Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/00779954.2023.2278039
Thomas Benison, Isabelle Sin
AbstractAccess to suitable and affordable childcare is a prerequisite for labour force participation for many mothers. We use data from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal study to investigate how lack of access to childcare affects mothers’ work in New Zealand, a nation with high-quality but expensive childcare. We find many mothers whose young children are not in childcare due to a lack of access report being prevented from working by childcare access issues. However, just over a fifth of mothers whose children are not in care due to access issues do work, and some mothers whose children are in care still report they are unable to work due to childcare issues. By combining information on work status and reasons for not working with earnings data for working mothers of young children, we estimate New Zealand mothers with children under age three who are not working only because they can’t access childcare may be foregoing an average of $1,970 each per year. This equates to total foregone earnings of $116 million per year, presenting a considerable cost to the New Zealand economy.KEYWORDS: Affordable childcareaccess issuesmothers’ workforegone earningsGrowing Up in New ZealandSubject classification codes: J13J17J22 AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Deb Potter (Ministry for Ethnic Communities), Riripeti Reedy (Manatū Wāhine Ministry for Women), Fuatino Ma’anaima Soa-Lafoa’i (Pasifika Advisor), and seminar participants at Manatū Wāhine Ministry for Women for helpful feedback and discussion. This report uses Growing Up in New Zealand (GUiNZ) data collected by the University of Auckland. The data have been accessed and used in accordance with the GUiNZ Data Access Protocol. The views and interpretations in this report are those of the researchers and are not the official position of Manatū Wāhine Ministry for Women or NACEW.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 We focus on the first three years because at the time of the data collection New Zealand children became eligible for 20 h of free childcare when they turned three. This is unlikely to entirely resolve access issues but is expected to reduce them.2 Throughout this paper, our focus is on mothers’ paid work and its relationship with childcare. For conciseness, we refer to this as ‘work’, while acknowledging that parenting is also real and valuable work, though unpaid.3 In November 2022, the government announced a substantial increase in the generosity of childcare support. This policy change is expected to decrease wages lost due to lack of access to childcare by making childcare more affordable, though the magnitude of the change is left for future research. The policy change is described in more detail in Section 2.4 This equates to about NZD$135 per capita, which is substantially higher than the NZD$22 per capita of wages foregone in New Zealand. However, Gould and Blair (Citation2020) use a different methodology to calculating foreg
本研究由新西兰manatuki Wāhine妇女部和全国妇女就业咨询委员会(NACEW)资助。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.1080/00779954.2023.2234811
R. Buckle
Central bank independence is an important development in macroeconomics. It has become a lynchpin of modern central banking. The period since the Global Financial Crisis and the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic era posed new challenges for central banks, with potential implications for central bank independence. This paper reviews the scope and rationale for central bank independence and the reasons it spread internationally after the 1980s. It reviews evidence of the effects of central bank independence on inflation, output volatility, financial stability and fiscal policy. The paper considers political threats and contemporary policy issues that could influence the form of central bank independence and credibility. These issues include matters relating to assessments of monetary policy during the pandemic, the scope of central bank mandates, interpretations of inflation dynamics, the funding of central bank operations, and the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy.
{"title":"Distinguished fellow lecture: monetary policy and the benefits and limits of central bank independence","authors":"R. Buckle","doi":"10.1080/00779954.2023.2234811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2023.2234811","url":null,"abstract":"Central bank independence is an important development in macroeconomics. It has become a lynchpin of modern central banking. The period since the Global Financial Crisis and the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic era posed new challenges for central banks, with potential implications for central bank independence. This paper reviews the scope and rationale for central bank independence and the reasons it spread internationally after the 1980s. It reviews evidence of the effects of central bank independence on inflation, output volatility, financial stability and fiscal policy. The paper considers political threats and contemporary policy issues that could influence the form of central bank independence and credibility. These issues include matters relating to assessments of monetary policy during the pandemic, the scope of central bank mandates, interpretations of inflation dynamics, the funding of central bank operations, and the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy.","PeriodicalId":38921,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Economic Papers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49036417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-02DOI: 10.1080/00779954.2023.2235751
J. Białkowski, M. Wagner, Xiaopeng Wei
{"title":"Differences between NZ and U.S. individual investor sentiment: more noise or more information?","authors":"J. Białkowski, M. Wagner, Xiaopeng Wei","doi":"10.1080/00779954.2023.2235751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2023.2235751","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38921,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Economic Papers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46137845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.1080/00779954.2023.2234266
V. Hall
{"title":"Citation for Bob Buckle to mark his Distinguished Fellow Award","authors":"V. Hall","doi":"10.1080/00779954.2023.2234266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2023.2234266","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38921,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Economic Papers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46214153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.1080/00779954.2023.2226671
Peng-jie Sun, T. Coupé, Jeremy Clark
{"title":"The effect of school zone on housing prices: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in New Zealand","authors":"Peng-jie Sun, T. Coupé, Jeremy Clark","doi":"10.1080/00779954.2023.2226671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2023.2226671","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38921,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Economic Papers","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43207055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00779954.2023.2222761
C. Wabnitz, R. Naylor, Neville Smith, Alisi Tuqa, J. Leape
ABSTRACT Blue foods, primarily coastal pelagic fish, reef fish, and invertebrates, are integral to coastal food systems in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) and are increasingly embedded in food policy platforms. This paper discusses the collaborative development of a Blue Food Assessment for the Pacific (BFA-P). The BFA-P aims to strengthen the role of blue foods in food systems thinking and actions in PICTs in the face of climate change, a dependence on food imports, and high rates of diet-related non-communicable diseases. It focuses on six main research themes that support a coastal food systems approach to improve environmental outcomes, nutrition and human health, and social and economic objectives in PICTs. Climate change, effective governance, innovative partnerships, and equity underpin all areas of research. Combining current scientific evidence with traditional and indigenous knowledge will be essential for sustaining coastal Pacific food systems and the long-term resilience and prosperity of Pacific people.
