Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148332
Jian Zhang , Zhepeng Wang , Jin Huang , Zhiguo Li , Ruizhi Zhang , Guoqiang Luo , Qiang Shen
This study investigated the dynamic spallation behavior of M42 steel within the strain rate range of 105 to 106 s−1, focusing on the effects of strain rate on its mechanical properties, such as spall strength. The spallation and deformation mechanisms of M42 steel under high strain rates were revealed. The results show a positive correlation between the spall strength of M42 steel and strain rate within the strain rate range of 1.75–9.08 × 105 s−1, indicating stable strain rate sensitivity. The stress concentration at the carbide-matrix interface was identified as the primary site for crack initiation. The hindrance of dislocation movement by carbides plays a crucial role in the failure mechanisms of M42 steel. This study also showed that the deformation mechanism of M42 steel is a combination of slip and twinning.
{"title":"The dynamic spallation and deformation mechanisms of M42 steel under high strain rate","authors":"Jian Zhang , Zhepeng Wang , Jin Huang , Zhiguo Li , Ruizhi Zhang , Guoqiang Luo , Qiang Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the dynamic spallation behavior of M42 steel within the strain rate range of 10<sup>5</sup> to 10<sup>6</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, focusing on the effects of strain rate on its mechanical properties, such as spall strength. The spallation and deformation mechanisms of M42 steel under high strain rates were revealed. The results show a positive correlation between the spall strength of M42 steel and strain rate within the strain rate range of 1.75–9.08 × 10<sup>5</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, indicating stable strain rate sensitivity. The stress concentration at the carbide-matrix interface was identified as the primary site for crack initiation. The hindrance of dislocation movement by carbides plays a crucial role in the failure mechanisms of M42 steel. This study also showed that the deformation mechanism of M42 steel is a combination of slip and twinning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"934 ","pages":"Article 148332"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148338
Ágota Kazup , Attila Garami , Zoltán Gácsi
Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used to investigate porosity, which significantly affects the mechanical properties of castings. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the tensile properties – yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation – and the pore structure of A356 castings produced under industrial conditions with low-pressure die casting (LPDC) technology. The novelty of our method lies in determining relationships not only with bivariate analyses but also by applying regression modeling using machine learning (ML). CT images of the test specimens were generated, and the pores in both two and three dimensions were quantitatively characterized. After the tensile tests, the fracture surfaces were numerically characterized using scanning electron microscope (PFIB-SEM) images. Prior to regression modeling, an exploratory data analysis (EDA) was conducted. Based on the tests, it was concluded that the findings for tensile strength are partially consistent with the literature, while those for yield strength are entirely consistent. Furthermore, it was newly observed that fracture surface porosity (AA, Projf-sf) is influenced by the projected area of the largest volume pore in the fracture segment (AProj, Vmaxf-sm), the maximum porosity of the fracture segment cross-sections (AAf-cs), and the overall porosity of the fracture segment (VVf-sm). Another new finding is that total elongation at rupture is significantly affected not only by the fracture surface porosity (AA, Projf-sf) but also by the parameter (CSC) introduced in this study, which characterizes the pore location on the fracture cross-section. The regression modeling performed this way successfully complemented the results obtained with bivariate analyses. The presented method is suitable for characterizing the relationship between the pore structure and mechanical properties of castings produced in industry.
