Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1561
Nur-Hidayah Mohd Nor, Syazwin-Rafhanah Saifuzzaman, I. A. Azmir, NorJasmin Hussin
Mudskippers have a unique adaptation allowing them to live on the land and commonly inhabiting the mangrove ecosystem. A fundamental study on the Blue-spotted mudskippers, Boleopthalamus boddarti were purposely to identify the species through morphometric and meristic characteristics, observation on the gonad organs as well as to correlate with their length-weight relationship. Collection of B. boddarti (n=72) from Matang Perak, Pendas Johor and Pekan Pahang was conducted using hand and net. Data collection on seventeen morphometric and seven meristics characters, length and weight, and pictorial documentation on male and female gonads were conducted. The means of each characteristic were estimated by using analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with P<0.05. The morphometric analysis found eye diameter and posterior dorsal fin ray count characteristics were significantly different (P<0.05) followed by five meristics characteristics except for anterior dorsal fin ray count and upper jaw teeth characteristics (F value ≥ 1.0). The mature gonad of female B. boddarti was found with an ovary in bright yellow coloration, turgid, firm and visible presence of eggs. Male gonads were identified with a testis having two lobes, a swollen structure at the top of the elongated shape and appear pale pink and thicker than the immature testes that generally exist in string-like structures. The length and weight of the fish were found directly proportional to the regression curve displayed b≠3. Morphometric and meristic characteristics were a reliable method in the identification of fish in general and for B. boddarti in specific. The observation of gonads differentiation helps understand the mature and immature state of the sex organs. This study offered an easy, quick and low-cost approach in determining species and sexes compared to the molecular method.
{"title":"Morphology identification and reproductive organs assessment of Blue-spotted mudskipper Boleophthalmus Boddarti in Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Nur-Hidayah Mohd Nor, Syazwin-Rafhanah Saifuzzaman, I. A. Azmir, NorJasmin Hussin","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1561","url":null,"abstract":"Mudskippers have a unique adaptation allowing them to live on the land and commonly inhabiting the mangrove ecosystem. A fundamental study on the Blue-spotted mudskippers, Boleopthalamus boddarti were purposely to identify the species through morphometric and meristic characteristics, observation on the gonad organs as well as to correlate with their length-weight relationship. Collection of B. boddarti (n=72) from Matang Perak, Pendas Johor and Pekan Pahang was conducted using hand and net. Data collection on seventeen morphometric and seven meristics characters, length and weight, and pictorial documentation on male and female gonads were conducted. The means of each characteristic were estimated by using analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with P<0.05. The morphometric analysis found eye diameter and posterior dorsal fin ray count characteristics were significantly different (P<0.05) followed by five meristics characteristics except for anterior dorsal fin ray count and upper jaw teeth characteristics (F value ≥ 1.0). The mature gonad of female B. boddarti was found with an ovary in bright yellow coloration, turgid, firm and visible presence of eggs. Male gonads were identified with a testis having two lobes, a swollen structure at the top of the elongated shape and appear pale pink and thicker than the immature testes that generally exist in string-like structures. The length and weight of the fish were found directly proportional to the regression curve displayed b≠3. Morphometric and meristic characteristics were a reliable method in the identification of fish in general and for B. boddarti in specific. The observation of gonads differentiation helps understand the mature and immature state of the sex organs. This study offered an easy, quick and low-cost approach in determining species and sexes compared to the molecular method.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84360479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1783
Cris Q. Cortaga
The Philippines is one of the centers of diversity of Hoya and an extensive collection of indigenous species are conserved at the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños. In maintaining these Hoya species inside the screenhouse, the major insect pest noted to attack the plants is the milkweed aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe. Thus, Hoyas were evaluated for resistance against this insect pest. Among the 45 Hoya species evaluated, 11 showed promising results wherein no aphid infestation was consistently observed during the three evaluation trials. These are H. aurigueana, H. carnosa, H. coriacea, H. diversifolia, H. greenii, H. imperialis, H. madulidii, H. obscura, H. odorata, H. paziae, and H. pubicalyx. As the first line of plants defense against herbivory, we sampled four resistant (H. madulidii, H. pubicalyx, H. carnosa, and H. obscura) and two susceptible (H. buotii and H. meliflua) species for analysis of their trichome traits. The mean trichome length was longest in H. carnosa (0.38mm), followed by H. madulidii (0.33mm), and lastly, H. pubicalyx and H. obscura (0.15mm). Mean trichome density (at 1.64mm2 microscopic field) was highest in H. madulidii (54.45), followed by H. pubicalyx (7.5), and lastly, H. carnosa (3.55) and H. obscura (3.45). In contrast, no trichome was observed in the susceptible species H. buotii and H. meliflua. Hence, trichomes are one of the important resistance traits of Hoya against the milkweed aphid. To our knowledge, this is the first report on resistance evaluation in Hoya and the role of its trichomes against the milkweed aphid. The results of this study can aide in the management of milkweed aphids and in developing improved Hoya cultivars with resistance to insects such as milkweed aphids.
