Pub Date : 2017-10-11DOI: 10.24187/ecostat.2017.494t.1920
Désiré Kanga, Grégory Levieuge
[eng] The aim of this paper is to assess the effects of unconventional monetary policies (UMPs) on the cost of credit to non-financial companies in the eurozone. We analyse the direct effects of these UMPs using a multiple linear regression, then we seek to highlight the existence of a complementarity between these policies and the interest rate policy - an indirect effect of UMPs - using an interaction term. We show that the direct effects of UMPs are limited, indeed nil depending on the country, and are always weaker than their indirect effects. After having highlighted the heterogeneity of the indirect effects of UMPs in the eurozone, we offer diverse interpretations – macroeconomic, financial or banking differences, depending on the country – using a Panel Conditionally Homogenous VAR model (PCHVAR). The indirect effects of UMPs, depending on the economies considered, were countered by large public debt, a banking sector in poor health and/or a high level of systemic risk or risk of default.
{"title":"An assessment of the effects of unconventional monetary policies on the cost of credit to non-financial companies in the eurozone","authors":"Désiré Kanga, Grégory Levieuge","doi":"10.24187/ecostat.2017.494t.1920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ecostat.2017.494t.1920","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] The aim of this paper is to assess the effects of unconventional monetary policies (UMPs) on the cost of credit to non-financial companies in the eurozone. We analyse the direct effects of these UMPs using a multiple linear regression, then we seek to highlight the existence of a complementarity between these policies and the interest rate policy - an indirect effect of UMPs - using an interaction term. We show that the direct effects of UMPs are limited, indeed nil depending on the country, and are always weaker than their indirect effects. After having highlighted the heterogeneity of the indirect effects of UMPs in the eurozone, we offer diverse interpretations – macroeconomic, financial or banking differences, depending on the country – using a Panel Conditionally Homogenous VAR model (PCHVAR). The indirect effects of UMPs, depending on the economies considered, were countered by large public debt, a banking sector in poor health and/or a high level of systemic risk or risk of default.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"7 1","pages":"91-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90442027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-07DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1909
V. Dortet-Bernadet, M. Sicsic
[eng] Between 2003 and 2010, the amount of tax incentives and subsidies granted by French public authorities to finance the R&D activities of SMEs increased fourfold. This very sharp increase is due to the research tax credit (RTC) reforms, particularly in 2008, the creation in 2004 of a young innovative business status and an increase in subsidies over the period. Based on exhaustive employment data for France, this paper presents the first ever evaluation of the effect of the increase in these aids on small firms. Using a method that combines matching and a labour demand model, we show that the effect of public support on R&D employment is positive and increased during the period 2004-2010. Nonetheless, the increase in aid, particularly subsequent to the wide ranging reform of the RTC in 2008, was accompanied by a significant crowding-out effect: according to our estimates, only between 18 and 34% of the supplementary aid obtained by businesses between 2008 and 2010 was used to finance new jobs for highly qualified workers.
{"title":"The effect of R D subsidies and tax incentives on employment : an evaluation for small firms in France","authors":"V. Dortet-Bernadet, M. Sicsic","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1909","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] Between 2003 and 2010, the amount of tax incentives and subsidies granted by French public authorities to finance the R&D activities of SMEs increased fourfold. This very sharp increase is due to the research tax credit (RTC) reforms, particularly in 2008, the creation in 2004 of a young innovative business status and an increase in subsidies over the period. Based on exhaustive employment data for France, this paper presents the first ever evaluation of the effect of the increase in these aids on small firms. Using a method that combines matching and a labour demand model, we show that the effect of public support on R&D employment is positive and increased during the period 2004-2010. Nonetheless, the increase in aid, particularly subsequent to the wide ranging reform of the RTC in 2008, was accompanied by a significant crowding-out effect: according to our estimates, only between 18 and 34% of the supplementary aid obtained by businesses between 2008 and 2010 was used to finance new jobs for highly qualified workers.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"9 1","pages":"5-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72926709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-07DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1914
V. Costemalle
[eng] Single-parent families currently account for over 20% of families with minor children in France, in line with the European average. Single parenthood is often associated with greater risks of insecurity and exclusion, to which social policies must respond. It is thus important to know how long such situations last. In this paper, we present an original method for estimating the duration of such periods based on a sample of single parents for whom only the length of time spent in the situation at the time of the survey is observed (stock sampling). It combines a calculation of the likelihood function of the observations using the methodology proposed by Nickell and the introduction of proportional instantaneous probability of exiting the situation based on the Cox model. Several simulations replicating a variety of observed scenarios confirm the reliability of this method. Applying this method to the data from the 2011 Family and Housing Survey allows us to estimate that single parenthood ends after 3 years for half of the single parents.