{"title":"Prediction of the tensile properties of A356 casted alloy based on the pore structure using machine learning","authors":"Ágota Kazup , Attila Garami , Zoltán Gácsi","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used to investigate porosity, which significantly affects the mechanical properties of castings. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the tensile properties – yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation – and the pore structure of A356 castings produced under industrial conditions with low-pressure die casting (LPDC) technology. The novelty of our method lies in determining relationships not only with bivariate analyses but also by applying regression modeling using machine learning (ML). CT images of the test specimens were generated, and the pores in both two and three dimensions were quantitatively characterized. After the tensile tests, the fracture surfaces were numerically characterized using scanning electron microscope (PFIB-SEM) images. Prior to regression modeling, an exploratory data analysis (EDA) was conducted. Based on the tests, it was concluded that the findings for tensile strength are partially consistent with the literature, while those for yield strength are entirely consistent. Furthermore, it was newly observed that fracture surface porosity (A<sub>A, Proj</sub><sup>f-sf</sup>) is influenced by the projected area of the largest volume pore in the fracture segment (A<sub>Proj, Vmax</sub><sup>f-sm</sup>), the maximum porosity of the fracture segment cross-sections (A<sub>A</sub><sup>f-cs</sup>), and the overall porosity of the fracture segment (V<sub>V</sub><sup>f-sm</sup>). Another new finding is that total elongation at rupture is significantly affected not only by the fracture surface porosity (A<sub>A, Proj</sub><sup>f-sf</sup>) but also by the parameter (CSC) introduced in this study, which characterizes the pore location on the fracture cross-section. The regression modeling performed this way successfully complemented the results obtained with bivariate analyses. The presented method is suitable for characterizing the relationship between the pore structure and mechanical properties of castings produced in industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"935 ","pages":"Article 148338"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148273
Fu Wang , Hongrui Li , Zhirou Zhang , Yafei Liu , Enyu Guo , Zongning Chen , Huijun Kang , Tongmin Wang
The development of low-cost Mg alloys with excellent strength-plasticity matching is essential to expand their industrial applications. In this study, a new Mg-5Bi-1Al alloy with high performance has been reported. Aluminium with various content was added to investigate the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the Mg-5Bi-xAl (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%) alloys. The results revealed that all the as-extruded Mg-5Bi-xAl alloys exhibited bimodal structure. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) fraction increased in accordance with the rise in Al content ≤3 wt%, which was attributed to the increased number of DRX nucleation sites and enhanced effect of particle stimulated nucleation (PSN). In Mg-5Bi-5Al alloy, the high-density fine precipitates were found to pin dislocations, resulting in a decrease in the DRX fraction. The grain texture splited in extrusion direction with the addition of Al element, and texture intensity decreased significantly. As-extruded Mg-5Bi-1Al alloy exhibited excellent strength-ductility matching, demonstrating the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation (EL) of 241 MPa, 315 MPa, and 18.9%, respectively. The increase in YS was mainly attributed to the grain refinement and precipitation strengthening. The excellent plasticity was mainly owing to the weakening of basal texture. However, work-hardening rate was decreased as Al content increased to 3 wt% and 5 wt%, which may be related to the presence of numerous undissolved coarse second phases. This study provides an experimental basis for developing medium alloyed Mg alloys with low-cost, excellent strength-ductility matching.
{"title":"The investigation of microstructure evolution and strength-ductility mechanism of Mg-5Bi-xAl alloys","authors":"Fu Wang , Hongrui Li , Zhirou Zhang , Yafei Liu , Enyu Guo , Zongning Chen , Huijun Kang , Tongmin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of low-cost Mg alloys with excellent strength-plasticity matching is essential to expand their industrial applications. In this study, a new Mg-5Bi-1Al alloy with high performance has been reported. Aluminium with various content was added to investigate the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the Mg-5Bi-xAl (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%) alloys. The results revealed that all the as-extruded Mg-5Bi-xAl alloys exhibited bimodal structure. