Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.2027
Thanh-Diem Nguyen, Huyen-Trang Vu
Sap coconut (Cocos nucifera L. var. makapuno) in Vietnam is a mutant coconut variant; coconut water is in the state of lotus glue, and coconut rice is like cream. For high-quality transcriptome, sequencing, quality, purity and concentration of RNA are the key factors. However, coconut endosperm tissue has higher stiffness and fatness than the leaf tissue, which complicates the extraction process. Moreover, RNA is much more difficult to preserve than DNA. In this study, various RNA extraction methods were examined in Vietnamese waxy coconut endosperm tissue samples. Optimum extraction and preservation of the RNA using the simplest possible chemicals was the objective of this study. The modified CTAB method with LiCl and the TRI reagent method were tested and evaluated. The purity, concentration and quality of RNA after storage were improved. The findings indicated that the TRIsure extraction method with the addition of NaCl and β-mercaptoethanol yielded optimum RNA quality. The RNA concentration was 159 ng/µL, with a purity ratio of 1.94 ± 0.04 for A260/A280 and 1.58 ± 0.02 for A260/230. RNA samples remained stable for up to 3 weeks when stored in absolute ethanol at 8°C–10°C, which significantly reduced their degradation during transportation. This study facilitated the use of simple chemicals for high-quality RNA extraction from coconut endosperm and its preservation for applications in high throughput sequencing.
越南的椰树(Cocos nucifera L. var. makapuno)是一种突变的椰子变种;椰子水是莲花胶的状态，椰子饭像奶油。为了获得高质量的转录组，RNA的测序、质量、纯度和浓度是关键因素。然而，椰子胚乳组织比叶组织硬度和脂肪度更高，这使得提取过程变得复杂。此外，RNA比DNA更难保存。本研究对越南椰蜡胚乳组织样品中不同的RNA提取方法进行了研究。本研究的目的是利用最简单的化学物质对RNA进行最佳提取和保存。对LiCl改良CTAB法和TRI试剂法进行了试验评价。储存后RNA的纯度、浓度和质量均有提高。结果表明，加入NaCl和β-巯基乙醇的TRIsure提取方法可获得最佳的RNA质量。RNA浓度为159 ng/µL, A260/A280的纯度比为1.94±0.04,A260/230的纯度比为1.58±0.02。RNA样品在8°C - 10°C的无水乙醇中保存可保持稳定长达3周，这大大减少了它们在运输过程中的降解。本研究促进了使用简单的化学物质从椰子胚乳中提取高质量的RNA，并将其保存在高通量测序中。
{"title":"EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR TOTAL RNA EXTRACTION FROM THE ENDOSPERM OF COCOS NUCIFERA VAR. MAKAPUNO IN VIETNAM FOR MOLECULAR ANALYSIS","authors":"Thanh-Diem Nguyen, Huyen-Trang Vu","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.2027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.2027","url":null,"abstract":"Sap coconut (Cocos nucifera L. var. makapuno) in Vietnam is a mutant coconut variant; coconut water is in the state of lotus glue, and coconut rice is like cream. For high-quality transcriptome, sequencing, quality, purity and concentration of RNA are the key factors. However, coconut endosperm tissue has higher stiffness and fatness than the leaf tissue, which complicates the extraction process. Moreover, RNA is much more difficult to preserve than DNA. In this study, various RNA extraction methods were examined in Vietnamese waxy coconut endosperm tissue samples. Optimum extraction and preservation of the RNA using the simplest possible chemicals was the objective of this study. The modified CTAB method with LiCl and the TRI reagent method were tested and evaluated. The purity, concentration and quality of RNA after storage were improved. The findings indicated that the TRIsure extraction method with the addition of NaCl and β-mercaptoethanol yielded optimum RNA quality. The RNA concentration was 159 ng/µL, with a purity ratio of 1.94 ± 0.04 for A260/A280 and 1.58 ± 0.02 for A260/230. RNA samples remained stable for up to 3 weeks when stored in absolute ethanol at 8°C–10°C, which significantly reduced their degradation during transportation. This study facilitated the use of simple chemicals for high-quality RNA extraction from coconut endosperm and its preservation for applications in high throughput sequencing.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"56 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1903
M. R. Weko, Frederius Bao, Maria E. Ega, Hendrika Mia, K. S. I. Una, Marcelina Viana, Lodovikus Wale, C. L. Nalle, Yacob M. Burithnaban, Abner T. Lema, Helda, Asrul
The objective of this study was to asses the effect of different feeding substrates (FS), harvesting times (HT), and the interaction between FS and HT on the chemical composition of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). The experiment used a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement with two main factors, FS (T1, T2, T3, T4), and HT (15-d and 20-d). Thus, there were eight treatment combinations, all together with five replications. The results show that there was no interaction (P>0.05) between FS and HT on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), phosphorus (P), gross energy (GE), and amino acid contents. The ash content of BSFL grown on T2 media and harvested on day 15 was higher (P<0.05) than those grown on T2 media and harvested on day 20. The calcium (Ca) content of BSFL grown on all media and harvested on day 20 was higher (P<0.05) than those harvested on day 15. In conclusion, combining fruit wastes and tofu by-products produced BSFL with high CP content but low CL, ash, Ca, and P contents. In addition, BSFL grown on all substrates media and harvested on day 15 had better CP, Ca, and P contents. The dispensable amino acid of BSFLs fed with T3 diets was the best. The lowest body weight gain was produced by feeding a substrate containing a high percentage of rice bran. The findings indicate that the best nutrient composition of BSFL as animal feed would be achieved in early harvest time (15-d) and grown in heterogeneous feeding substrates.