{"title":"How long do situations of single parenthood last? An estimation based on French data","authors":"V. Costemalle","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1914","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] Single-parent families currently account for over 20% of families with minor children in France, in line with the European average. Single parenthood is often associated with greater risks of insecurity and exclusion, to which social policies must respond. It is thus important to know how long such situations last. In this paper, we present an original method for estimating the duration of such periods based on a sample of single parents for whom only the length of time spent in the situation at the time of the survey is observed (stock sampling). It combines a calculation of the likelihood function of the observations using the methodology proposed by Nickell and the introduction of proportional instantaneous probability of exiting the situation based on the Cox model. Several simulations replicating a variety of observed scenarios confirm the reliability of this method. Applying this method to the data from the 2011 Family and Housing Survey allows us to estimate that single parenthood ends after 3 years for half of the single parents.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"6 1","pages":"87-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79987153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-07DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1913
Milan Bouchet-Valat
It has often been argued that women’s employment growth is a factor that contributes to the increase in inequalities between households due, in particular, to an alleged reinforcement of social homogamy. In contrast to this idea, an accounting approach to inequality decomposition, based on Insee’s Labour Force surveys (enquetes Emploi) shows that wage inequalities between couples aged 30 to 59 remained stable between 1982 and 2014 in France, whereas they would have increased had women’s employment rate not risen. This overall stability results from two converse developments, which are themselves linked to the strong growth in women’s employment over this period: a fall in wage inequality between women and an increase in the correlation of partners’ wages within couples. However, the almost uniform increase in women’s employment rate, regardless of their partner’s wage level, has limited the increase in the correlation of partners’ wages and prevented an increase in wage inequalities between couples.
{"title":"Does women’s employment growth increase wage inequalities between couples? The case of France between 1982 and 2014","authors":"Milan Bouchet-Valat","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1913","url":null,"abstract":"It has often been argued that women’s employment growth is a factor that contributes to the increase in inequalities between households due, in particular, to an alleged reinforcement of social homogamy. In contrast to this idea, an accounting approach to inequality decomposition, based on Insee’s Labour Force surveys (enquetes Emploi) shows that wage inequalities between couples aged 30 to 59 remained stable between 1982 and 2014 in France, whereas they would have increased had women’s employment rate not risen. This overall stability results from two converse developments, which are themselves linked to the strong growth in women’s employment over this period: a fall in wage inequality between women and an increase in the correlation of partners’ wages within couples. However, the almost uniform increase in women’s employment rate, regardless of their partner’s wage level, has limited the increase in the correlation of partners’ wages and prevented an increase in wage inequalities between couples.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"161 1","pages":"67-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87991915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-07DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1912
C. Martin, Mélina Ramos-Gorand
[eng] The high turnover among nursing staff working in nursing homes for dependent elderly people (EHPADs) in France has negative consequences in terms both of cost and of quality of care for the residents. We study the causes of this staff turnover using the estimate from a probit model estimated on two samples, one of 5,478 nurses and the other of 13,444 nursing auxiliaries working in private EHPADs under open-ended contracts. The probability of the nurses and nursing auxiliaries leaving is significantly influenced by factors t related to the environment around the employee’s place of residence, computed at a highly disaggregated geographical level, including closeness to a hospital, competition between residential care facilities for elderly people, shortage of nursing staff, and attractiveness of the self-employed professional sector for nurses. The wage level, corrected for endogeneity, has a positive effect on the retention of nursing auxiliaries working in EHPADs, but it does not seem to have an influence in the case of nurses.