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) fraction increased in accordance with the rise in Al content ≤3 wt%, which was attributed to the increased number of DRX nucleation sites and enhanced effect of particle stimulated nucleation (PSN). In Mg-5Bi-5Al alloy, the high-density fine precipitates were found to pin dislocations, resulting in a decrease in the DRX fraction. The grain texture splited in extrusion direction with the addition of Al element, and texture intensity decreased significantly. As-extruded Mg-5Bi-1Al alloy exhibited excellent strength-ductility matching, demonstrating the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation (EL) of 241 MPa, 315 MPa, and 18.9%, respectively. The increase in YS was mainly attributed to the grain refinement and precipitation strengthening. The excellent plasticity was mainly owing to the weakening of basal texture. However, work-hardening rate was decreased as Al content increased to 3 wt% and 5 wt%, which may be related to the presence of numerous undissolved coarse second phases. This study provides an experimental basis for developing medium alloyed Mg alloys with low-cost, excellent strength-ductility matching.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"934 ","pages":"Article 148273"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148326
Q. Qiao , L. Wang , Z. Zhu , Y. Lin , K.L. Fu , H. Qian , Z. Li , D. Guo , D. Zhang , C.T. Kwok , L.M. Tam
Additive friction stir deposition (AFSD), a solid-state additive manufacturing (AM) technology, is widely used to develop high-performance large-scale deposits. A new 6061-7075-composite with excellent and optimally integrated characteristics was fabricated by AFSD with post-heat treatment. The analysis revealed that the heat-treated specimen (AFSD 6061 + 7075-HT) exhibited a higher precipitate fraction and greater plastic deformation than the as-fabricated specimen (AFSD 6061 + 7075). Mechanical tests confirmed that AFSD 6061 + 7075-HT exhibited a microhardness of 115 HV0.5, yield strength of 289 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 368 MPa, and elongation of 22 %, which were comparable to forged AA6061. Additionally, AFSD 6061 + 7075-HT demonstrated improved electrochemical resistance owing to its uniform microstructure, precipitate formation, and denser oxide layer. These findings offer valuable insights for the large-scale fabrication of Al-based composite components with superior properties.
{"title":"New method for fabricating 6061-7075-composite with enhanced microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrochemical resistance using additive friction stir deposition and heat treatment","authors":"Q. Qiao , L. Wang , Z. Zhu , Y. Lin , K.L. Fu , H. Qian , Z. Li , D. Guo , D. Zhang , C.T. Kwok , L.M. Tam","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive friction stir deposition (AFSD), a solid-state additive manufacturing (AM) technology, is widely used to develop high-performance large-scale deposits. A new 6061-7075-composite with excellent and optimally integrated characteristics was fabricated by AFSD with post-heat treatment. The analysis revealed that the heat-treated specimen (AFSD 6061 + 7075-HT) exhibited a higher precipitate fraction and greater plastic deformation than the as-fabricated specimen (AFSD 6061 + 7075). Mechanical tests confirmed that AFSD 6061 + 7075-HT exhibited a microhardness of 115 HV<sub>0.5</sub>, yield strength of 289 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 368 MPa, and elongation of 22 %, which were comparable to forged AA6061. Additionally, AFSD 6061 + 7075-HT demonstrated improved electrochemical resistance owing to its uniform microstructure, precipitate formation, and denser oxide layer. These findings offer valuable insights for the large-scale fabrication of Al-based composite components with superior properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"935 ","pages":"Article 148326"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TiAl alloys are attractive as promising aerospace structural materials. The high-temperature deformation performance of the intermetallic can be enhanced through controlled thermal mechanical processing and microstructure. This study utilized shear compression specimen (SCS) to investigate the shear deformation on the deformability and microstructure of Ti-44Al-4Nb-1.5Mo-0.1B (TNM) alloy. The compression test demonstrates that, compared to traditional symmetric deformation, shear deformation exhibits several advantageous characteristics: a low deformation stress (109.8 MPa), a slow dynamic softening, a large deformation conditions, and a low activation energy (163.3 kJ/mol). The good thermal deformation properties are related to the microstructure. During the shear deformation process, microscale shear bands (MSBs) are gradually formed under the combined effect of elemental enrichment and lattice distortion as the force at the α2/γ interface in the lamellae increases. The internal stress values of MSBs are 5–10 times greater than at a typical α2/γ interface, which promotes the nucleation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The evolution of the structure can be classified into two types such as high temperature and low strain rate, as well as low temperature and high strain rate. Under high temperatures and low strain rates conditions, deformation was primarily occurring in DRX. Shear deformation not only activates dislocation slip but also significantly promotes the formation of nanotwins, which in turn facilitates the nucleation of DRX. Under low temperatures and high strain rates conditions, the MSBs, DRX, and broken lamellae work together to coordinate the deformation. In conclusion, shear deformation can improve the thermal processing performance of TNM alloys, which is an effective means of molding TNM alloys.