菲律宾是Hoya多样性的中心之一，菲律宾大学Los Baños植物育种研究所保存了大量的本地物种。在纱窗内维持这些Hoya物种时，注意到攻击植物的主要害虫是马利筋蚜虫，Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe。因此，我们评价了红豆杉对该害虫的抗性。在评估的45种Hoya中，11种表现出良好的结果，在3次评估试验中始终没有观察到蚜虫的侵害。这些是金鬣蜥、胭脂红蜥、马鞭草红蜥、异叶红蜥、绿鬣蜥、帝王红蜥、madulidii红蜥、暗箱红蜥、odorata红蜥、帕齐亚红蜥和公共红蜥。作为植物抵御草食的第一道防线，我们采集了4种抗性植物(madulidii、publicalyx、carnosa和obscura)和2种易感植物(H. blotii和H. meliflua)，分析了它们的毛状体特征。毛状体的平均长度以甘油三籽最长(0.38mm)，其次是毛状体(0.33mm)，最后是阴萼和暗萼花(0.15mm)。毛状毛密度最高的是马杜里沙地沙地H.(54.45)，其次是耻骨沙地H.(7.5)，最后是肉棘沙地H.(3.55)和暗箱沙地H.(3.45)。与此相反，在易感种浮力蜱和细绒蜱中未观察到毛状体。因此，毛状体是霍亚对马利筋蚜虫的重要抗性性状之一。据我们所知，这是第一次报道Hoya的抗性评价及其毛状体对马利筋蚜虫的作用。本研究结果可为马利筋蚜虫的管理和培育抗马利筋蚜虫等害虫的良种提供参考。
{"title":"SOURCES OF RESISTANCE AND TRICHOME ANALYSIS OF PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS Hoya SPECIES AGAINST THE MILKWEED APHID, Aphis nerii Boyer De Fonscolombe (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE)","authors":"Cris Q. Cortaga","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1783","url":null,"abstract":"The Philippines is one of the centers of diversity of Hoya and an extensive collection of indigenous species are conserved at the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños. In maintaining these Hoya species inside the screenhouse, the major insect pest noted to attack the plants is the milkweed aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe. Thus, Hoyas were evaluated for resistance against this insect pest. Among the 45 Hoya species evaluated, 11 showed promising results wherein no aphid infestation was consistently observed during the three evaluation trials. These are H. aurigueana, H. carnosa, H. coriacea, H. diversifolia, H. greenii, H. imperialis, H. madulidii, H. obscura, H. odorata, H. paziae, and H. pubicalyx. As the first line of plants defense against herbivory, we sampled four resistant (H. madulidii, H. pubicalyx, H. carnosa, and H. obscura) and two susceptible (H. buotii and H. meliflua) species for analysis of their trichome traits. The mean trichome length was longest in H. carnosa (0.38mm), followed by H. madulidii (0.33mm), and lastly, H. pubicalyx and H. obscura (0.15mm). Mean trichome density (at 1.64mm2 microscopic field) was highest in H. madulidii (54.45), followed by H. pubicalyx (7.5), and lastly, H. carnosa (3.55) and H. obscura (3.45). In contrast, no trichome was observed in the susceptible species H. buotii and H. meliflua. Hence, trichomes are one of the important resistance traits of Hoya against the milkweed aphid. To our knowledge, this is the first report on resistance evaluation in Hoya and the role of its trichomes against the milkweed aphid. The results of this study can aide in the management of milkweed aphids and in developing improved Hoya cultivars with resistance to insects such as milkweed aphids.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72448682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1861
V. Kinamot, Alvin P. Monotilla
Endophytic fungi were poorly documented in the marine environment, especially in seagrasses regardless of their importance as sources of novel metabolites. In the Philippines, studies are dearth despite having large areas of seagrass meadows. Thus, this study was conducted to isolate and identify endophytic fungi associated with common seagrasses: Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, and Thalassia hemprichii from the Philippines by morphologic and molecular methods. Seven species were identified in this study: Aspergillus tamarii, A. ochraceopetaliformis, A. sydowii, Penicillium citrinum, Xylaria sp., Beauveria bassiana, and Eutypella sp. Morphologically, Aspergillus spp. had septate hyphae, biseriate conidiophore, and smooth to rough globose conidia. Penicillium had a green colony, biverticillate conidiophore, and smooth, globose conidia. Beauveria bassiana had white to cream colonies with irregular edges and a powdery appearance. The conidiogenous cells had zigzag rachis in which a chain of conidia emerged. Eutypella sp. had white, filariform, and plumose colony. Xylaria sp. had a white colony with conspicuous radial lines and a plumose margin. Phylogenetic analysis using 80 ITS rDNA sequences by neighbor-joining revealed the clustering of our isolates with the closest match taxa in the same clade with 100% bootstrap value. The estimate of evolutionary divergence between our isolates and their closest match taxa by pairwise distance showed no nucleotide base substitution suggesting high sequence identity between sequences. The most diverse endophyte is Aspergillus as it is ubiquitously adapted to the marine environment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these species colonizing the seagrasses from the Philippines. Keywords: Diversity, Endophytic fungi, Philippines, Seagrass
