Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.147850
Tao Wen , Feipeng Yang , Jianying Wang , Zhilin Liu , Dong Qiu , Shouxun Ji , Hailin Yang
The enhanced strength-ductility synergy of Al12Si alloy manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was obtained through compositional regulation and post-fabrication plastic deformation. Microstructural characterizations showed that the typical synergy of multiple crystallised defects in brittle Si eutectic phase, including stacking faults (SFs), ultrafine nanotwins and 9R structure, co-contribute to the superb elongation of 23.7 % with the ultimate tensile strength of 189 MPa in as-LPBFed Al12Si alloy after hot-rolling deformation with a reduction rate of 70 %. In tandem with a trace of Mn and Fe additions, the UTS increases to 240 MPa with the El of 19.1 % under the same condition. Such an excellent strength-ductility synergy is mainly attributed to the formation of ultrafine α-Al12(Fe,Mn)3Si particles. This work offers a new perspective on the modification Al–Si alloys with the desired mechanical properties via LPBF and hot-rolling.
{"title":"Tuning strength-ductility combination of the additively manufactured Al12Si based alloys via compositional regulation and plastic deformation","authors":"Tao Wen , Feipeng Yang , Jianying Wang , Zhilin Liu , Dong Qiu , Shouxun Ji , Hailin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.147850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.147850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The enhanced strength-ductility synergy of Al12Si alloy manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was obtained through compositional regulation and post-fabrication plastic deformation. Microstructural characterizations showed that the typical synergy of multiple crystallised defects in brittle Si eutectic phase, including stacking faults (SFs), ultrafine nanotwins and 9R structure, co-contribute to the superb elongation of 23.7 % with the ultimate tensile strength of 189 MPa in as-LPBFed Al12Si alloy after hot-rolling deformation with a reduction rate of 70 %. In tandem with a trace of Mn and Fe additions, the UTS increases to 240 MPa with the El of 19.1 % under the same condition. Such an excellent strength-ductility synergy is mainly attributed to the formation of ultrafine α-Al<sub>12</sub>(Fe,Mn)<sub>3</sub>Si particles. This work offers a new perspective on the modification Al–Si alloys with the desired mechanical properties via LPBF and hot-rolling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"924 ","pages":"Article 147850"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147780
Shuai Zhao , Yang Wang , Chengran Chai , Lin Peng , Yuanxiang Zhang , Feng Fang , Guo Yuan
To overcome the trade-off between strength and ductility in structural titanium alloys, various novel transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and/or twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) metastable β titanium alloys have been developed in recent years. Based on the design of the d-electron theory, average electron-to-atom ratio () and atomic radius difference () theory, the stability of β phase was regulated by fine-tuning the content of V element in Ti-5Mo-4Cr-xV-1Zr (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 wt.%, named T0V, T1V, T2V, T3V) alloys, aiming to reveal the influence of V content on the alloy's microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms. The experimental results show that with the increase of V content, the β phase grain size decreases gradually, and its stability is significantly enhanced, inhibiting the formation and growth of the athermal ω (ωath) phase. Additionally, the T (0–3)V alloys exhibit similar TD//<101> texture. Stress-induced martensitic α″ transformation (SIM α″) and {332}<113> deformation twinning exist in the T (0–3)V alloys during tensile deformation. Moreover, with increasing V content, the dominant deformation mechanisms shifts from the TRIP effect (T0V alloy) to the combined TWIP-TRIP effect (T1V alloy), and finally to the TWIP effect (T2V and T3V alloys). Mechanical testing results show that with increasing V content, the total elongation after fracture gradually decreases, while the yield strength, tensile strength, toughness, and strain hardening rate (SHR) initially increase and then decrease. The T1V alloy exhibits the best comprehensive properties, including a yield strength of ∼689 MPa, tensile strength of ∼935 MPa, total elongation after fracture of ∼39 %, and toughness of ∼333.0 MJ/m³. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of TWIP and TRIP in the T1V alloy significantly enhances its SHR, which is superior to the SHR of T0V and T3V alloys, i.e., T1VTWIP-TRIP (SHR: 2771 MPa) > T0VTRIP (SHR: 2415 MPa) > T3VTWIP (SHR: 2119 MPa).