{"title":"The investigation of high-temperature shear deformation mechanism in Ti-44Al-4Nb-1.5Mo-0.1B alloy","authors":"Siyuan Zhang , Haitao Jiang , Jiangping Xin , Yefei Zhang , Zhichao Zhu , Shiwei Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TiAl alloys are attractive as promising aerospace structural materials. The high-temperature deformation performance of the intermetallic can be enhanced through controlled thermal mechanical processing and microstructure. This study utilized shear compression specimen (SCS) to investigate the shear deformation on the deformability and microstructure of Ti-44Al-4Nb-1.5Mo-0.1B (TNM) alloy. The compression test demonstrates that, compared to traditional symmetric deformation, shear deformation exhibits several advantageous characteristics: a low deformation stress (109.8 MPa), a slow dynamic softening, a large deformation conditions, and a low activation energy (163.3 kJ/mol). The good thermal deformation properties are related to the microstructure. During the shear deformation process, microscale shear bands (MSBs) are gradually formed under the combined effect of elemental enrichment and lattice distortion as the force at the α<sub>2</sub>/γ interface in the lamellae increases. The internal stress values of MSBs are 5–10 times greater than at a typical α<sub>2</sub>/γ interface, which promotes the nucleation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The evolution of the structure can be classified into two types such as high temperature and low strain rate, as well as low temperature and high strain rate. Under high temperatures and low strain rates conditions, deformation was primarily occurring in DRX. Shear deformation not only activates dislocation slip but also significantly promotes the formation of nanotwins, which in turn facilitates the nucleation of DRX. Under low temperatures and high strain rates conditions, the MSBs, DRX, and broken lamellae work together to coordinate the deformation. In conclusion, shear deformation can improve the thermal processing performance of TNM alloys, which is an effective means of molding TNM alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"934 ","pages":"Article 148298"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148325
Di Wang , Shuyang Qin , Chaoran Guo , Hao Chen , Lingkun Xiao , Weijie Ren , Jingna Sun , Pengfei Wang , Luhan Hao , Huagui Huang
The rare earth magnesium alloys present poor deformability because of fewer slip systems and RE elements addition, which is manifested as edge cracks during hot rolling. Here it was found that applied pulsed current during rolling for Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr rare earth magnesium alloy can effectively inhibit the generation of edge cracks. By comparing the number of macroscopic cracks around the hot and electroplastic rolled samples with the same initial rolling temperature (380 °C) and different reductions (30 %, 35 %, 40 %), the results showed the pure electric effect presents a senior enhancement on deformability of material, because the dislocation density and texture intensity can be decreased during electroplastic rolling. Meanwhile, the number of macroscopic edge cracks of the rolled plate is reduced from 38 of hot rolling (30 % reduction) to 0 of electroplastic rolling (30 % reduction), indicating that the deformability is improved. Besides, the intergranular W phases were basically dissolved, and the block-shaped Long-Period Stacking Ordered (LPSO) phases can be transferred to the lamellar ones. The grain size of the electroplastic rolling samples present finer than that of the hot rolling, because of the accelerated dynamic recrystallization.