{"title":"Diversity of unreported endophytic fungi associated with the seagrasses of Central Philippines","authors":"V. Kinamot, Alvin P. Monotilla","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1861","url":null,"abstract":"Endophytic fungi were poorly documented in the marine environment, especially in seagrasses regardless of their importance as sources of novel metabolites. In the Philippines, studies are dearth despite having large areas of seagrass meadows. Thus, this study was conducted to isolate and identify endophytic fungi associated with common seagrasses: Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, and Thalassia hemprichii from the Philippines by morphologic and molecular methods. Seven species were identified in this study: Aspergillus tamarii, A. ochraceopetaliformis, A. sydowii, Penicillium citrinum, Xylaria sp., Beauveria bassiana, and Eutypella sp. Morphologically, Aspergillus spp. had septate hyphae, biseriate conidiophore, and smooth to rough globose conidia. Penicillium had a green colony, biverticillate conidiophore, and smooth, globose conidia. Beauveria bassiana had white to cream colonies with irregular edges and a powdery appearance. The conidiogenous cells had zigzag rachis in which a chain of conidia emerged. Eutypella sp. had white, filariform, and plumose colony. Xylaria sp. had a white colony with conspicuous radial lines and a plumose margin. Phylogenetic analysis using 80 ITS rDNA sequences by neighbor-joining revealed the clustering of our isolates with the closest match taxa in the same clade with 100% bootstrap value. The estimate of evolutionary divergence between our isolates and their closest match taxa by pairwise distance showed no nucleotide base substitution suggesting high sequence identity between sequences. The most diverse endophyte is Aspergillus as it is ubiquitously adapted to the marine environment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these species colonizing the seagrasses from the Philippines. \u0000 \u0000Keywords: Diversity, Endophytic fungi, Philippines, Seagrass","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89649334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1778
H. E. Leimena, A. Sjarmidi, T. S. Syamsudin
The activity of the Moluccan endemic megapodes (Eulipoa wallacei) on Haruku Island must be supported by the characteristics of the vegetation on the islands. Therefore, it is essential to identify the specific location of the habitat utilized by individual birds for their daily activities on Haruku Island as well as to analyze the composition of the vegetation and the variety of plant species. Bird habitat locations were identified using radio-tracking for four newly hatched chicks and four adult birds. A total of 330 individual tracking points were recorded during the study period. The vegetation sample used a total of 420 plots for seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees which were then analyzed for importance value index (IVI), diversity, evenness, and similarity. We found that the Tanjung Maleo forest was their nesting habitat, while the Marunimei and Lalean forests were their daily habitats. There were a total of 91 plant species and 60 plant families discovered with the vegetation diversity value of the three habitats was moderate (H’mean = 3.07) and tended to be dominated by air plant, sword fern, cogongrass, coco-grass, Indian camphorweed, and lanzone (Emean = 0.88), and have a relatively low level of species similarity between habitats (SImean = 38.30%). We found that the daily habitat of birds on Haruku Island was around their nesting sites and has a complex structure because it was composed of four vegetation strata. For conservation purposes, habitat management needs to be prioritized in conserving forest habitats around bird nesting sites.