{"title":"Effect of V on the deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of Ti-5Mo-4Cr-xV-1Zr metastable β titanium alloys","authors":"Shuai Zhao , Yang Wang , Chengran Chai , Lin Peng , Yuanxiang Zhang , Feng Fang , Guo Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the trade-off between strength and ductility in structural titanium alloys, various novel transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and/or twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) metastable β titanium alloys have been developed in recent years. Based on the design of the d-electron theory, average electron-to-atom ratio (<span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>e</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>α</mi></mrow><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>) and atomic radius difference (<span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mi>r</mi></mrow><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>) theory, the stability of β phase was regulated by fine-tuning the content of V element in Ti-5Mo-4Cr-xV-1Zr (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 wt.%, named T0V, T1V, T2V, T3V) alloys, aiming to reveal the influence of V content on the alloy's microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms. The experimental results show that with the increase of V content, the β phase grain size decreases gradually, and its stability is significantly enhanced, inhibiting the formation and growth of the athermal ω (ω<sub>ath</sub>) phase. Additionally, the T (0–3)V alloys exhibit similar TD//<101> texture. Stress-induced martensitic α″ transformation (SIM α″) and {332}<113> deformation twinning exist in the T (0–3)V alloys during tensile deformation. Moreover, with increasing V content, the dominant deformation mechanisms shifts from the TRIP effect (T0V alloy) to the combined TWIP-TRIP effect (T1V alloy), and finally to the TWIP effect (T2V and T3V alloys). Mechanical testing results show that with increasing V content, the total elongation after fracture gradually decreases, while the yield strength, tensile strength, toughness, and strain hardening rate (SHR) initially increase and then decrease. The T1V alloy exhibits the best comprehensive properties, including a yield strength of ∼689 MPa, tensile strength of ∼935 MPa, total elongation after fracture of ∼39 %, and toughness of ∼333.0 MJ/m³. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of TWIP and TRIP in the T1V alloy significantly enhances its SHR, which is superior to the SHR of T0V and T3V alloys, i.e., T1V<sub>TWIP-TRIP</sub> (SHR: 2771 MPa) > T0V<sub>TRIP</sub> (SHR: 2415 MPa) > T3V<sub>TWIP</sub> (SHR: 2119 MPa).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"924 ","pages":"Article 147780"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147727
Y.F. Sun , Yongsheng Liu , Wang Wu , J. Deng , Y. Cai , L. Lu , Y. Tang , X.J. Zhao , N.B. Zhang , S.N. Luo
The impact responses of the metastable refractory body-centered cubic (BCC) high-entropy alloy (HEA) HfZrTi with two different grain sizes ( or ) are investigated via plate impact experiments. Free surface velocity histories at different peak shock stresses are measured. Both as-received and postmortem samples are characterized with x-ray diffraction, electron back-scatter diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. Multiple deformation mechanisms are identified, including dislocation slip, kink band formation and {332} deformation twinning, and the BCC to the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase transformation in the BCC matrix, along with dislocation slip and deformation twinning in the HCP phase. Both the large- and small-grain samples display ductile damage. In contrast with the intergranular voids in the small-grain sample, intragranular voids are predominant in the large-grain sample, leading to its higher spall strength. Quantitative analysis of voids/cracks reveals similar damage characteristics for both grain sizes.