{"title":"Strengthening the role of blue foods in coastal Pacific food systems","authors":"C. Wabnitz, R. Naylor, Neville Smith, Alisi Tuqa, J. Leape","doi":"10.1080/00779954.2023.2222761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2023.2222761","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Blue foods, primarily coastal pelagic fish, reef fish, and invertebrates, are integral to coastal food systems in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) and are increasingly embedded in food policy platforms. This paper discusses the collaborative development of a Blue Food Assessment for the Pacific (BFA-P). The BFA-P aims to strengthen the role of blue foods in food systems thinking and actions in PICTs in the face of climate change, a dependence on food imports, and high rates of diet-related non-communicable diseases. It focuses on six main research themes that support a coastal food systems approach to improve environmental outcomes, nutrition and human health, and social and economic objectives in PICTs. Climate change, effective governance, innovative partnerships, and equity underpin all areas of research. Combining current scientific evidence with traditional and indigenous knowledge will be essential for sustaining coastal Pacific food systems and the long-term resilience and prosperity of Pacific people.","PeriodicalId":38921,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Economic Papers","volume":"57 1","pages":"78 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41969563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00779954.2023.2224583
Dennis Wesselbaum
The primary sector has been a key factor for the economy and the society of New Zealand for hundreds of years.1 The sector was responsible for 11% of total GDP, 14% of total employment, and 52.2 billion NZD in export revenue in 2022 (Ministry for the Primary Industries, 2022). It is also one of the critical sectors in reducing the country’s climate impact, as it was responsible for approximately 50% of national greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 (Ministry for the Environment, 2022). A complex web of technological advances, (global and national) population growth, a rising global middle-class, government policies (e.g. disincentives, taxation, expansion of biofuels), and the need to reduce the environmental footprint create opportunities and challenges for this important sector. This Special Issue on ‘Agriculture in New Zealand and the Pacific: Challenges and Opportunities’ is the first of its kind for the New Zealand Economic Papers. The Special Issue consists only of short policy papers written by experts. They offer their perspective on a wide range of topics related to the current state and the future of agriculture in New Zealand and the Pacific. Of course, the Special Issue does not cover ‘all’ topics andmany important topics could not be covered. Nevertheless, the 17 papers in this Special Issue cover a broad range of important and relevant topics from technological innovations, sustainable agriculture, reducing food waste, to food from the sea. The idea for this Special Issue is to learn from experts in the field, to open the conversation about agriculture in New Zealand and the Pacific, and to reflect on what we have learned from the past and how we can shape the future. Importantly, the authors give suggestions for policymakers to assist the sector in its transformative process towards a sustainable and profitable future. I hope that you will enjoy reading the contributions and that they stimulate a constructive debate about the future of agriculture. Lastly, I wish to thank all contributors for their time and effort they put into contributing to this Special Issue.
{"title":"Introduction to the special issue on agriculture in New Zealand and the Pacific: challenges and opportunities","authors":"Dennis Wesselbaum","doi":"10.1080/00779954.2023.2224583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2023.2224583","url":null,"abstract":"The primary sector has been a key factor for the economy and the society of New Zealand for hundreds of years.1 The sector was responsible for 11% of total GDP, 14% of total employment, and 52.2 billion NZD in export revenue in 2022 (Ministry for the Primary Industries, 2022). It is also one of the critical sectors in reducing the country’s climate impact, as it was responsible for approximately 50% of national greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 (Ministry for the Environment, 2022). A complex web of technological advances, (global and national) population growth, a rising global middle-class, government policies (e.g. disincentives, taxation, expansion of biofuels), and the need to reduce the environmental footprint create opportunities and challenges for this important sector. This Special Issue on ‘Agriculture in New Zealand and the Pacific: Challenges and Opportunities’ is the first of its kind for the New Zealand Economic Papers. The Special Issue consists only of short policy papers written by experts. They offer their perspective on a wide range of topics related to the current state and the future of agriculture in New Zealand and the Pacific. Of course, the Special Issue does not cover ‘all’ topics andmany important topics could not be covered. Nevertheless, the 17 papers in this Special Issue cover a broad range of important and relevant topics from technological innovations, sustainable agriculture, reducing food waste, to food from the sea. The idea for this Special Issue is to learn from experts in the field, to open the conversation about agriculture in New Zealand and the Pacific, and to reflect on what we have learned from the past and how we can shape the future. Importantly, the authors give suggestions for policymakers to assist the sector in its transformative process towards a sustainable and profitable future. I hope that you will enjoy reading the contributions and that they stimulate a constructive debate about the future of agriculture. Lastly, I wish to thank all contributors for their time and effort they put into contributing to this Special Issue.","PeriodicalId":38921,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Economic Papers","volume":"57 1","pages":"77 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43566589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00779954.2023.2196676
Le Wen, Fengtao Guang, Yiqing Wang, B. Sharp
{"title":"Decarbonization in New Zealand – where and how: a combination of input–output approach and structural decomposition analysis ","authors":"Le Wen, Fengtao Guang, Yiqing Wang, B. Sharp","doi":"10.1080/00779954.2023.2196676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2023.2196676","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38921,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Economic Papers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47654730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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