{"title":"Identification of the natural habitat of moluccan endemic megapode (Eulipoa wallacei) on Haruku Island, Indonesia, and its vegetation composition","authors":"H. E. Leimena, A. Sjarmidi, T. S. Syamsudin","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.2.1778","url":null,"abstract":"The activity of the Moluccan endemic megapodes (Eulipoa wallacei) on Haruku Island must be supported by the characteristics of the vegetation on the islands. Therefore, it is essential to identify the specific location of the habitat utilized by individual birds for their daily activities on Haruku Island as well as to analyze the composition of the vegetation and the variety of plant species. Bird habitat locations were identified using radio-tracking for four newly hatched chicks and four adult birds. A total of 330 individual tracking points were recorded during the study period. The vegetation sample used a total of 420 plots for seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees which were then analyzed for importance value index (IVI), diversity, evenness, and similarity. We found that the Tanjung Maleo forest was their nesting habitat, while the Marunimei and Lalean forests were their daily habitats. There were a total of 91 plant species and 60 plant families discovered with the vegetation diversity value of the three habitats was moderate (H’mean = 3.07) and tended to be dominated by air plant, sword fern, cogongrass, coco-grass, Indian camphorweed, and lanzone (Emean = 0.88), and have a relatively low level of species similarity between habitats (SImean = 38.30%). We found that the daily habitat of birds on Haruku Island was around their nesting sites and has a complex structure because it was composed of four vegetation strata. For conservation purposes, habitat management needs to be prioritized in conserving forest habitats around bird nesting sites.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74809397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1608
H. Madduppa, B. Prabowo, D. Bengen, I. P. Ayu, B. Subhan, L. M. I. Sani
Gaining extensive knowledge of prey sources is an essential approach for understanding trophic structure and relationships, especially in highly diverse coral reef ecosystems. Groupers are a major Asian reef fish commodity, making it important to study grouper prey and the trophic relations involved. The wide distribution of groupers across different environments could lead to distinctive predatory behaviour. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate and compare the taxonomic classification and composition of prey in the diets of two common groupers (Epinephelus areolatus and E. malabaricus) based on DNA metabarcoding of stomach contents and potential prey detection using environmental DNA tools at sites in the coral reefs of Raja Ampat, Indonesia. DNA recovered from the water column comprised taxa from the Arthropoda, Chordata, Cnidaria and Mollusca, several of which were also found in grouper guts, with Cnidaria the most abundant class. Diversity was high for potential prey species in the environment and prey consumed by each grouper species. The high overlap in prey identified from gut contents indicates these two epinephelids have a similar feeding strategy. However, nMDS ordination showed segregation between the prey consumed by each species and potential prey available in the environment. The results indicate a low likelihood of competition between the two grouper species, related to the abundance and wide choice of potential prey in the highly biodiverse Raja Ampat coral reef ecosystem.