稀土镁合金由于滑移体系较少和添加了 RE 元素，因此变形能力较差，在热轧过程中表现为边缘裂纹。研究发现，在 Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr 稀土镁合金的轧制过程中施加脉冲电流可有效抑制边缘裂纹的产生。通过比较相同初始轧制温度（380 °C）和不同减薄率（30%、35%、40%）的热轧和电塑性轧制样品周围的宏观裂纹数量，结果表明纯电效应对材料的变形性有较高的增强作用，因为在电塑性轧制过程中位错密度和纹理强度会降低。同时，轧制板材的宏观边缘裂纹数量从热轧的 38 条（减少了 30%）减少到电塑性轧制的 0 条（减少了 30%），这表明材料的变形性得到了改善。此外，晶间 W 相基本溶解，块状长周期堆积有序相（LPSO）可以转移到片状相中。由于加速了动态再结晶，电塑性轧制样品的晶粒尺寸比热轧样品更细。
{"title":"Deformability enhancement of rare earth magnesium alloy during electroplastic rolling","authors":"Di Wang , Shuyang Qin , Chaoran Guo , Hao Chen , Lingkun Xiao , Weijie Ren , Jingna Sun , Pengfei Wang , Luhan Hao , Huagui Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rare earth magnesium alloys present poor deformability because of fewer slip systems and RE elements addition, which is manifested as edge cracks during hot rolling. Here it was found that applied pulsed current during rolling for Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr rare earth magnesium alloy can effectively inhibit the generation of edge cracks. By comparing the number of macroscopic cracks around the hot and electroplastic rolled samples with the same initial rolling temperature (380 °C) and different reductions (30 %, 35 %, 40 %), the results showed the pure electric effect presents a senior enhancement on deformability of material, because the dislocation density and texture intensity can be decreased during electroplastic rolling. Meanwhile, the number of macroscopic edge cracks of the rolled plate is reduced from 38 of hot rolling (30 % reduction) to 0 of electroplastic rolling (30 % reduction), indicating that the deformability is improved. Besides, the intergranular W phases were basically dissolved, and the block-shaped Long-Period Stacking Ordered (LPSO) phases can be transferred to the lamellar ones. The grain size of the electroplastic rolling samples present finer than that of the hot rolling, because of the accelerated dynamic recrystallization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"934 ","pages":"Article 148325"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148280
Q.K. Wang , L.F. Tang , Y.L. Bian , Meraj Majeed , H.W. Tang , Y. Cai , N.B. Zhang , L. Lu , S.N. Luo
The effects of Cu additions on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al0.1CoCrFeNiCux (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) high entropy alloys (HEA) prepared via the arc melting technique over a wide temperature range are investigated. The initial and postmortem samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that with the increase of Cu content, the number of Cu-rich precipitates increases, and these Cu-rich precipitates share coherent interfaces with the matrix. Quasi-static tension tests reveal that the yield strength of Al0.1CoCrFeNiCux alloy is enhanced at lower temperatures or with higher Cu contents. Given the structure-based strength model, the improvement can be attributed to precipitation strengthening of uniformly dispersed nano-size Cu-rich precipitates. All alloys exhibit simultaneous superior strength and ductility at low temperatures. The investigation reveals multiple deformation mechanisms in Al0.1CoCrFeNiCux alloys with different Cu contents subjected to different degrees of deformation at different temperatures. Both Cu-rich precipitates and higher temperatures suppress the activation of deformation twinning. Dislocations, stacking faults, immobile Lomer-Cottrell locks, kink bands and deformation twins are found in Al0.1CoCrFeNiCu0.1 alloy at 123 K, in contrast with only dislocations in Al0.1CoCrFeNiCu0.5 alloy at 673 K.
