with and without inoculation on yield components and yield of faba bean. The three factors, lime rates (0, 2, and 4 t ha−1), mineral fertilizer rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg·ha−1 NPSB), and rhizobium inoculation (with and without), were combined in 3 x 4 x 2 factorial arrangement of RCBD in three replications. The data were collected on yield and yield components and subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA results revealed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, hundred seeds weight, harvest index, aboveground biomass, and grain yield were significantly affected by the treatment. Therefore, the highest faba bean yield was obtained from the application of 2 t limes ha−1, 120 NPSB ha−1, and 500 g·ha−1 rhizobium inoculation, and thus, the integrated application of the aforementioned rates of lime, NPSB, and rhizobium inoculation could be recommended for maximizing the productivity profitability of faba bean production in the study area and similar agro-ecologies.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46327750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ndunagu, K. Ukhurebor, Moses Akaaza, R. B. Onyancha
This study proposes a smart irrigation system (SIS) using the drip method, which was designed and implemented using wireless sensor networks and an open-source Internet of Things (IoT) cloud computing platform (“Thingspeak.com”) for data collection, storing, data analytics, and visualization. The methodology incorporates the integration of hardware and software components to make irrigation decisions based on web resources like the weather forecast from “weather.com” and sensor values from soil samples. The data collected are then analyzed at the edge server and updated every 15 minutes. Based on the threshold value, the system starts pumping water or stops the irrigation process depending on the irrigation schedule. A web application was developed to display the result so that we could monitor and control the system using an android application edge or a web browser. Based on the data recorded and measured, the data are in comma-separated values (CSV) format and contain 143731 entries with 10 columns. The sample size used contains 5722 rows and 6 columns from the result of our machine learning algorithms using Microsoft Excel and Jupyter Notebook to process and evaluate the performance of the drip SIS, considering the soil moisture, soil temperature, sunlight, rain, and pump. The results confirm the threshold metrics classification evaluation, and some of the metrics computed from our confusion matrix are shown in the classification summary results, showing the accuracy to be 89%, the misclassification rate (error rate) is equal to 10%, the sensitivity is equal to 79%, the specificity is equal to 93%, and the precision of the model is 81%. The evaluation, when compared to K-nearest neighbours using K = 6 and K = 1, shows the prediction accuracy to be 97% and 98%. The results indicate the system is highly efficient and reliable in performing irrigation and managing water resources and can be adopted in rural areas to boost agricultural productivity.
{"title":"Development of a Wireless Sensor Network and IoT-based Smart Irrigation System","authors":"J. Ndunagu, K. Ukhurebor, Moses Akaaza, R. B. Onyancha","doi":"10.1155/2022/7678570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7678570","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a smart irrigation system (SIS) using the drip method, which was designed and implemented using wireless sensor networks and an open-source Internet of Things (IoT) cloud computing platform (“Thingspeak.com”) for data collection, storing, data analytics, and visualization. The methodology incorporates the integration of hardware and software components to make irrigation decisions based on web resources like the weather forecast from “weather.com” and sensor values from soil samples. The data collected are then analyzed at the edge server and updated every 15 minutes. Based on the threshold value, the system starts pumping water or stops the irrigation process depending on the irrigation schedule. A web application was developed to display the result so that we could monitor and control the system using an android application edge or a web browser. Based on the data recorded and measured, the data are in comma-separated values (CSV) format and contain 143731 entries with 10 columns. The sample size used contains 5722 rows and 6 columns from the result of our machine learning algorithms using Microsoft Excel and Jupyter Notebook to process and evaluate the performance of the drip SIS, considering the soil moisture, soil temperature, sunlight, rain, and pump. The results confirm the threshold metrics classification evaluation, and some of the metrics computed from our confusion matrix are shown in the classification summary results, showing the accuracy to be 89%, the misclassification rate (error rate) is equal to 10%, the sensitivity is equal to 79%, the specificity is equal to 93%, and the precision of the model is 81%. The evaluation, when compared to K-nearest neighbours using K = 6 and K = 1, shows the prediction accuracy to be 97% and 98%. The results indicate the system is highly efficient and reliable in performing irrigation and managing water resources and can be adopted in rural areas to boost agricultural productivity.