{"title":"DETECTING GROUPER (EPINEPHELINAE) DIET COMPOSITION AND PREY AVAILABILITY IN RAJA AMPAT CORAL REEFS THROUGH DNA AND eDNA METABARCODING","authors":"H. Madduppa, B. Prabowo, D. Bengen, I. P. Ayu, B. Subhan, L. M. I. Sani","doi":"10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2023.30.1.1608","url":null,"abstract":"Gaining extensive knowledge of prey sources is an essential approach for understanding trophic structure and relationships, especially in highly diverse coral reef ecosystems. Groupers are a major Asian reef fish commodity, making it important to study grouper prey and the trophic relations involved. The wide distribution of groupers across different environments could lead to distinctive predatory behaviour. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate and compare the taxonomic classification and composition of prey in the diets of two common groupers (Epinephelus areolatus and E. malabaricus) based on DNA metabarcoding of stomach contents and potential prey detection using environmental DNA tools at sites in the coral reefs of Raja Ampat, Indonesia. DNA recovered from the water column comprised taxa from the Arthropoda, Chordata, Cnidaria and Mollusca, several of which were also found in grouper guts, with Cnidaria the most abundant class. Diversity was high for potential prey species in the environment and prey consumed by each grouper species. The high overlap in prey identified from gut contents indicates these two epinephelids have a similar feeding strategy. However, nMDS ordination showed segregation between the prey consumed by each species and potential prey available in the environment. The results indicate a low likelihood of competition between the two grouper species, related to the abundance and wide choice of potential prey in the highly biodiverse Raja Ampat coral reef ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79478012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1764
Diana Selvilia Hamid, Ratna Yuniati, A. Putrika
Air pollution is a common environmental problem. Planting trees can minimize the adverse effects of air pollution. Plants can absorb and accumulate air pollutants through stomata. Biochemical changes in the leaves will appear as a physiological response of plants to air pollution that can be known by calculating the APTI (Air Pollution Tolerance Index) value. This study aimed to analyze the differences in physiological responses of five tree species in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) South Jakarta and Universitas Indonesia (UI) Depok Campus as well as to find out the proper tree species planted in areas with high levels of air pollution. The leaves of five species ( Hevea brasiliensis , Manilkara kauki , Artocarpus heterophyllus , Ficus septica , and Mangifera indica ) were used to examine the effect of air pollution. Biochemical parameters (relative water content, leaf extract pH, total chlorophyll content, and ascorbic acid content) were observed from each species. The value of each parameter was calculated into the APTI equation. H. brasiliensis , F. septica , and M. indica were categorized as moderately tolerant plants, M. kauki were included as intermediate plants, and A. heterophyllus was a sensitive plant to air pollution in both locations. The highest APTI values were observed in M. indica in both locations. Thus, the recommended species planted in a polluted area was M. indica .
{"title":"TREES PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO AIR POLLUTION IN TAMAN MARGASATWA RAGUNAN AND UI DEPOK CAMPUS","authors":"Diana Selvilia Hamid, Ratna Yuniati, A. Putrika","doi":"10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1764","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution is a common environmental problem. Planting trees can minimize the adverse effects of air pollution. Plants can absorb and accumulate air pollutants through stomata. Biochemical changes in the leaves will appear as a physiological response of plants to air pollution that can be known by calculating the APTI (Air Pollution Tolerance Index) value. This study aimed to analyze the differences in physiological responses of five tree species in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) South Jakarta and Universitas Indonesia (UI) Depok Campus as well as to find out the proper tree species planted in areas with high levels of air pollution. The leaves of five species ( Hevea brasiliensis , Manilkara kauki , Artocarpus heterophyllus , Ficus septica , and Mangifera indica ) were used to examine the effect of air pollution. Biochemical parameters (relative water content, leaf extract pH, total chlorophyll content, and ascorbic acid content) were observed from each species. The value of each parameter was calculated into the APTI equation. H. brasiliensis , F. septica , and M. indica were categorized as moderately tolerant plants, M. kauki were included as intermediate plants, and A. heterophyllus was a sensitive plant to air pollution in both locations. The highest APTI values were observed in M. indica in both locations. Thus, the recommended species planted in a polluted area was M. indica .","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72639797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1705
C. L. Nalle, M. Supit, A. M. Akbar, Angriana SO’O And, Emiliana Langodai
Corn grain is used as the main energy source in poultry diet formulation. The quality of corn is easy to deteriorate during storage because of insect, fungal, and mycotoxin contamination. Efforts should be made to maintain the quality of corn during storage. The present study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical qualities of different moisture levels of corn supplemented by a mold inhibitor. A total of 750 kg of corn grains was used in the present study. A commercial mold inhibitor was used with a dose of 0.045%. The experimental design used was a 3 x 2 factorial complete randomized design. The first main factor was the different moisture levels (ML) of corn (≤ 10%, 10.0-10.9%; 11.0-11.9%), while the second main factor was mold inhibitor (MI, - or +). Thus, there were six treatment combinations, and each treatment comprised five replications. The results showed that ML, MI, and ML x MI interaction significantly (P < 0.05 to 0.001) affected the percentage of grain damage and fungal grain but not (P > 0.05) the moisture level of corn during 90 days of storage. Except for crude protein content, the ML did not affect (P > 0.05) the proximate composition (PC) and gross energy (GE) content of corn. Except for dry matter (DM), the PC and GE content of corn were not affected (P > 0.05) by MI. ML x MI interaction did not affect (P > 0.05) the PC and GE content. The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content was similar (P > 0.05) among all treatments. Except for histidine and lysine contents, the amino acid contents of corn were not affected by ML, MI, or ML x MI combination. In conclusion, the supplementation of MI in corn with different ML improved the physical quality, DM, ash, and GE content of corn grain during the storage; MI maintained the DM content but did not reduce the AFB1 content of corn. Except for histidine and lysine, the supplementation of MI in corn with different ML did not affect the amino acid content of corn.