{"title":"Effects of Cu additions on microstructures and mechanical properties of Al0.1CoCrFeNiCux high-entropy alloys","authors":"Q.K. Wang , L.F. Tang , Y.L. Bian , Meraj Majeed , H.W. Tang , Y. Cai , N.B. Zhang , L. Lu , S.N. Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of Cu additions on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al<sub>0.1</sub>CoCrFeNiCu<sub><em>x</em></sub> (<em>x</em> = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) high entropy alloys (HEA) prepared via the arc melting technique over a wide temperature range are investigated. The initial and postmortem samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that with the increase of Cu content, the number of Cu-rich precipitates increases, and these Cu-rich precipitates share coherent interfaces with the matrix. Quasi-static tension tests reveal that the yield strength of Al<sub>0.1</sub>CoCrFeNiCu<sub><em>x</em></sub> alloy is enhanced at lower temperatures or with higher Cu contents. Given the structure-based strength model, the improvement can be attributed to precipitation strengthening of uniformly dispersed nano-size Cu-rich precipitates. All alloys exhibit simultaneous superior strength and ductility at low temperatures. The investigation reveals multiple deformation mechanisms in Al<sub>0.1</sub>CoCrFeNiCu<sub><em>x</em></sub> alloys with different Cu contents subjected to different degrees of deformation at different temperatures. Both Cu-rich precipitates and higher temperatures suppress the activation of deformation twinning. Dislocations, stacking faults, immobile Lomer-Cottrell locks, kink bands and deformation twins are found in Al<sub>0.1</sub>CoCrFeNiCu<sub>0.1</sub> alloy at 123 K, in contrast with only dislocations in Al<sub>0.1</sub>CoCrFeNiCu<sub>0.5</sub> alloy at 673 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"934 ","pages":"Article 148280"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148309
Jianguo Cui , Rui Zhou , Wendi Yang , Weilin Gao , Yang Song , Jilin He
This article systematically investigated the aging behavior and precipitation of Cu-Ni-P, Cu-Fe-P and Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloys. The results showed that the novel quaternary Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy designed based on ternary Cu-Ni-P alloy and ternary Cu-Fe-P alloy had the superior properties. The electrical conductivity and tensile strength reached 69.1 %IACS and 658.7 MPa, respectively, by the process (solution treatment + 30 % cold rolling reduction + pre-aging (750 °C × 1 min) + 30 % cold rolling reduction + aging (450 °C × 4 h) + 60 % cold rolling reduction + annealing (450 °C × 1 min)). The nanoscale precipitation (Ni, Fe)2P was a hexagonal structure in Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy. The orientation relationship between the (Ni, Fe)2P precipitation and the matrix was [110]Cu//[111](Ni, Fe)2P, (1-1-1)Cu//(1–21) (Ni, Fe)2P. The synergistic effect of Ni and Fe atoms facilitated the precipitation of more uniform and fine phases, effectively enhancing the overall performance of NFP alloy. The synergistic contribution of dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening mainly driven the yield strength of alloys and were the major strengthening mechanism. The contribution of the precipitation strengthening in NFP alloy was significantly greater than that in NP and FP alloys. That was the reason for the increased strength of NFP alloy. This work indicates that the Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy is a promising candidate for high property Cu alloys.
{"title":"The microstructure and precipitation analysis of the Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy with high property","authors":"Jianguo Cui , Rui Zhou , Wendi Yang , Weilin Gao , Yang Song , Jilin He","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article systematically investigated the aging behavior and precipitation of Cu-Ni-P, Cu-Fe-P and Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloys. The results showed that the novel quaternary Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy designed based on ternary Cu-Ni-P alloy and ternary Cu-Fe-P alloy had the superior properties. The electrical conductivity and tensile strength reached 69.1 %IACS and 658.7 MPa, respectively, by the process (solution treatment + 30 % cold rolling reduction + pre-aging (750 °C × 1 min) + 30 % cold rolling reduction + aging (450 °C × 4 h) + 60 % cold rolling reduction + annealing (450 °C × 1 min)). The nanoscale precipitation (Ni, Fe)<sub>2</sub>P was a hexagonal structure in Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy. The orientation relationship between the (Ni, Fe)<sub>2</sub>P precipitation and the matrix was [110]<sub>Cu</sub>//[111]<sub>(Ni, Fe)2P</sub>, (1-1-1)<sub>Cu</sub>//(1–21) (<sub>Ni, Fe)2P</sub>. The synergistic effect of Ni and Fe atoms facilitated the precipitation of more uniform and fine phases, effectively enhancing the overall performance of NFP alloy. The synergistic contribution of dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening mainly driven the yield strength of alloys and were the major strengthening mechanism. The contribution of the precipitation strengthening in NFP alloy was significantly greater than that in NP and FP alloys. That was the reason for the increased strength of NFP alloy. This work indicates that the Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy is a promising candidate for high property Cu alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"934 ","pages":"Article 148309"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148324