{"title":"NUTRIENT PROFILE BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE (HERMETIA ILLUCENS): EFFECT OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE AND HARVESTED TIME","authors":"M. R. Weko, Frederius Bao, Maria E. Ega, Hendrika Mia, K. S. I. Una, Marcelina Viana, Lodovikus Wale, C. L. Nalle, Yacob M. Burithnaban, Abner T. Lema, Helda, Asrul","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1903","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to asses the effect of different feeding substrates (FS), harvesting times (HT), and the interaction between FS and HT on the chemical composition of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). The experiment used a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement with two main factors, FS (T1, T2, T3, T4), and HT (15-d and 20-d). Thus, there were eight treatment combinations, all together with five replications. The results show that there was no interaction (P>0.05) between FS and HT on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), phosphorus (P), gross energy (GE), and amino acid contents. The ash content of BSFL grown on T2 media and harvested on day 15 was higher (P<0.05) than those grown on T2 media and harvested on day 20. The calcium (Ca) content of BSFL grown on all media and harvested on day 20 was higher (P<0.05) than those harvested on day 15. In conclusion, combining fruit wastes and tofu by-products produced BSFL with high CP content but low CL, ash, Ca, and P contents. In addition, BSFL grown on all substrates media and harvested on day 15 had better CP, Ca, and P contents. The dispensable amino acid of BSFLs fed with T3 diets was the best. The lowest body weight gain was produced by feeding a substrate containing a high percentage of rice bran. The findings indicate that the best nutrient composition of BSFL as animal feed would be achieved in early harvest time (15-d) and grown in heterogeneous feeding substrates.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"20 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138592726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1901
Adventus Panda, Ari Meididit, Okta Simon, W. Artama, Dwi Priyowidodo, T. Djohan
Punggualas lies in the western part of Sebangau National Park (SNP). It is a logged-over forest, yet it is one of the major strongholds for the P. p. wurmbii population in the SNP. The range size, as well as the ranging pattern for Punggualas, has never been conducted. The study aimed to estimate orangutan ranging size and pattern as well as their distribution over the Punggualas forest. Ranging data within the area of interest (AOI) was collected from Feb 2015 – Dec 2019 (P1), and Mar 2020 – May 2022 (P2). Minimum convex polygon (MCP), range size of orangutan individual was calculated using adehabitatHR package in RStudio 4.1.1 for Windows. We visualized the distribution in ArcGIS 10.5 with Kernel Density (KD) tool. The range size of Mother-Infant is the greatest (259,6 Ha) among all individuals being studied within the study periods. Moreover, the size estimation was found greater in Mother-Infant sex class compared to other orangutan studies areas, such as Peat Natural Laboratory, and CIMTROP-UPR which reported a flanged male HR Size reaching 250 Ha per annum. We have found that the ranging pattern significantly changes over the study period. However, during P1, the distribution area was located within the northern of AOI, while in the P2 have changed to the south-eastern part of the AOI. We concluded that the ranging pattern indeed follows the fruit availability as well as fine-scale habitat quality.