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43881073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Thuc, T. Hữu, T. Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Hong Hue, L. T. Quang, D. T. Xuan, Tran Chi Nhan, Ly Ngoc Thanh Xuan, Le Thi My Thu, I. Akagi, J. Sakagami, N. Khuong
The aim of this study was to determine the proper combination of nitrogen (N) fertilizer level and nitrogen fixing endophytic bacteria (NFEB) supplementation for the maximum grain yield of sesame cultivated in alluvial soil in dykes. The experiment followed a completely randomized block design with two factors. The first one was the levels of N fertilizer used, including 0, 50, 75, and 100% N of recommended fertilizer formula (RFF), and the other consisted of no bacteria applied, an individual strain of Enterobacter cloacae ASD-48 or E. cloacae ASD-21 applied, and their mixture, with 5 replicates. The results revealed that fertilizing with 100% N of RFF led to an enhancement of the plant height (16.8 cm), the chlorophyll a and b and their total content (6.45, 1.86, and 8.30 μg mL−1), the number of capsules per plant (7.22 capsules plant−1), the total N uptake (126.5 mg N pot−1), and the grain yield (9.08 g pot−1), in comparison to no N fertilizer applied. Supplementation of two NFRB strains enhanced the soilconcentrations of NH4+ and NO3−, the total N uptake, and the grain yield. The treatment fertilized with 75% N of RFF plus an individual NFEB strain or their bacterial mixture had equivalent total N uptake to that the treatment fertilized with 100% N of RFF had, 120.8–125.5 mg N pot−1 compared to 124.4 mg N pot−1. Regarding the sesame yield, with a reduction by 25–50% N of RFF plus ASD-48 and ASD-21, either individually or in mixture, it increased by 2.39–8.56%, compared to that in the treatment fertilized with 100% N of RFF.
{"title":"Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Nitrogen Fixing Endophytic Bacteria Supplementation on Soil Fertility, N Uptake, Growth, and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Cultivated on Alluvial Soil in Dykes","authors":"L. Thuc, T. Hữu, T. Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Hong Hue, L. T. Quang, D. T. Xuan, Tran Chi Nhan, Ly Ngoc Thanh Xuan, Le Thi My Thu, I. Akagi, J. Sakagami, N. Khuong","doi":"10.1155/2022/1972585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1972585","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the proper combination of nitrogen (N) fertilizer level and nitrogen fixing endophytic bacteria (NFEB) supplementation for the maximum grain yield of sesame cultivated in alluvial soil in dykes. The experiment followed a completely randomized block design with two factors. The first one was the levels of N fertilizer used, including 0, 50, 75, and 100% N of recommended fertilizer formula (RFF), and the other consisted of no bacteria applied, an individual strain of Enterobacter cloacae ASD-48 or E. cloacae ASD-21 applied, and their mixture, with 5 replicates. The results revealed that fertilizing with 100% N of RFF led to an enhancement of the plant height (16.8 cm), the chlorophyll a and b and their total content (6.45, 1.86, and 8.30 μg mL−1), the number of capsules per plant (7.22 capsules plant−1), the total N uptake (126.5 mg N pot−1), and the grain yield (9.08 g pot−1), in comparison to no N fertilizer applied. Supplementation of two NFRB strains enhanced the soilconcentrations of NH4+ and NO3−, the total N uptake, and the grain yield. The treatment fertilized with 75% N of RFF plus an individual NFEB strain or their bacterial mixture had equivalent total N uptake to that the treatment fertilized with 100% N of RFF had, 120.8–125.5 mg N pot−1 compared to 124.4 mg N pot−1. Regarding the sesame yield, with a reduction by 25–50% N of RFF plus ASD-48 and ASD-21, either individually or in mixture, it increased by 2.39–8.56%, compared to that in the treatment fertilized with 100% N of RFF.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46769330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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