{"title":"Impact response of metastable body-centered cubic high-entropy alloy HfZrTiTa0.53: Deformation and spallation damage","authors":"Y.F. Sun , Yongsheng Liu , Wang Wu , J. Deng , Y. Cai , L. Lu , Y. Tang , X.J. Zhao , N.B. Zhang , S.N. Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact responses of the metastable refractory body-centered cubic (BCC) high-entropy alloy (HEA) HfZrTi<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ta</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>53</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> with two different grain sizes (<span><math><mrow><mn>450</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> or <span><math><mrow><mn>140</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>) are investigated via plate impact experiments. Free surface velocity histories at different peak shock stresses are measured. Both as-received and postmortem samples are characterized with x-ray diffraction, electron back-scatter diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. Multiple deformation mechanisms are identified, including dislocation slip, kink band formation and {332}<span><math><mrow><mo>〈</mo><mn>113</mn><mo>〉</mo></mrow></math></span> deformation twinning, and the BCC to the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase transformation in the BCC matrix, along with dislocation slip and <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>{</mo><mn>10</mn><mover><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>̄</mo></mrow></mover><mn>1</mn><mo>}</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>〈</mo><mn>10</mn><mover><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>̄</mo></mrow></mover><mn>2</mn><mo>〉</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> deformation twinning in the HCP phase. Both the large- and small-grain samples display ductile damage. In contrast with the intergranular voids in the small-grain sample, intragranular voids are predominant in the large-grain sample, leading to its higher spall strength. Quantitative analysis of voids/cracks reveals similar damage characteristics for both grain sizes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"924 ","pages":"Article 147727"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147773
Tao Sun , Xianli Yang , Tan Liu , Qincheng Xie , Xianlei Hu , Ying Zhi
By employing a high-tension asymmetrical rolling without intermediate annealing, unalloyed titanium ultrathin strips with a thickness of 0.03 mm for speaker diaphragms were prepared from an initial material thickness of 0.15 mm. The asymmetrical rolling process features strong rolling capability and excellent surface quality after rolling, effectively avoiding defects such as wrinkling and cracking. To enhance the mechanical properties of the unalloyed titanium ultrathin strips after asynchronous rolling, and thereby improve stiffness and strength-ductility product (which determine the high and mid-frequency sound performance of the diaphragm), annealing at different temperatures was conducted on the rolled unalloyed titanium ultrathin strips to investigate the effects on microstructure and mechanical properties. The study showed that when the annealing temperature was no more than 500 °C, the microstructural changes were primarily dominated by recovery and recrystallization nucleation and growth. When the annealing temperature reached 550 °C, the grains transformed into uniformly sized equiaxed grains, exhibiting excellent tensile strength (399 MPa), total elongation (20.1 %), and a strength-ductility product of 8.02 GPa·%. The best stamping performance and stiffness were achieved at this temperature, with a cupping value of 8.12 mm. The superior stiffness and strength-ductility product corresponded to balanced frequency response with regular amplitude variations in the mid-frequency range, providing good dynamic performance and warm, natural mid-frequency sound quality. As the frequency increased, the high-frequency signals responded more quickly. To avoid distortion, a smaller amplitude at 550 °C was selected. When the temperature exceeded 600 °C, the grains began to coarsen, and both the mechanical properties and stamping performance started to deteriorate.
{"title":"Effect of annealing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of asymmetrically rolled unalloyed titanium ultra-thin strips","authors":"Tao Sun , Xianli Yang , Tan Liu , Qincheng Xie , Xianlei Hu , Ying Zhi","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By employing a high-tension asymmetrical rolling without intermediate annealing, unalloyed titanium ultrathin strips with a thickness of 0.03 mm for speaker diaphragms were prepared from an initial material thickness of 0.15 mm. The asymmetrical rolling process features strong rolling capability and excellent surface quality after rolling, effectively avoiding defects such as wrinkling and cracking. To enhance the mechanical properties of the unalloyed titanium ultrathin strips after asynchronous rolling, and thereby improve stiffness and strength-ductility product (which determine the high and mid-frequency sound performance of the diaphragm), annealing at different temperatures was conducted on the rolled unalloyed titanium ultrathin strips to investigate the effects on microstructure and mechanical properties. The study showed that when the annealing temperature was no more than 500 °C, the microstructural changes were primarily dominated by recovery and recrystallization nucleation and growth. When the annealing temperature reached 550 °C, the grains transformed into uniformly sized equiaxed grains, exhibiting excellent tensile strength (399 MPa), total elongation (20.1 %), and a strength-ductility product of 8.02 GPa·%. The best stamping performance and stiffness were achieved at this temperature, with a cupping value of 8.12 mm. The superior stiffness and strength-ductility product corresponded to balanced frequency response with regular amplitude variations in the mid-frequency range, providing good dynamic performance and warm, natural mid-frequency sound quality. As the frequency increased, the high-frequency signals responded more quickly. To avoid distortion, a smaller amplitude at 550 °C was selected. When the temperature exceeded 600 °C, the grains began to coarsen, and both the mechanical properties and stamping performance started to deteriorate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"924 ","pages":"Article 147773"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147761