{"title":"Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ssp. wurmbii) ranging pattern in Punggualas, Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan Indonesia","authors":"Adventus Panda, Ari Meididit, Okta Simon, W. Artama, Dwi Priyowidodo, T. Djohan","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1901","url":null,"abstract":"Punggualas lies in the western part of Sebangau National Park (SNP). It is a logged-over forest, yet it is one of the major strongholds for the P. p. wurmbii population in the SNP. The range size, as well as the ranging pattern for Punggualas, has never been conducted. The study aimed to estimate orangutan ranging size and pattern as well as their distribution over the Punggualas forest. Ranging data within the area of interest (AOI) was collected from Feb 2015 – Dec 2019 (P1), and Mar 2020 – May 2022 (P2). Minimum convex polygon (MCP), range size of orangutan individual was calculated using adehabitatHR package in RStudio 4.1.1 for Windows. We visualized the distribution in ArcGIS 10.5 with Kernel Density (KD) tool. The range size of Mother-Infant is the greatest (259,6 Ha) among all individuals being studied within the study periods. Moreover, the size estimation was found greater in Mother-Infant sex class compared to other orangutan studies areas, such as Peat Natural Laboratory, and CIMTROP-UPR which reported a flanged male HR Size reaching 250 Ha per annum. We have found that the ranging pattern significantly changes over the study period. However, during P1, the distribution area was located within the northern of AOI, while in the P2 have changed to the south-eastern part of the AOI. We concluded that the ranging pattern indeed follows the fruit availability as well as fine-scale habitat quality.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1940
Zainuri, Dewa Nyoman, Adi Paramartha, Amira Fatinah, Rini Nofrida, Novia Rahayu, Ines Marisya, Dwi Anggraini, Qabul Dinanta Utama
Green coffee beans are also called unroasted coffee beans. The chemical composition of green coffee beans plays a vital role in determining the final product’s aroma. The main objective of this research was to characterize the chemical properties of Arabica and Robusta green coffee beans grown in different regions of Geopark Rinjani, Lombok Island, Indonesia. The water, ash, protein, carbohydrate, total solids, and caffeine contents, total acidity, and pH were determined. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. The results revealed significant differences in the moisture contents of Arabica beans from Sembalun, Sajang, and Sapit and Robusta beans from Rempek, Selelos, and Genggelang. Additionally, the ash contents of Arabica Sajang and Arabica Sapit showed notable differences compared to other samples. However, the total fat contents of Arabica Sajang, Arabica Sapit, Robusta Rempek, and Robusta Genggelang did not exhibit significant variations. On the other hand, significant differences were observed in the protein contents of all samples, particularly between Arabica Sembalun and Arabica Sapit, compared to Arabica Sajang, Robusta Rempek, Robusta Genggelang, and Robusta Selelos. Robusta coffee beans appeared to have a slightly lower pH than Arabica beans. The latter exhibited consistent acidity in the range of 0.20–0.21, whereas the former showed higher acidity levels (0.23–0.25). Arabica beans had a lower caffeine content, averaging 1.09%, whereas Robusta beans exhibited an average caffeine content of 2.09%. This research provides valuable insights into the chemical composition of green coffee beans from different species and locations within Geopark Rinjani, contributing to a better understanding of the factors influencing the aroma and quality of coffee.
{"title":"THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARABICA AND ROBUSTA GREEN COFFEE BEANS FROM GEOPARK RINJANI, INDONESIA","authors":"Zainuri, Dewa Nyoman, Adi Paramartha, Amira Fatinah, Rini Nofrida, Novia Rahayu, Ines Marisya, Dwi Anggraini, Qabul Dinanta Utama","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1940","url":null,"abstract":"Green coffee beans are also called unroasted coffee beans. The chemical composition of green coffee beans plays a vital role in determining the final product’s aroma. The main objective of this research was to characterize the chemical properties of Arabica and Robusta green coffee beans grown in different regions of Geopark Rinjani, Lombok Island, Indonesia. The water, ash, protein, carbohydrate, total solids, and caffeine contents, total acidity, and pH were determined. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. The results revealed significant differences in the moisture contents of Arabica beans from Sembalun, Sajang, and Sapit and Robusta beans from Rempek, Selelos, and Genggelang. Additionally, the ash contents of Arabica Sajang and Arabica Sapit showed notable differences compared to other samples. However, the total fat contents of Arabica Sajang, Arabica Sapit, Robusta Rempek, and Robusta Genggelang did not exhibit significant variations. On the other hand, significant differences were observed in the protein contents of all samples, particularly between Arabica Sembalun and Arabica Sapit, compared to Arabica Sajang, Robusta Rempek, Robusta Genggelang, and Robusta Selelos. Robusta coffee beans appeared to have a slightly lower pH than Arabica beans. The latter exhibited consistent acidity in the range of 0.20–0.21, whereas the former showed higher acidity levels (0.23–0.25). Arabica beans had a lower caffeine content, averaging 1.09%, whereas Robusta beans exhibited an average caffeine content of 2.09%. This research provides valuable insights into the chemical composition of green coffee beans from different species and locations within Geopark Rinjani, contributing to a better understanding of the factors influencing the aroma and quality of coffee.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-03DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1942