Sheng Zhang, Fan Liu, Dongli Zou, Shushan Cui, Mengsheng Zhai, Wenliang Xu, Chuan Mo, Shilv Yu, Lifeng He, Dawu Xiao, Bin Su
Uranium (U) and its alloys are not only critical energy materials but also serve as important structural materials in the nuclear industry due to their high density and favorable ductility. This work conducts a review on reported plastic deformation mechanisms of uranium for studies carried out dating back to the 1950s. Uranium exhibits three polymorphic phases from low temperature to its melting point at 1132 °C: the base-centered orthorhombic phase (α), the tetragonal phase (β), and the body-centered cubic (BCC) phase (γ). This review focuses on deformation mechanisms of α-U since α-U has been extensively studied while researches on deformation mechanisms of β-U and γ-U are limited. The introduced deformation mechanisms include dislocation slip, deformation twinning, and shear localization. Parameters that affect the deformation mechanisms such as strain rate, temperature, and microstructure are discussed separately. As crystal plasticity modelling is an effective method to quantify the contributions of various deformation mechanisms, advancements in crystal plasticity modelling of uranium are also reviewed. Finally, this review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the plastic deformation mechanisms of uranium and proposes future research pathways.
{"title":"Review of plastic deformation mechanisms and crystal plasticity modelling of uranium","authors":"Sheng Zhang, Fan Liu, Dongli Zou, Shushan Cui, Mengsheng Zhai, Wenliang Xu, Chuan Mo, Shilv Yu, Lifeng He, Dawu Xiao, Bin Su","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uranium (U) and its alloys are not only critical energy materials but also serve as important structural materials in the nuclear industry due to their high density and favorable ductility. This work conducts a review on reported plastic deformation mechanisms of uranium for studies carried out dating back to the 1950s. Uranium exhibits three polymorphic phases from low temperature to its melting point at 1132 °C: the base-centered orthorhombic phase (α), the tetragonal phase (β), and the body-centered cubic (BCC) phase (γ). This review focuses on deformation mechanisms of α-U since α-U has been extensively studied while researches on deformation mechanisms of β-U and γ-U are limited. The introduced deformation mechanisms include dislocation slip, deformation twinning, and shear localization. Parameters that affect the deformation mechanisms such as strain rate, temperature, and microstructure are discussed separately. As crystal plasticity modelling is an effective method to quantify the contributions of various deformation mechanisms, advancements in crystal plasticity modelling of uranium are also reviewed. Finally, this review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the plastic deformation mechanisms of uranium and proposes future research pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"934 ","pages":"Article 148324"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.148302
Leilei Zhang , Qing Yang , Jingyang Chen , Qing Li , Jinbin Chen , Mingjun Zhang , Chengbo Xiao
η phase has the potential to strengthen the alloy at high temperatures due to their stability compared to γ′ phase. Recently, the role of η phase with needle-like shape in creep resistance is insufficient studied. Moreover, the common effect of Ti/Al ratio and C content on microstructure and creep resistance in Ni-based superalloys is rarely investigated. The microstructure, particularly η phase precipitation and its role in 815 °C/379 MPa creep property for polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy were investigated by changing Ti/Al ratio and the C content in this research. The spherical γ′ phase evenly distributes within γ matrix of low Ti/Al ratio alloy. The size and volume fraction of γ′ phase slightly decrease in high Ti/Al ratio alloy, and η phase precipitates in the alloy. The creep life of the alloy has increased by 46.4 %. The crystallographic relationships are observed as (3 )M23C6//(004)η and (1 )γ′//(004)η, with the lattice misfits of 1.27 ± 0.05 % and 0.28 ± 0.03 %, respectively. The increased C content results in a reduction of η phase and a slight decrease in creep life of high Ti/Al ratio and C content alloy. γ′ phase impedes dislocation motion through coherency strengthening, order strengthening and Orowan bypass mechanisms. Additionally, the bent η phase occurs during creep deformation and coordinately deforms with γ matrix, γ′ phase layer could impede dislocation motion and buffer stress fluctuation to a certain extent. The specific crystallographic relationship between M23C6 carbide and η phase leads to the localized strengthening. The stress increment induced by η phase is decreased from 242.8 MPa to 52.2 MPa with the volume fraction of η phase decreasing from 0.98 ± 0.05 % to 0.21 ± 0.04 %.