H. Guo , T. Zhao , J.H. Zhang , H.T. Ju , Z.C. Meng , Y.J. Ma , Q.J. Wang , H. Wang , D.S. Xu , R. Yang
The twin, with a large twinning strain (1.89), hardly nucleated in hexagonal close-packed (HCP) titanium. This poses challenges for experimental detection, resulting in limited studies. Consequently, the twin boundary (TB) structure, nucleation, and migration mechanisms of this twin remain poorly understood. In this study, we use atomistic simulations and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to elucidate these mechanisms. Contrary to classical theory, our results show that the TB with mirror symmetry deteriorates during relaxation and becomes asymmetric. This breakdown is attributed to the intense repulsive interactions between the short-bonded atom pairs located at mirrored positions, with a distance smaller than half of the lattice parameter a. During TB migration, a well-defined single-layer height twinning dislocation b1 with Burgers vectors of was identified, which differs from the twinning dislocation b2 predicted by classical theory. Meanwhile, an inverse shuffling displacement occurs along the direction for the double-layered prismatic planes. Notably, our research indicates that the nucleation of individual twin within HCP structure is inherently challenging. Nevertheless, TB can nucleate via the interactions among TBs, specifically between the and TB. These insights advance our understanding of the plastic deformation inherent in titanium alloys.
{"title":"The nucleation and migration mechanisms of asymmetric {112‾3} twin boundary in hexagonal close-packed titanium","authors":"H. Guo , T. Zhao , J.H. Zhang , H.T. Ju , Z.C. Meng , Y.J. Ma , Q.J. Wang , H. Wang , D.S. Xu , R. Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <span><math><mrow><mo>{</mo><mrow><mn>11</mn><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>3</mn></mrow><mo>}</mo></mrow></math></span> twin, with a large twinning strain (1.89), hardly nucleated in hexagonal close-packed (HCP) titanium. This poses challenges for experimental detection, resulting in limited studies. Consequently, the twin boundary (TB) structure, nucleation, and migration mechanisms of this twin remain poorly understood. In this study, we use atomistic simulations and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to elucidate these mechanisms. Contrary to classical theory, our results show that the <span><math><mrow><mo>{</mo><mrow><mn>11</mn><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>3</mn></mrow><mo>}</mo></mrow></math></span> TB with mirror symmetry deteriorates during relaxation and becomes asymmetric. This breakdown is attributed to the intense repulsive interactions between the short-bonded atom pairs located at mirrored positions, with a distance smaller than half of the lattice parameter <em>a</em>. During TB migration, a well-defined single-layer height twinning dislocation <strong>b</strong><sub><strong>1</strong></sub> with Burgers vectors of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>4</mn><msup><mi>Λ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mn>11</mn><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>12</mn><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>00</mn></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> was identified, which differs from the twinning dislocation <strong>b</strong><sub><strong>2</strong></sub> predicted by classical theory. Meanwhile, an inverse shuffling displacement occurs along the <span><math><mrow><mo>[</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>00</mn></mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow></math></span> direction for the double-layered prismatic <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>00</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> planes. Notably, our research indicates that the nucleation of individual <span><math><mrow><mo>{</mo><mrow><mn>11</mn><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>3</mn></mrow><mo>}</mo></mrow></math></span> twin within HCP structure is inherently challenging. Nevertheless, <span><math><mrow><mo>{</mo><mrow><mn>11</mn><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>3</mn></mrow><mo>}</mo></mrow></math></span> TB can nucleate via the interactions among TBs, specifically between the <span><math><mrow><mo>{</mo><mrow><mn>11</mn><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>}</mo></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mo>{</mo><mrow><mn>11</mn><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>}</mo></mrow></math></span> TB. These insights advance our understanding of the plastic deformation inherent in titanium alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"924 ","pages":"Article 147761"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.147808
Hao Qi , Yingdong Qu , Chenghao Liu , Haokai Wu , Rongde Li , Guanglong Li