D. Rahayu
The identity of two local loaches, Nemacheilus chrysolaimos (Valenciennes, 1846) and N. fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1846), is revealed in this study using morphology and molecular approach based on our collection from six rivers at Biltar, East Java Indonesia. Based on morphology, these two species can be distinguished mainly from the dark bars or dark spots on the lateral body. The meristic data for N. chrysolaimos in this study is DII. 7–8 (dorsal fin), AI. 3–5 (anal fin), PI. 9 (pectoral fin), VI. 6–7 (ventral fin) and C. 17 (caudal fin), meanwhile, for N. fasciatus with D II 7–8 (dorsal fin), AI. 6 (anal fin), PI. 9–10 (pectoral fin), VI. 6–7 (ventral fin) and C. 17 (audal fin). There was a significant difference on the morphometric of N. fasciatus form sampling sites using Kruskal-Wallis Test. The nucleotide base composition sequences consisted of the mean of Thiamine (T) 29.565%, Cytosine (C) 32.023%, Adenine (A) 23.88%, and Guanine (G) 16.244%. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Neighbour Joining (NJ) analysis was conducted using the Kimura 2 Parameter model to establish two major clades on Nemacheilus spp. and one out-groups clades significantly different from the Nemacheilus spp. These major clades were closely related to each other at the 100% evidence of bootstrap, which grouped as genus Nemacheilus. The present study on Nemacheilus spp. from the Blitar locality was able to differentiate COI sequences between N. fasciatus and N. chrysolaimos. Moreover, N. crysolaimos from references sequence was inferred as the ancestor to N crysolaimos MZB 26540 and MZB 26539. ABGD analyses at a prior maximal distance of 0.025 also delineated this species into a separate partition.
{"title":"FURTHER STUDY ON TWO SPECIES OF LOACH FISHES (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae: Nemacheilus) BASED ON MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR DATA","authors":"D. Rahayu","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1942","url":null,"abstract":"The identity of two local loaches, Nemacheilus chrysolaimos (Valenciennes, 1846) and N. fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1846), is revealed in this study using morphology and molecular approach based on our collection from six rivers at Biltar, East Java Indonesia. Based on morphology, these two species can be distinguished mainly from the dark bars or dark spots on the lateral body. The meristic data for N. chrysolaimos in this study is DII. 7–8 (dorsal fin), AI. 3–5 (anal fin), PI. 9 (pectoral fin), VI. 6–7 (ventral fin) and C. 17 (caudal fin), meanwhile, for N. fasciatus with D II 7–8 (dorsal fin), AI. 6 (anal fin), PI. 9–10 (pectoral fin), VI. 6–7 (ventral fin) and C. 17 (audal fin). There was a significant difference on the morphometric of N. fasciatus form sampling sites using Kruskal-Wallis Test. The nucleotide base composition sequences consisted of the mean of Thiamine (T) 29.565%, Cytosine (C) 32.023%, Adenine (A) 23.88%, and Guanine (G) 16.244%. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Neighbour Joining (NJ) analysis was conducted using the Kimura 2 Parameter model to establish two major clades on Nemacheilus spp. and one out-groups clades significantly different from the Nemacheilus spp. These major clades were closely related to each other at the 100% evidence of bootstrap, which grouped as genus Nemacheilus. The present study on Nemacheilus spp. from the Blitar locality was able to differentiate COI sequences between N. fasciatus and N. chrysolaimos. Moreover, N. crysolaimos from references sequence was inferred as the ancestor to N crysolaimos MZB 26540 and MZB 26539. ABGD analyses at a prior maximal distance of 0.025 also delineated this species into a separate partition.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80652496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1038
C. T. Nguyen, Ha Van Nguyen
Wastes from breeding farms have globally increased greenhouse gases and caused a serious pollution to aquatic environments. Biogas treatment polymer bags could significantly reduce organic compounds; however, they could not effectively treat other pollutants in animal wastewater. The objective of this study was to assess removal efficiency of salinity and pollutants associated with pig wastewater using aquatic macrophytes. Four macrophytes namely Acrotichum aureum, Eleocharis dulcis, Typha domengensis, and Limnophyton obtusifolium and a soil control without vegetation were randomly assigned into fifteen mesocosms (1.2 x 0.7 x 0.6m) with 3 replicates for each treatment. Pig wastewater was filled continuously into input chambers of mesocosms in every three day with 5 liters. Water samples were collected from output chambers with 60 and 120 days after treatment while soil and vegetation samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The results showed that E. dulcis, T. domengensis, and L. obtusifolium were dominant in removal of N, P, Cu and Zn and suspended solids as well; E. dulcis and T. domengensis significantly increased the dissolved oxygen; whereas the treatment ofL. obtusifolium species showed the best efficiency in salt-ion removal. Pollutants of N, P, Cu and Zn tend to accumulate more in the macrophyte roots than in their leaves. Accumulation of N, P, Cu and Zn in theL. obtusifolium’s biomass is the highest compared with other treatments. From findings, it is suggested that a combination of three aquatic macrophytes including E. dulcis, T. domengensis, and L. obtusifolium could establish a constructed wetland system to directly treat pollutants of livestock wastewaters