{"title":"PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITIES OF CORN WITH DIFFERENT MOISTURE LEVELS SUPPLEMENTED WITH MOLD INHIBITOR","authors":"C. L. Nalle, M. Supit, A. M. Akbar, Angriana SO’O And, Emiliana Langodai","doi":"10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1705","url":null,"abstract":"Corn grain is used as the main energy source in poultry diet formulation. The quality of corn is easy to deteriorate during storage because of insect, fungal, and mycotoxin contamination. Efforts should be made to maintain the quality of corn during storage. The present study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical qualities of different moisture levels of corn supplemented by a mold inhibitor. A total of 750 kg of corn grains was used in the present study. A commercial mold inhibitor was used with a dose of 0.045%. The experimental design used was a 3 x 2 factorial complete randomized design. The first main factor was the different moisture levels (ML) of corn (≤ 10%, 10.0-10.9%; 11.0-11.9%), while the second main factor was mold inhibitor (MI, - or +). Thus, there were six treatment combinations, and each treatment comprised five replications. The results showed that ML, MI, and ML x MI interaction significantly (P < 0.05 to 0.001) affected the percentage of grain damage and fungal grain but not (P > 0.05) the moisture level of corn during 90 days of storage. Except for crude protein content, the ML did not affect (P > 0.05) the proximate composition (PC) and gross energy (GE) content of corn. Except for dry matter (DM), the PC and GE content of corn were not affected (P > 0.05) by MI. ML x MI interaction did not affect (P > 0.05) the PC and GE content. The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content was similar (P > 0.05) among all treatments. Except for histidine and lysine contents, the amino acid contents of corn were not affected by ML, MI, or ML x MI combination. In conclusion, the supplementation of MI in corn with different ML improved the physical quality, DM, ash, and GE content of corn grain during the storage; MI maintained the DM content but did not reduce the AFB1 content of corn. Except for histidine and lysine, the supplementation of MI in corn with different ML did not affect the amino acid content of corn.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81984769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1711
R. Hindersah, E. F. L. Lilipaly, I. Mudakir, I. N. Asyiah, R. Harni
The coffee nursery is susceptible to endoparasitic Pratylenchus coffeae . Application of biological method in the nursery is suggested to control the nematode population and maintain the seedling health. The objectives of this study were to observe the ability of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) Glomus spp. and liquid inoculant of Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB) consortium Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis for increasing AMF colonization and reducing the infection P. coffeae in Arabica coffee seedling and their growth. A pot experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Block Design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were Glomus spp. spore inoculation without and with two concentrations of MHB. The control treatment did not receive Glomus spp. and MHB. The seedlings were growing in the greenhouse for three months. The results indicated that Glomus spp. and MHB consortium significantly reduced the nematode total number in soil and roots by approximately 30%; and infection degree of P. coffeae by 50%. The application of Glomus spp. significantly increased root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi, but MHB inoculation did not affect the mycorrhizal colonization. Seedlings treated with MHB had higher shoot length compared to the plant without MHB and control; but the leaves number and shoot dry weight of seedlings were not affected by all treatments. Even though the root fresh weight was reduced after MHB treatment, the lateral roots growth of MHB-treated seedling visually was improved. The experiment demonstrated that MHB was efficient to reduce P. coffeae infection of Arabica seedling.