Strength of casting high entropy alloys (HEAs) improved by the introduction of ceramic particle. However, the strengthening process of alloys were hindered by the problem of particle agglomeration seriously. In this paper, the ultrasonic vibration (UV) treatment process was introduced to improve the dispersion of ceramic particles. Al0.4CoCrFe2Ni2 HEAs contain different particle sizes TiC were successfully prepared. Morphology of TiC (μm) change from long straight rod to network structure with UV treatment, and the average dendrite spacing decreases. TiC (nm) particles were dispersed uniformly and agglomeration decreased remarkably. The mean free path () of dislocation motion is increased greatly. Additionally, a new substructure region formed by introducing ceramic phase TiC. Dislocation density increased around substructure region after UV, the energy and driving force provided by UV for the overturning of substructure region to sub-grains. Ultimate tensile strength of UV-Al0.4-TiC (nm) alloy reaches 572 MPa under the action of the second phase, Hall-Petch strengthening and other mechanisms, and the fracture elongation as high as 49.6 %. Compared with the non-ultrasonic alloy, the yield strength is increased by 10 %, and elongation after fracture is increased by 41.3 %. Compared with Al0.4 matrix alloy, the yield strength is increased by 92.8 %. Therefore, the influence of UV assisted treatment on particle reinforced alloys with different sizes was analyzed in this paper. UV assisted treatment proved to provide an effective method to solve the agglomeration of reinforced particles and offer a novel pathway to design cast HEAs with an exceptional amalgamation of strength and ductility.
{"title":"Effect of ultrasonic vibration on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al0.4CoCrFe2Ni2 high entropy alloys reinforced by TiC with different scale","authors":"Hao Qi , Yingdong Qu , Chenghao Liu , Haokai Wu , Rongde Li , Guanglong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.147808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.147808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Strength of casting high entropy alloys (HEAs) improved by the introduction of ceramic particle. However, the strengthening process of alloys were hindered by the problem of particle agglomeration seriously. In this paper, the ultrasonic vibration (UV) treatment process was introduced to improve the dispersion of ceramic particles. Al<sub>0.4</sub>CoCrFe<sub>2</sub>Ni<sub>2</sub> HEAs contain different particle sizes TiC were successfully prepared. Morphology of TiC (μm) change from long straight rod to network structure with UV treatment, and the average dendrite spacing decreases. TiC (nm) particles were dispersed uniformly and agglomeration decreased remarkably. The mean free path (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>L</mi><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>) of dislocation motion is increased greatly. Additionally, a new substructure region formed by introducing ceramic phase TiC. Dislocation density increased around substructure region after UV, the energy and driving force provided by UV for the overturning of substructure region to sub-grains. Ultimate tensile strength of UV-Al<sub>0.4</sub>-TiC (nm) alloy reaches 572 MPa under the action of the second phase, Hall-Petch strengthening and other mechanisms, and the fracture elongation as high as 49.6 %. Compared with the non-ultrasonic alloy, the yield strength is increased by 10 %, and elongation after fracture is increased by 41.3 %. Compared with Al<sub>0.4</sub> matrix alloy, the yield strength is increased by 92.8 %. Therefore, the influence of UV assisted treatment on particle reinforced alloys with different sizes was analyzed in this paper. UV assisted treatment proved to provide an effective method to solve the agglomeration of reinforced particles and offer a novel pathway to design cast HEAs with an exceptional amalgamation of strength and ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"924 ","pages":"Article 147808"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.147866
Chengcheng Han , Yinyuan Chen , Lifeng Ye , Zhangwei Yang , Yuna Wu , Jia Ju , Jinghua Jiang , Huan Liu
Rare earth (RE) elements possess the potential to enhance the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of Zn-based biodegradable metals, but the precise mechanisms for many RE elements remains unclear. This study systematically investigated the addition of Gd element on the phase composition of a Zn-Cu-Mg based alloy, and further employed multi-pass equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to improve its mechanical properties. The results showed that apart from the ε-CuZn5 dendritic phase and η-Zn + Mg2Zn11 eutectic structure, Gd addition promoted the formation of petaloid GdZn12 phase. After multi-pass ECAP, the average grain size of η-Zn matrix was refined to 1.75 μm and 0.94 μm for the 8 passes (8P) and 12 passes (12P) of ECAP alloys, respectively. Unlike the refined η-Zn + Mg2Zn11 structure and elongated CuZn5 phase, the shape of petaloid GdZn12 phases remained unchanged after ECAP, but microcracks generated on their surfaces. The 8P alloy demonstrated excellent overall mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 399 MPa and a fracture elongation (FE) of 46.3 % due to the microstructure refinement and various second phases. However, Although the 12P alloy exhibited an increased strength of 424 MPa, its ductility decreased dramatically to 20.0 %. The worsen of ductility was ascribed from the increased microcracks within the GdZn12 petaloid particles, which are prone to propagate into the adjacent matrix and secondary phases, leading to premature failure of the alloy. This study provides valuable insights into the microstructural control and performance optimization in Gd-containing Zn alloys.