养殖场的废物在全球范围内增加了温室气体，对水生环境造成了严重污染。沼气处理聚合物袋能显著减少有机物;然而，它们不能有效地处理动物废水中的其他污染物。本研究的目的是评估水生植物对养猪废水中盐分和污染物的去除效率。4种大型植物分别为Acrotichum aureum、Eleocharis dulcis、Typha domengensis和Limnophyton obtusifolium，土壤对照为无植被，随机分为15个1.2 x 0.7 x 0.6m的中生态系统，每个处理3个重复。每3天连续向中生态系统的输入室中填充5升猪废水。在处理后60天和120天分别从输出室采集水样，在实验开始和结束时采集土壤和植被样。结果表明:杜鹃、多梅根和烟叶对N、P、Cu、Zn和悬浮物的去除效果较好;杜氏菌和多梅根菌显著增加了溶解氧;而l的处理。烟叶对盐离子的去除效果最好。氮、磷、铜、锌等污染物在植物根系的积累量大于叶片。氮、磷、铜、锌在theL中的积累。与其他处理相比，烟叶生物量最高。综上所述，本文建议将水蛭(E. dulcis)、水蛭(T. domengensis)和钝叶水蛭(L. obtusifolium) 3种水生植物组合在一起，建立人工湿地系统，直接处理畜禽废水中的污染物
{"title":"REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND HEAVY METALS ASSOCIATED WITH SWINE WASTEWATER USING AQUATIC MACROPHYTES","authors":"C. T. Nguyen, Ha Van Nguyen","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1038","url":null,"abstract":"Wastes from breeding farms have globally increased greenhouse gases and caused a serious pollution to aquatic environments. Biogas treatment polymer bags could significantly reduce organic compounds; however, they could not effectively treat other pollutants in animal wastewater. The objective of this study was to assess removal efficiency of salinity and pollutants associated with pig wastewater using aquatic macrophytes. Four macrophytes namely Acrotichum aureum, Eleocharis dulcis, Typha domengensis, and Limnophyton obtusifolium and a soil control without vegetation were randomly assigned into fifteen mesocosms (1.2 x 0.7 x 0.6m) with 3 replicates for each treatment. Pig wastewater was filled continuously into input chambers of mesocosms in every three day with 5 liters. Water samples were collected from output chambers with 60 and 120 days after treatment while soil and vegetation samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The results showed that E. dulcis, T. domengensis, and L. obtusifolium were dominant in removal of N, P, Cu and Zn and suspended solids as well; E. dulcis and T. domengensis significantly increased the dissolved oxygen; whereas the treatment ofL. obtusifolium species showed the best efficiency in salt-ion removal. Pollutants of N, P, Cu and Zn tend to accumulate more in the macrophyte roots than in their leaves. Accumulation of N, P, Cu and Zn in theL. obtusifolium’s biomass is the highest compared with other treatments. From findings, it is suggested that a combination of three aquatic macrophytes including E. dulcis, T. domengensis, and L. obtusifolium could establish a constructed wetland system to directly treat pollutants of livestock wastewaters","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88238979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1842
Anidah, W. P. Rahayu, S. Nurjanah, I. Retnowati
Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus is a primary producer of aflatoxin in Indonesia, and its presence can lead to the contamination of agricultural commodities. This contamination poses a risk to export-targeted commodities, potentially resulting in their rejection. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the molecular profile of nativeA. flavus isolated from several Indonesian agricultural products, with a major focus on its toxigenicity and toxin production. A total of 18 A. flavus collections were isolated from nutmeg, ground peanut, cacao, coffee bean, corn, white pepper, and soil peanut plantation. Species identification was carried out using molecular and morphological approaches. The toxigenicity of isolates was characterized based on the amplification of aflatoxin gene clusters, while toxin production was assessed through growth simulation on a 10% coconut broth media followed by HPLC quantification. The result showed that all isolates were confirmed as A. flavus based on the morphological and sequence analysis of the ITS region. A total of 11 isolates (61%) were confirmed as toxigenic and produced 1-2 types of aflatoxin, in varying concentrations of high, moderate, or low levels of AFB1. High levels of AFB1 produced by seven isolates namely BIO3313, BIO33212, BIO3361, BIO33404, BIO3338, BIO3352, and BIO3344, had concentration levels ranging from 76.78 to 2241.06 µg/kg, while three isolates (BIO3314, BIO3312, and BIO3381) produced AFB1 below 1 µg/kg. Twenty-nine pairs of aflatoxin gene-specific sequences were successfully amplified as a single band, while some produced non-specific patterns in several low toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates. Based on the results, it was concluded that completed gene clusters and variations of gene deletion were observed in both toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates. However, no specific target gene could effectively distinguish the two groups. Two non-toxigenic isolates namely BIO3393 and BIO33403 exhibited a large deletion and could be potential candidates for biocontrol agents.