{"title":"High turnover among nursing staff in private nursing homes for dependent elderly people in France: impact of the local environment and the wage","authors":"C. Martin, Mélina Ramos-Gorand","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1912","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] The high turnover among nursing staff working in nursing homes for dependent elderly people (EHPADs) in France has negative consequences in terms both of cost and of quality of care for the residents. We study the causes of this staff turnover using the estimate from a probit model estimated on two samples, one of 5,478 nurses and the other of 13,444 nursing auxiliaries working in private EHPADs under open-ended contracts. The probability of the nurses and nursing auxiliaries leaving is significantly influenced by factors t related to the environment around the employee’s place of residence, computed at a highly disaggregated geographical level, including closeness to a hospital, competition between residential care facilities for elderly people, shortage of nursing staff, and attractiveness of the self-employed professional sector for nurses. The wage level, corrected for endogeneity, has a positive effect on the retention of nursing auxiliaries working in EHPADs, but it does not seem to have an influence in the case of nurses.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"25 1","pages":"49-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82182688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-07DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1910
D. Redor
[eng] Business start-up assistance has been adopted as a tool for implementing proactive employment policies across most OECD nations. In France, the ACCRE start-up support programme for unemployed people creating or taking over firms has expanded strongly since its introduction in 1979. The number of people joining the ACCRE programme exceeded 80,000 in 2006 and peaked at 220,000 in 2010. We have studied the effect of the ACCRE system on the survival (measured after five years) of four cohorts of firms started by unemployed entrepreneurs in 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006, based on survey data in INSEE's “new firms information system”, SINE. According to descriptive statistics, the survival outlook for firms created by ACCRE beneficiaries is better than that of firms created by non-recipients. However, using simultaneous equations to model ACCRE approval and firm survival revealed evidence of ACCRE recipient selection based on the administrative approval process, as well as self-selection by entrepreneurs. Adjusted accordingly, ACCRE appears to have no effect on the survival of supported firms for most categories of unemployed people.
{"title":"Do public subsidies have an impact on start-ups survival rates? An assessment for four cohorts of firms set up by previously unemployed entrepreneurs in France","authors":"D. Redor","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1910","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] Business start-up assistance has been adopted as a tool for implementing proactive employment policies across most OECD nations. In France, the ACCRE start-up support programme for unemployed people creating or taking over firms has expanded strongly since its introduction in 1979. The number of people joining the ACCRE programme exceeded 80,000 in 2006 and peaked at 220,000 in 2010. We have studied the effect of the ACCRE system on the survival (measured after five years) of four cohorts of firms started by unemployed entrepreneurs in 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006, based on survey data in INSEE's “new firms information system”, SINE. According to descriptive statistics, the survival outlook for firms created by ACCRE beneficiaries is better than that of firms created by non-recipients. However, using simultaneous equations to model ACCRE approval and firm survival revealed evidence of ACCRE recipient selection based on the administrative approval process, as well as self-selection by entrepreneurs. Adjusted accordingly, ACCRE appears to have no effect on the survival of supported firms for most categories of unemployed people.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"24 1","pages":"23-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88225899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-05DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1911
P. Mohnen
[eng] The papers by Dortet-Bernadet and Sicsic and by Redor in this issue examine respectively the success of R&D financial support programs in stimulating private R&D and the success of subsidized start-ups for the unemployed in creating long-lasting firms. Both papers focus on small French firms. Both programs are found to suffer from a deadweight loss. This comment discusses the results obtained and the policy conclusions that can be drawn from them. It is argued that the deadweight loss is in part unavoidable but that there are ways to limit it, for instance by using a policy mix of R&D tax incentives and subsidies, favoring tax incentives for small firms and subsidies for large firms. It is also recalled that a policy ought to be evaluated from various perspectives. Besides R&D additionality and firm survival a full cost benefit analysis would also consider R&D externalities, firm retention and decrease in unemployment.
{"title":"Comment: Effectiveness of public support for R&D and entrepreneurship","authors":"P. Mohnen","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.493S.1911","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] The papers by Dortet-Bernadet and Sicsic and by Redor in this issue examine respectively the success of R&D financial support programs in stimulating private R&D and the success of subsidized start-ups for the unemployed in creating long-lasting firms. Both papers focus on small French firms. Both programs are found to suffer from a deadweight loss. This comment discusses the results obtained and the policy conclusions that can be drawn from them. It is argued that the deadweight loss is in part unavoidable but that there are ways to limit it, for instance by using a policy mix of R&D tax incentives and subsidies, favoring tax incentives for small firms and subsidies for large firms. It is also recalled that a policy ought to be evaluated from various perspectives. Besides R&D additionality and firm survival a full cost benefit analysis would also consider R&D externalities, firm retention and decrease in unemployment.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"58 1","pages":"43-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86441117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1902
D. Blanchet
[eng] This issue of the journal brings together five contributions devoted to comparing standards of living depending on age and generation : methodological contributions relating to equivalence scales and to the econometrics of pseudopanels ; the initial results for France of National Transfer Accounts (NTA) that break down National Accounts aggregates on the basis of age ; and comparisons of pension entitlements between public and private sector employees. We return to four of the questions they raise. The first is the issue of separating age, period, and cohort effects : how it is conducted should depend on the question asked. We then advocate a plural approach to intergenerational inequalities, consisting in looking at them from several complementary angles : for example, by referring not only to monetary income, but also to health, and access to education and employment, or housing. We continue by examining the concept of “ lifecycle deficit”, which is calculated by the NTA, and is the gap between what a generation consumes and what it produces through its labour throughout its existence. We discuss how it ties in with the broader issue of sustainability, which is the prospective part of the issue of intergenerational fairness. A minimalistic criterion of intergenerational fairness could be that each generation should be watchful to ensure that the next ones enjoy living conditions at least as good as it did. Finally, we comment on the various possible avenues for comparing pension entitlements in the public and private sectors : the difficulty of measuring contribution effort is an argument in favour of an overall approach combining direct salary and all of the pension entitlements.