{"title":"Evolution of petaloid Gd-containing phase during multi-pass ECAP and its impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn-3Cu-1Mg-0.3Gd alloys","authors":"Chengcheng Han , Yinyuan Chen , Lifeng Ye , Zhangwei Yang , Yuna Wu , Jia Ju , Jinghua Jiang , Huan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.147866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.147866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare earth (RE) elements possess the potential to enhance the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of Zn-based biodegradable metals, but the precise mechanisms for many RE elements remains unclear. This study systematically investigated the addition of Gd element on the phase composition of a Zn-Cu-Mg based alloy, and further employed multi-pass equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to improve its mechanical properties. The results showed that apart from the ε-CuZn<sub>5</sub> dendritic phase and η-Zn + Mg<sub>2</sub>Zn<sub>11</sub> eutectic structure, Gd addition promoted the formation of petaloid GdZn<sub>12</sub> phase. After multi-pass ECAP, the average grain size of η-Zn matrix was refined to 1.75 μm and 0.94 μm for the 8 passes (8P) and 12 passes (12P) of ECAP alloys, respectively. Unlike the refined η-Zn + Mg<sub>2</sub>Zn<sub>11</sub> structure and elongated CuZn<sub>5</sub> phase, the shape of petaloid GdZn<sub>12</sub> phases remained unchanged after ECAP, but microcracks generated on their surfaces. The 8P alloy demonstrated excellent overall mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 399 MPa and a fracture elongation (FE) of 46.3 % due to the microstructure refinement and various second phases. However, Although the 12P alloy exhibited an increased strength of 424 MPa, its ductility decreased dramatically to 20.0 %. The worsen of ductility was ascribed from the increased microcracks within the GdZn<sub>12</sub> petaloid particles, which are prone to propagate into the adjacent matrix and secondary phases, leading to premature failure of the alloy. This study provides valuable insights into the microstructural control and performance optimization in Gd-containing Zn alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"924 ","pages":"Article 147866"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147634
Zixin Zhou , Yuanming Huo , Zhijun Wang , Eralp Demir , Anqi Jiang , Zhenrong Yan , Tao He
During high-temperature processing, the Ni61Fe10Cr10Al17Mo2 high entropy alloy (HEA) often faces issues with uneven stress distribution and grain size, limiting its industrial applications. This study analyzes the dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) behavior and microstructural evolution of this alloy under high-temperature compression between 1100 °C and 1200 °C. High-temperature compression tests at strain rates of 0.2 and 0.7, combined with characterization techniques, reveal that DRX behavior significantly enhances with increasing temperature. The maximum grain size of 30.3 μm was observed at 1200 °C while the maximum DRX fraction of 53.1 was observed at 1150 °C. In the initial stage of deformation, stress concentrates at the grain boundaries and interface boundary and then propagate to the deformation bands with temperature. The BCC phase undergoes continuous dynamic recrystallisation (CDRX), displaying significant differences from the DRX mechanism of the FCC phase, leading to asynchrony between the two phases during DRX. A crystal plasticity model incorporating dislocation density evolution successfully predicts stress softening and microstructural changes during high-temperature deformation. The initiation of DRX is highly temperature-sensitive, and the distinct mechanisms of the FCC and BCC phases jointly influence grain refinement and texture evolution. These findings provide theoretical support for the thermal processing of HEAs and for understanding their internal changes.