{"title":"MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Aspergillus flavus TOXIGENICITY IN AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN INDONESIA","authors":"Anidah, W. P. Rahayu, S. Nurjanah, I. Retnowati","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1842","url":null,"abstract":"Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus is a primary producer of aflatoxin in Indonesia, and its presence can lead to the contamination of agricultural commodities. This contamination poses a risk to export-targeted commodities, potentially resulting in their rejection. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the molecular profile of nativeA. flavus isolated from several Indonesian agricultural products, with a major focus on its toxigenicity and toxin production. A total of 18 A. flavus collections were isolated from nutmeg, ground peanut, cacao, coffee bean, corn, white pepper, and soil peanut plantation. Species identification was carried out using molecular and morphological approaches. The toxigenicity of isolates was characterized based on the amplification of aflatoxin gene clusters, while toxin production was assessed through growth simulation on a 10% coconut broth media followed by HPLC quantification. The result showed that all isolates were confirmed as A. flavus based on the morphological and sequence analysis of the ITS region. A total of 11 isolates (61%) were confirmed as toxigenic and produced 1-2 types of aflatoxin, in varying concentrations of high, moderate, or low levels of AFB1. High levels of AFB1 produced by seven isolates namely BIO3313, BIO33212, BIO3361, BIO33404, BIO3338, BIO3352, and BIO3344, had concentration levels ranging from 76.78 to 2241.06 µg/kg, while three isolates (BIO3314, BIO3312, and BIO3381) produced AFB1 below 1 µg/kg. Twenty-nine pairs of aflatoxin gene-specific sequences were successfully amplified as a single band, while some produced non-specific patterns in several low toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates. Based on the results, it was concluded that completed gene clusters and variations of gene deletion were observed in both toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates. However, no specific target gene could effectively distinguish the two groups. Two non-toxigenic isolates namely BIO3393 and BIO33403 exhibited a large deletion and could be potential candidates for biocontrol agents.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86493292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1654
Michael A. Clores
Ecotrophic efficiency (EE) is an estimate of the proportion of production that is utilized by the next trophic level through direct predation or fishing or exported out of the ecosystem. In seagrass systems, analysis of EE provides crucial information on how biomass, when used or lost in biological functioning, affects the higher trophic levels via death or grazing relative to the energy lost via decomposition (i.e., Flow to the detritus, FTD) and exports to another ecosystem (i.e., Sum of all exports, SAE). In this study, projections on the effect of change in the EE of functional groups in seagrass systems due to the alteration of biomass were established heuristically using Elasticity Analysis. Using a previously constructed Ecopath model for a shallow Philippine seagrass meadow, the simulations of altering the biomass of seagrasses and their grazers were done to determine the change in EE, FTD, and SAE, thereby generating information on the dynamics of the grazing and detrital pathways in the seagrass ecosystem. Results showed the effects of biomass increase and decrease of grazers (herbivorous gastropods, Tripneustes gratilla, and polychaetes). If the grazers’ biomass increases, their EE tends to decrease, and biomass accumulation tends to increase. This implies that a fraction of their production used in the system is reduced even if their predators' density and feeding rate are still constant. In addition, the EE of seagrasses tends to increase, leading to a decrease in biomass accumulation at the primary producers’ trophic level. Lastly, the EE of detritus decreased because the FTD and SAE of its major contributors (the seagrasses) had also decreased. The findings contribute to the ongoing analysis of the role of herbivores versus detritivores in the energetics of seagrass habitats.