{"title":"Age and generations: a general introduction","authors":"D. Blanchet","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1902","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] This issue of the journal brings together five contributions devoted to comparing standards of living depending on age and generation : methodological contributions relating to equivalence scales and to the econometrics of pseudopanels ; the initial results for France of National Transfer Accounts (NTA) that break down National Accounts aggregates on the basis of age ; and comparisons of pension entitlements between public and private sector employees. We return to four of the questions they raise. The first is the issue of separating age, period, and cohort effects : how it is conducted should depend on the question asked. We then advocate a plural approach to intergenerational inequalities, consisting in looking at them from several complementary angles : for example, by referring not only to monetary income, but also to health, and access to education and employment, or housing. We continue by examining the concept of “ lifecycle deficit”, which is calculated by the NTA, and is the gap between what a generation consumes and what it produces through its labour throughout its existence. We discuss how it ties in with the broader issue of sustainability, which is the prospective part of the issue of intergenerational fairness. A minimalistic criterion of intergenerational fairness could be that each generation should be watchful to ensure that the next ones enjoy living conditions at least as good as it did. Finally, we comment on the various possible avenues for comparing pension entitlements in the public and private sectors : the difficulty of measuring contribution effort is an argument in favour of an overall approach combining direct salary and all of the pension entitlements.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"55 1","pages":"9-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77857709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1907
H. Martin
[eng] Equivalence scales, used to compare the standard of living of households of different size and composition, take into account the economies of scale resulting from pooling income and expenditure within households. Two approaches can be used to estimate these scales: an “objective” approach based on modelling household consumption expenditure, or a "subjective” approach based on how households perceive their standard of living. This article focuses on the latter. Using data from the 1995 to 2011 editions of the French Household Expenditure survey (Budget de famille) by Insee, estimations of equivalence scales highlight the sensitivity of results to the model specification, estimation coverage, the choice of subjective living standard indicators and the conventions used to calculate the cost of dependent children. . The subjective approach does not give a robust identification of a single equivalence scale. It does, however, provide a set of possible equivalence scales; for instance, the adult equivalent for a child under 14 ranges from 0.15 to 0.8, while standard equivalence scales are based on a convention, such as 0.3 for the OECD-modified equivalence scale. Thus, for studies using these instruments, or for public policy, it may be preferable to consider a set of equivalence scales rather than just a single scale.