{"title":"Experimental investigation and crystal plasticity modelling of dynamic recrystallisation in dual-phase high entropy alloy during hot deformation","authors":"Zixin Zhou , Yuanming Huo , Zhijun Wang , Eralp Demir , Anqi Jiang , Zhenrong Yan , Tao He","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During high-temperature processing, the Ni<sub>61</sub>Fe<sub>10</sub>Cr<sub>10</sub>Al<sub>17</sub>Mo<sub>2</sub> high entropy alloy (HEA) often faces issues with uneven stress distribution and grain size, limiting its industrial applications. This study analyzes the dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) behavior and microstructural evolution of this alloy under high-temperature compression between 1100 °C and 1200 °C. High-temperature compression tests at strain rates of 0.2 and 0.7, combined with characterization techniques, reveal that DRX behavior significantly enhances with increasing temperature. The maximum grain size of 30.3 μm was observed at 1200 °C while the maximum DRX fraction of 53.1 was observed at 1150 °C. In the initial stage of deformation, stress concentrates at the grain boundaries and interface boundary and then propagate to the deformation bands with temperature. The BCC phase undergoes continuous dynamic recrystallisation (CDRX), displaying significant differences from the DRX mechanism of the FCC phase, leading to asynchrony between the two phases during DRX. A crystal plasticity model incorporating dislocation density evolution successfully predicts stress softening and microstructural changes during high-temperature deformation. The initiation of DRX is highly temperature-sensitive, and the distinct mechanisms of the FCC and BCC phases jointly influence grain refinement and texture evolution. These findings provide theoretical support for the thermal processing of HEAs and for understanding their internal changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"922 ","pages":"Article 147634"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147680
Qianglong He , Wenchao Guo , Yunwei Shi , Aiyang Wang , Weimin Wang , Zhengyi Fu
In this study, B4C–TiB2–graphite ceramic composites were prepared via reactive hot-pressing sintering using B4C and TiC as the raw materials. The reaction process, microstructure, and mechanical properties were investigated. The solid-phase reaction is a diffusion-controlled process, wherein the B atoms diffuse into TiC and react to form TiB. Thereafter, TiB2 is generated with the entry of subsequent B atoms. A core–shell structure is formed, wherein TiB2 particles are wrapped by layered graphite. The products TiB2 and graphite inhibit the growth of B4C matrix grains, which are instrumental in fine grain strengthening. In addition, the novel TiB2–graphite-agglomerated structure significantly improves the fracture toughness of the ceramic composites through crack deflection, bridging, and branching toughening mechanisms. Therefore, the comprehensive properties of B4C–TiB2–graphite ceramic composites are better than those of pure B4C ceramics. Specifically, the fracture toughness is approximately 6.77 MPa m1/2, which is considerably higher than that of pure B4C ceramics (2.47 MPa m1/2).