{"title":"ELASTICITY ANALYSIS OF THE GRAZING AND DETRITAL PATHWAYS IN A SHALLOW PHILIPPINE SEAGRASS MEADOW","authors":"Michael A. Clores","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1654","url":null,"abstract":"Ecotrophic efficiency (EE) is an estimate of the proportion of production that is utilized by the next trophic level through direct predation or fishing or exported out of the ecosystem. In seagrass systems, analysis of EE provides crucial information on how biomass, when used or lost in biological functioning, affects the higher trophic levels via death or grazing relative to the energy lost via decomposition (i.e., Flow to the detritus, FTD) and exports to another ecosystem (i.e., Sum of all exports, SAE). In this study, projections on the effect of change in the EE of functional groups in seagrass systems due to the alteration of biomass were established heuristically using Elasticity Analysis. Using a previously constructed Ecopath model for a shallow Philippine seagrass meadow, the simulations of altering the biomass of seagrasses and their grazers were done to determine the change in EE, FTD, and SAE, thereby generating information on the dynamics of the grazing and detrital pathways in the seagrass ecosystem. Results showed the effects of biomass increase and decrease of grazers (herbivorous gastropods, Tripneustes gratilla, and polychaetes). If the grazers’ biomass increases, their EE tends to decrease, and biomass accumulation tends to increase. This implies that a fraction of their production used in the system is reduced even if their predators' density and feeding rate are still constant. In addition, the EE of seagrasses tends to increase, leading to a decrease in biomass accumulation at the primary producers’ trophic level. Lastly, the EE of detritus decreased because the FTD and SAE of its major contributors (the seagrasses) had also decreased. The findings contribute to the ongoing analysis of the role of herbivores versus detritivores in the energetics of seagrass habitats.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82863465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1780
R. Rahmawati, D. Rosleine
The urban area is a source of invasive plants that enter through human activities such as agriculture and land-use conversion. Studying the invasive plant in urban areas is essential to understanding the city’s ecosystem health condition. Therefore, this study aims to inventory invasive plants, map their distribution, and explain the relationship between land use with the community diversity and species richness of invasive plants in Bandung. The vegetation analysis was performed using line-transect in 22 study sites distributed using a systematic random sampling method in Bandung to observe the plant species composition. The study plots were placed based on the land-use type. The species name, individual number, frequency, and sampling site locations were noted and analyzed to calculate the important value index (IVI) and the invasive species distribution pattern using the principal component analysis (PCA). The dominant invasive species was spatially mapped. Six types of land use were used in this study, i.e., settlements, street green lanes, gardens, paddy fields, urban parks, and urban forests. There were 187 species found in Bandung, which can be categorized into alien invasive species (39%), invasive native plants (25%), non-invasive alien species (18%), non-invasive native species (15%), and unidentified plants (3%). The most common invasive plants found were Eleusine indica (IVI=10.50%), Trimezia martinicensis (IVI=7.22%), and Cyperus rotundus (IVI=6.74%). Based on the plant community similarity index, the study area with the highest similarities were paddy fields with gardens (50.5%), settlements with road lanes (44.4%), urban parks with road lanes (26.2%), and urban forests with road lane (17.5%). PCA showed Swietenia macrophylla as the most common invasive plant found in urban forests, urban parks, and road lanes, with air humidity as the most influencing environmental factor. Trimezia martinicensis is the most common species in the settlement area affected by high air humidity. Bidens pilosa is an invasive plant commonly found on paddy fields, gardens, settlements, road lanes, and urban park edges. This species can easily and rapidly reproduce with a high survival rate. The many invasive plants found in Bandung must be managed to maintain the urban ecosystem’s health.