相等比额表是用来比较不同规模和组成的家庭的生活水平的，它考虑到在家庭内汇集收入和支出所产生的规模经济。可以使用两种方法来估计这些尺度:一种基于家庭消费支出模型的“客观”方法，或一种基于家庭如何看待其生活水平的“主观”方法。本文主要关注后者。使用法国国家统计局1995年至2011年版的法国家庭支出调查(Budget de famille)的数据，对等效尺度的估计突出了结果对模型规范、估计范围、主观生活水平指标的选择以及用于计算受抚养子女成本的惯例的敏感性。主观的方法不能给出一个单一的等效尺度的可靠的识别。然而，它确实提供了一套可能的等效尺度;例如，14岁以下儿童的成人当量在0.15至0.8之间，而标准等效量表是基于惯例的，例如经合组织修订的等效量表为0.3。因此，对于使用这些工具的研究或公共政策，最好考虑一套等效比额表，而不只是单一比额表。
{"title":"Calculating the standard of living of a household: one or several equivalence scales?","authors":"H. Martin","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1907","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] Equivalence scales, used to compare the standard of living of households of different size and composition, take into account the economies of scale resulting from pooling income and expenditure within households. Two approaches can be used to estimate these scales: an “objective” approach based on modelling household consumption expenditure, or a \"subjective” approach based on how households perceive their standard of living. This article focuses on the latter. Using data from the 1995 to 2011 editions of the French Household Expenditure survey (Budget de famille) by Insee, estimations of equivalence scales highlight the sensitivity of results to the model specification, estimation coverage, the choice of subjective living standard indicators and the conventions used to calculate the cost of dependent children. . The subjective approach does not give a robust identification of a single equivalence scale. It does, however, provide a set of possible equivalence scales; for instance, the adult equivalent for a child under 14 ranges from 0.15 to 0.8, while standard equivalence scales are based on a convention, such as 0.3 for the OECD-modified equivalence scale. Thus, for studies using these instruments, or for public policy, it may be preferable to consider a set of equivalence scales rather than just a single scale.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"7 1","pages":"93-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80622333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1905
Hippolyte d’Albis, Carole Bonnet, Julien Navaux, Jacques Pelletan, F. Wolff
[eng] National Transfer Accounts (NTA) measure the way in which individuals produce, consume, save, and share resources at each age. They make it possible to identify the periods for which private and public consumption (education, healthcare, etc.) is not funded by labour income, before identifying the transfers between the ages that enable such consumption to be funded. This article presents individual age profiles of consumption and labour income in France, as established using that method, and how they changed from 1979 to 2011. The profiles are also calculated at aggregate age level, highlighting the importance of changes in the demographic structures over time. We also reconstruct partial cohort trajectories, thereby providing a generational reading of the changes. In 2011, consumption by old people was higher than consumption by young people, which was not the case in 1979. The rise in consumption at each age, observed generation on generation, slowed down as from the cohort born in 1950. The range of ages at which labour incomes are received has narrowed, while the age at which labour income reaches its highest level has shifted from 36 to 46 over the years. The increase in labour incomes, observed at each age in the generations from 1930 to 1950, seems to have been interrupted momentarily between the 1950 and 1960 generations, at least at the beginning of working life. It resumed in the generations from 1970 onwards, but to a less pronounced extent. In 2011, the ages at which consumption exceeded labour income, corresponding to a deficit, ran from 0 to 24 and from 59 to 82. With the rise in life expectancy in France, the number of years in a deficit situation at high ages has increased considerably, going from 14 to 24 years between 1979 and 2011. Finally, the labour income and consumption profiles for France are very similar to those of the other European countries.
{"title":"Lifecycle deficit in France: an assessment for the period 1979-2011","authors":"Hippolyte d’Albis, Carole Bonnet, Julien Navaux, Jacques Pelletan, F. Wolff","doi":"10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24187/ECOSTAT.2017.491D.1905","url":null,"abstract":"[eng] National Transfer Accounts (NTA) measure the way in which individuals produce, consume, save, and share resources at each age. They make it possible to identify the periods for which private and public consumption (education, healthcare, etc.) is not funded by labour income, before identifying the transfers between the ages that enable such consumption to be funded. This article presents individual age profiles of consumption and labour income in France, as established using that method, and how they changed from 1979 to 2011. The profiles are also calculated at aggregate age level, highlighting the importance of changes in the demographic structures over time. We also reconstruct partial cohort trajectories, thereby providing a generational reading of the changes. In 2011, consumption by old people was higher than consumption by young people, which was not the case in 1979. The rise in consumption at each age, observed generation on generation, slowed down as from the cohort born in 1950. The range of ages at which labour incomes are received has narrowed, while the age at which labour income reaches its highest level has shifted from 36 to 46 over the years. The increase in labour incomes, observed at each age in the generations from 1930 to 1950, seems to have been interrupted momentarily between the 1950 and 1960 generations, at least at the beginning of working life. It resumed in the generations from 1970 onwards, but to a less pronounced extent. In 2011, the ages at which consumption exceeded labour income, corresponding to a deficit, ran from 0 to 24 and from 59 to 82. With the rise in life expectancy in France, the number of years in a deficit situation at high ages has increased considerably, going from 14 to 24 years between 1979 and 2011. Finally, the labour income and consumption profiles for France are very similar to those of the other European countries.","PeriodicalId":38830,"journal":{"name":"Economie et Statistique","volume":"36 1","pages":"47-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78189589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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