{"title":"B4C ceramics toughened by TiB2–graphite-agglomerated inclusions","authors":"Qianglong He , Wenchao Guo , Yunwei Shi , Aiyang Wang , Weimin Wang , Zhengyi Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, B<sub>4</sub>C–TiB<sub>2</sub>–graphite ceramic composites were prepared via reactive hot-pressing sintering using B<sub>4</sub>C and TiC as the raw materials. The reaction process, microstructure, and mechanical properties were investigated. The solid-phase reaction is a diffusion-controlled process, wherein the B atoms diffuse into TiC and react to form TiB. Thereafter, TiB<sub>2</sub> is generated with the entry of subsequent B atoms. A core–shell structure is formed, wherein TiB<sub>2</sub> particles are wrapped by layered graphite. The products TiB<sub>2</sub> and graphite inhibit the growth of B<sub>4</sub>C matrix grains, which are instrumental in fine grain strengthening. In addition, the novel TiB<sub>2</sub>–graphite-agglomerated structure significantly improves the fracture toughness of the ceramic composites through crack deflection, bridging, and branching toughening mechanisms. Therefore, the comprehensive properties of B<sub>4</sub>C–TiB<sub>2</sub>–graphite ceramic composites are better than those of pure B<sub>4</sub>C ceramics. Specifically, the fracture toughness is approximately 6.77 MPa m<sup>1/2</sup>, which is considerably higher than that of pure B<sub>4</sub>C ceramics (2.47 MPa m<sup>1/2</sup>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"922 ","pages":"Article 147680"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147675
Pengfei Bai , Jiangzhuo Ren , Zewei Luan , Litao Yin , Dejun Li , Yi Xiong , Fengzhang Ren
A low-cost microalloyed medium-Mn steel with a nominal composition of Fe–7.0Mn–0.34C-0.5Si–0.5Al–0.2V–0.003B was designed. After hot forging at a lower temperature and smaller forging ratio, it was treated with a quenching‒partitioning (Q&P) process. The effects of the partitioning temperature on the microstructures and mechanical properties was investigated. Detailed microstructural analysis revealed that the volume fraction and the C content of retained austenite (RA) were enhanced after Q&P, accompanied by improved tensile strength and elongation. In particular, after partitioning treatment at 300 °C, the steel had a topological structure of alternating lath martensite and interlath RA within different regions, as well as a more persistent transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect during deformation. Multiple microstrengthening mechanisms achieved a better strength‒elongation combination in the steel (1659 MPa tensile strength, 11.06 % elongation, and 18.35 GPa·% as the product of tensile strength and elongation (PSE)). The residual stresses and hardness of the steel decreased with an increase in the partitioning temperature, but increased slightly at a higher partitioning temperature of 400 °C, caused by the precipitation of carbides to form a secondary hardening effect. The dislocation density of martensite and austenite decreased slowly with an increase in the partitioning temperature. The mechanical stability of RA was inversely proportional to the transformation rate of RA and the TRIP effect. RA with excessive mechanical stability significantly reduced the occurrence of stress-induced martensitic transformation and shortened the discontinuous TRIP effect during deformation, which produced a decrease in elongation.
{"title":"Microstructure and properties of Mn 7 medium-Mn steel at different partitioning temperatures","authors":"Pengfei Bai , Jiangzhuo Ren , Zewei Luan , Litao Yin , Dejun Li , Yi Xiong , Fengzhang Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2024.147675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A low-cost microalloyed medium-Mn steel with a nominal composition of Fe–7.0Mn–0.34C-0.5Si–0.5Al–0.2V–0.003B was designed. After hot forging at a lower temperature and smaller forging ratio, it was treated with a quenching‒partitioning (Q&P) process. The effects of the partitioning temperature on the microstructures and mechanical properties was investigated. Detailed microstructural analysis revealed that the volume fraction and the C content of retained austenite (RA) were enhanced after Q&P, accompanied by improved tensile strength and elongation. In particular, after partitioning treatment at 300 °C, the steel had a topological structure of alternating lath martensite and interlath RA within different regions, as well as a more persistent transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect during deformation. Multiple microstrengthening mechanisms achieved a better strength‒elongation combination in the steel (1659 MPa tensile strength, 11.06 % elongation, and 18.35 GPa·% as the product of tensile strength and elongation (PSE)). The residual stresses and hardness of the steel decreased with an increase in the partitioning temperature, but increased slightly at a higher partitioning temperature of 400 °C, caused by the precipitation of carbides to form a secondary hardening effect. The dislocation density of martensite and austenite decreased slowly with an increase in the partitioning temperature. The mechanical stability of RA was inversely proportional to the transformation rate of RA and the TRIP effect. RA with excessive mechanical stability significantly reduced the occurrence of stress-induced martensitic transformation and shortened the discontinuous TRIP effect during deformation, which produced a decrease in elongation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"922 ","pages":"Article 147675"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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