{"title":"ROLE OF MYCORRHIZA HELPER BACTERIA ON MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION AND NEMATODE Pratylenchus coffeae INFECTION","authors":"R. Hindersah, E. F. L. Lilipaly, I. Mudakir, I. N. Asyiah, R. Harni","doi":"10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1711","url":null,"abstract":"The coffee nursery is susceptible to endoparasitic Pratylenchus coffeae . Application of biological method in the nursery is suggested to control the nematode population and maintain the seedling health. The objectives of this study were to observe the ability of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) Glomus spp. and liquid inoculant of Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB) consortium Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis for increasing AMF colonization and reducing the infection P. coffeae in Arabica coffee seedling and their growth. A pot experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Block Design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were Glomus spp. spore inoculation without and with two concentrations of MHB. The control treatment did not receive Glomus spp. and MHB. The seedlings were growing in the greenhouse for three months. The results indicated that Glomus spp. and MHB consortium significantly reduced the nematode total number in soil and roots by approximately 30%; and infection degree of P. coffeae by 50%. The application of Glomus spp. significantly increased root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi, but MHB inoculation did not affect the mycorrhizal colonization. Seedlings treated with MHB had higher shoot length compared to the plant without MHB and control; but the leaves number and shoot dry weight of seedlings were not affected by all treatments. Even though the root fresh weight was reduced after MHB treatment, the lateral roots growth of MHB-treated seedling visually was improved. The experiment demonstrated that MHB was efficient to reduce P. coffeae infection of Arabica seedling.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"290 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82846859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1569
M. C. G. Abao, Kevin C. Quiňonez, G. Leajane, Elegio, D. Markfreddie, Suarez, A. Mohagan, Arturo G. Gracia
Butterflies are deemed as an essential faunal group in the ecosystem due to their ecological services. However, continuous habitat loss leads to the decline of its population. Thus, this study was conducted to assess its diversity and status in one of the Watersheds of Mt. Hilong-hilong. Sweep netting (336 man-hours) and butterfly trapping (200 trap days) were carried out to document the species. Fifty-seven species of butterflies were recorded with the family Nymphalidae as the most represented group (n = 30). Species diversity (H') was relatively higher in Dipterocarp (H' = 1.49) forest than Agroecosystem (H' = 1.39), a result primarily influenced by favorable ecological support like food availability. Endemicity was 31%, which comprised mostly of rare species. Noteworthy findings are the listing of globally and nationally rare species but locally assessed as common. Based on the results, the area harbors an array of butterfly species and various rare species that requires an effective management plan to conserve the organisms.
{"title":"DIVERSITY AND STATUS OF BUTTERFLIES IN AWASIAN WATER FOREST RESERVE, MT. HILONG-HILONG, PHILIPPINES","authors":"M. C. G. Abao, Kevin C. Quiňonez, G. Leajane, Elegio, D. Markfreddie, Suarez, A. Mohagan, Arturo G. Gracia","doi":"10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2022.29.3.1569","url":null,"abstract":"Butterflies are deemed as an essential faunal group in the ecosystem due to their ecological services. However, continuous habitat loss leads to the decline of its population. Thus, this study was conducted to assess its diversity and status in one of the Watersheds of Mt. Hilong-hilong. Sweep netting (336 man-hours) and butterfly trapping (200 trap days) were carried out to document the species. Fifty-seven species of butterflies were recorded with the family Nymphalidae as the most represented group (n = 30). Species diversity (H') was relatively higher in Dipterocarp (H' = 1.49) forest than Agroecosystem (H' = 1.39), a result primarily influenced by favorable ecological support like food availability. Endemicity was 31%, which comprised mostly of rare species. Noteworthy findings are the listing of globally and nationally rare species but locally assessed as common. Based on the results, the area harbors an array of butterfly species and various rare species that requires an effective management plan to conserve the organisms.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81523018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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