{"title":"SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN BANDUNG, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA","authors":"R. Rahmawati, D. Rosleine","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1780","url":null,"abstract":"The urban area is a source of invasive plants that enter through human activities such as agriculture and land-use conversion. Studying the invasive plant in urban areas is essential to understanding the city’s ecosystem health condition. Therefore, this study aims to inventory invasive plants, map their distribution, and explain the relationship between land use with the community diversity and species richness of invasive plants in Bandung. The vegetation analysis was performed using line-transect in 22 study sites distributed using a systematic random sampling method in Bandung to observe the plant species composition. The study plots were placed based on the land-use type. The species name, individual number, frequency, and sampling site locations were noted and analyzed to calculate the important value index (IVI) and the invasive species distribution pattern using the principal component analysis (PCA). The dominant invasive species was spatially mapped. Six types of land use were used in this study, i.e., settlements, street green lanes, gardens, paddy fields, urban parks, and urban forests. There were 187 species found in Bandung, which can be categorized into alien invasive species (39%), invasive native plants (25%), non-invasive alien species (18%), non-invasive native species (15%), and unidentified plants (3%). The most common invasive plants found were Eleusine indica (IVI=10.50%), Trimezia martinicensis (IVI=7.22%), and Cyperus rotundus (IVI=6.74%). Based on the plant community similarity index, the study area with the highest similarities were paddy fields with gardens (50.5%), settlements with road lanes (44.4%), urban parks with road lanes (26.2%), and urban forests with road lane (17.5%). PCA showed Swietenia macrophylla as the most common invasive plant found in urban forests, urban parks, and road lanes, with air humidity as the most influencing environmental factor. Trimezia martinicensis is the most common species in the settlement area affected by high air humidity. Bidens pilosa is an invasive plant commonly found on paddy fields, gardens, settlements, road lanes, and urban park edges. This species can easily and rapidly reproduce with a high survival rate. The many invasive plants found in Bandung must be managed to maintain the urban ecosystem’s health.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"174 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76646366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1902
Tamad, Loekas Soetanto, Akhmad Rizqul Karim
In the 1990s, potato yield in the Andisols of Dieng, Central Java, Indonesia, was approximately 30 t ha–1, but this value decreased rapidly to 12–15 t ha–1 in recent years. This rapid decline could be attributed to the use of unbalanced organic and chemical fertilizers, without the application of conservation techniques. Therefore, this study aimed to sustainably improve the local potato cultivation pattern of farmers on Andisols using biological organic fertilizers and pesticides (BOFP). A randomized block design was used with two factors, namely: 1) 20 t BOFP, 300 kg Urea, 500 kg SP 36, 300 kg KCl, and 200 kg lime ha–1, and 2) comparison with the pattern of farmers, consisting of 20 t of chicken manure, 1–t NPK, and 250 kg ZA ha–1. The potato plant mounds were tilted 10% to the contour direction, and each treatment was carried out with 16 replications. Granola seeds were used to plant potato during the rainy season from March-June 2022. The results showed that the plants cultivated using the local pattern of farmers were affected by wilt from Fusarium spp, while the use of BOFP decreased the incidence of the disease by 80%. Furthermore, the BOFP pattern significantly increased Andisols organic-C from 1.78% to 3.83% and total soil P from 5.20% to 11.34%, compared to the pattern of farmers. It also increased potato yields from 12.31 t ha–1 to 22.93 t ha–1 and the R/C from 0.85 to 1.23, compared to the pattern of farmers. Based on the results, the use of BOFP pattern decreased wilt attacks by Fusarium spp, improved the productivity of Andisols, as well as increased potato production and profits of farmers.
{"title":"USE OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES TO IMPROVE POTATO CULTIVATION IN SLOPE ANDISOLS","authors":"Tamad, Loekas Soetanto, Akhmad Rizqul Karim","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1902","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1990s, potato yield in the Andisols of Dieng, Central Java, Indonesia, was approximately 30 t ha–1, but this value decreased rapidly to 12–15 t ha–1 in recent years. This rapid decline could be attributed to the use of unbalanced organic and chemical fertilizers, without the application of conservation techniques. Therefore, this study aimed to sustainably improve the local potato cultivation pattern of farmers on Andisols using biological organic fertilizers and pesticides (BOFP). A randomized block design was used with two factors, namely: 1) 20 t BOFP, 300 kg Urea, 500 kg SP 36, 300 kg KCl, and 200 kg lime ha–1, and 2) comparison with the pattern of farmers, consisting of 20 t of chicken manure, 1–t NPK, and 250 kg ZA ha–1. The potato plant mounds were tilted 10% to the contour direction, and each treatment was carried out with 16 replications. Granola seeds were used to plant potato during the rainy season from March-June 2022. The results showed that the plants cultivated using the local pattern of farmers were affected by wilt from Fusarium spp, while the use of BOFP decreased the incidence of the disease by 80%. Furthermore, the BOFP pattern significantly increased Andisols organic-C from 1.78% to 3.83% and total soil P from 5.20% to 11.34%, compared to the pattern of farmers. It also increased potato yields from 12.31 t ha–1 to 22.93 t ha–1 and the R/C from 0.85 to 1.23, compared to the pattern of farmers. Based on the results, the use of BOFP pattern decreased wilt attacks by Fusarium spp, improved the productivity of Andisols, as well as increased potato production and profits of farmers.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86552161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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