与 γ′ 相相比，η 相具有稳定性，因此具有在高温下强化合金的潜力。最近，对具有针状形状的 η 相在抗蠕变性中的作用研究不足。此外，Ti/Al 比和 C 含量对 Ni 基超合金微观结构和抗蠕变性的共同影响也很少被研究。本研究通过改变 Ti/Al 比和 C 含量，研究了多晶镍基超合金的微观结构，尤其是 η 相析出及其在 815 °C/379 MPa 蠕变性能中的作用。在低 Ti/Al 比合金中，球形 γ′ 相均匀分布在 γ 基体中。在高 Ti/Al 比合金中，γ′相的尺寸和体积分数略有下降，合金中析出了 η 相。合金的蠕变寿命提高了 46.4%。晶体学关系观察到(3 3‾3‾)M23C6//(004)η和(1 1‾1‾)γ′//(004)η，晶格错位分别为 1.27 ± 0.05 %和 0.28 ± 0.03 %。C 含量的增加导致了 η 相的减少，并使高 Ti/Al 比和 C 含量合金的蠕变寿命略有下降。γ′相通过一致性强化、阶次强化和奥罗万旁路机制阻碍位错运动。此外，η相在蠕变变形过程中发生弯曲，并与γ基体发生协调变形，γ′相层可在一定程度上阻碍位错运动并缓冲应力波动。M23C6 碳化物与 η 相之间的特殊晶体学关系导致了局部强化。随着η相体积分数从 0.98 ± 0.05 % 降至 0.21 ± 0.04 %，η相诱导的应力增量从 242.8 MPa 降至 52.2 MPa。
{"title":"Precipitation and strengthening behavior of η phase in polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy","authors":"Leilei Zhang , Qing Yang , Jingyang Chen , Qing Li , Jinbin Chen , Mingjun Zhang , Chengbo Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>η phase has the potential to strengthen the alloy at high temperatures due to their stability compared to γ′ phase. Recently, the role of η phase with needle-like shape in creep resistance is insufficient studied. Moreover, the common effect of Ti/Al ratio and C content on microstructure and creep resistance in Ni-based superalloys is rarely investigated. The microstructure, particularly η phase precipitation and its role in 815 °C/379 MPa creep property for polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy were investigated by changing Ti/Al ratio and the C content in this research. The spherical γ′ phase evenly distributes within γ matrix of low Ti/Al ratio alloy. The size and volume fraction of γ′ phase slightly decrease in high Ti/Al ratio alloy, and η phase precipitates in the alloy. The creep life of the alloy has increased by 46.4 %. The crystallographic relationships are observed as (3 <span><math><mrow><mover><mn>3</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mover><mn>3</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>)M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>//(004)η and (1 <span><math><mrow><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>)γ′//(004)η, with the lattice misfits of 1.27 ± 0.05 % and 0.28 ± 0.03 %, respectively. The increased C content results in a reduction of η phase and a slight decrease in creep life of high Ti/Al ratio and C content alloy. γ′ phase impedes dislocation motion through coherency strengthening, order strengthening and Orowan bypass mechanisms. Additionally, the bent η phase occurs during creep deformation and coordinately deforms with γ matrix, γ′ phase layer could impede dislocation motion and buffer stress fluctuation to a certain extent. The specific crystallographic relationship between M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> carbide and η phase leads to the localized strengthening. The stress increment induced by η phase is decreased from 242.8 MPa to 52.2 MPa with the volume fraction of η phase decreasing from 0.98 ± 0.05 % to 0.21 ± 0.04 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"933 ","pages":"Article 148302"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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