Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.21-00017
Julie Anne McBride, Eric Oetjen
Capital investment as high as US$16 tn is required to address the shortage of adequate and affordable housing worldwide. Market-driven housing approaches that produce quality units, reduce dwelling costs, and provide access to a range of capital sources can help to solve this challenge. This article describes the experience of a social enterprise in Mexico that is taking its proven, market-driven housing solution to countries in Africa using a joint venture franchising company to execute a master franchising strategy. Its experience and the innovative approach it used to scale internationally offer useful insights and lessons for housing practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.
{"title":"Using a franchise structure to scale affordable housing internationally","authors":"Julie Anne McBride, Eric Oetjen","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.21-00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00017","url":null,"abstract":"Capital investment as high as US$16 tn is required to address the shortage of adequate and affordable housing worldwide. Market-driven housing approaches that produce quality units, reduce dwelling costs, and provide access to a range of capital sources can help to solve this challenge. This article describes the experience of a social enterprise in Mexico that is taking its proven, market-driven housing solution to countries in Africa using a joint venture franchising company to execute a master franchising strategy. Its experience and the innovative approach it used to scale internationally offer useful insights and lessons for housing practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44967647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.21-00016
Marja C. Hoek-Smit, Arthur Acolin, Richard K. Green
Countries around the globe have experienced the health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In many countries in the Global South, interventions in the housing sector can support public and private investments and have large economic stimulus effects. This article develops a series of principles that would ensure investments in housing not only serve as economic stimuli but deliver the basis for long-term improvement in housing conditions and overall community wellbeing and health by being inclusive and sustainable. This article proposes five principles and illustrates how to apply them in core areas that would typically be included in a housing stimulus package: 1) focus on supporting housing for the underserved middle- and lower-income households; 2) inclusion of both ownership and rental markets; 3) inclusion of both formal and informal housing markets; 4) incorporating communities; and 5) avoiding long-term negative effects on housing and housing finance market development.
{"title":"Inclusive housing programmes to stimulate the economy and improve health outcomes after COVID-19","authors":"Marja C. Hoek-Smit, Arthur Acolin, Richard K. Green","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.21-00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00016","url":null,"abstract":"Countries around the globe have experienced the health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In many countries in the Global South, interventions in the housing sector can support public and private investments and have large economic stimulus effects. This article develops a series of principles that would ensure investments in housing not only serve as economic stimuli but deliver the basis for long-term improvement in housing conditions and overall community wellbeing and health by being inclusive and sustainable. This article proposes five principles and illustrates how to apply them in core areas that would typically be included in a housing stimulus package: 1) focus on supporting housing for the underserved middle- and lower-income households; 2) inclusion of both ownership and rental markets; 3) inclusion of both formal and informal housing markets; 4) incorporating communities; and 5) avoiding long-term negative effects on housing and housing finance market development.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42639145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.21-00013
Rusmir Musić
The emerging business-driven case for green affordable housing reveals six drivers of profitability: 1) access to international green finance flows for better financing terms; 2) minimized incremental cost through early planning; 3) faster sales through market differentiation; 4) savings on utility bills for owners and renters; 5) lowered default rates and superior collateral value for green mortgages; and 6) fiscal and non-fiscal incentives from local or national governments. Additionally, fiscal and non-fiscal incentives from local or national governments can further catalyse the market. Case studies from several emerging markets show that the right combination of government incentives (including non-fiscal policies), education and technical assistance to developers (including a no-cost option), and green finance (including green bonds and green mortgages) can transform housing markets. In order to reflect the total life-time cost of ownership, the concept of affordability in housing should include the impact of resource-efficiency and resilience on the costs and risks of ownership.
{"title":"Building the business case for green affordable housing","authors":"Rusmir Musić","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.21-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00013","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging business-driven case for green affordable housing reveals six drivers of profitability: 1) access to international green finance flows for better financing terms; 2) minimized incremental cost through early planning; 3) faster sales through market differentiation; 4) savings on utility bills for owners and renters; 5) lowered default rates and superior collateral value for green mortgages; and 6) fiscal and non-fiscal incentives from local or national governments. Additionally, fiscal and non-fiscal incentives from local or national governments can further catalyse the market. Case studies from several emerging markets show that the right combination of government incentives (including non-fiscal policies), education and technical assistance to developers (including a no-cost option), and green finance (including green bonds and green mortgages) can transform housing markets. In order to reflect the total life-time cost of ownership, the concept of affordability in housing should include the impact of resource-efficiency and resilience on the costs and risks of ownership.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43473505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.21-00006
Md. Rubaiyath Sarwar
COVID-19 shutdown provides a unique opportunity to assess how the low-income households engaged in urban and rural formal and informal economies coped with the shock and how it affected their capacity to cope with such shocks in the near future. Insights on the income and expenditure, savings and borrowing patterns of the low-income households can help us to understand how the coping mechanism and coping capacity varies across different types of low-income households. In turn, it can help us understand the weaknesses in their coping capacity which should be addressed for these households to become more resilient against such external shocks. This paper examines the coping mechanism and the coping capacity of the low-income households based on rapid surveys that were undertaken during the COVID-19 shutdown period in Bangladesh by the author and other agencies in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 shutdown on economic resilience of low-income households and its implications for livelihood interventions: the case of Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Rubaiyath Sarwar","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.21-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00006","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 shutdown provides a unique opportunity to assess how the low-income households engaged in urban and rural formal and informal economies coped with the shock and how it affected their capacity to cope with such shocks in the near future. Insights on the income and expenditure, savings and borrowing patterns of the low-income households can help us to understand how the coping mechanism and coping capacity varies across different types of low-income households. In turn, it can help us understand the weaknesses in their coping capacity which should be addressed for these households to become more resilient against such external shocks. This paper examines the coping mechanism and the coping capacity of the low-income households based on rapid surveys that were undertaken during the COVID-19 shutdown period in Bangladesh by the author and other agencies in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41963640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.21-00003
J. Peprah
This paper assesses disruptions in the non-bank financial institution (NBFI) sector and the protracted effects of COVID-19 and the lockdown on the NBFI sector. The paper focuses on microfinance institutions in Ghana using rapid response survey data obtained from the Ghana Microfinance Institutions Network between January 2020 and April 2020. Poor corporate governance, improper documentation of transactions, and impaired loan portfolio among others were antecedents to the disruptions. Regarding the lockdown effects, we found that savings value contracted and the possibility of a further deteriorating portfolio is anticipated thus reducing interest income. The use of digital channels of delivering savings and loan products increased while the physical delivery channel decreased. The regulator needs to have a second look at microfinance regulation in Ghana. Policy should focus on expanding and upscaling the use of digital and remote banking means in reaching out to clients.
{"title":"Disruptions and the protracted effects of the COVID-19 lockdown in the non-bank financial institution sector in Ghana","authors":"J. Peprah","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.21-00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses disruptions in the non-bank financial institution (NBFI) sector and the protracted effects of COVID-19 and the lockdown on the NBFI sector. The paper focuses on microfinance institutions in Ghana using rapid response survey data obtained from the Ghana Microfinance Institutions Network between January 2020 and April 2020. Poor corporate governance, improper documentation of transactions, and impaired loan portfolio among others were antecedents to the disruptions. Regarding the lockdown effects, we found that savings value contracted and the possibility of a further deteriorating portfolio is anticipated thus reducing interest income. The use of digital channels of delivering savings and loan products increased while the physical delivery channel decreased. The regulator needs to have a second look at microfinance regulation in Ghana. Policy should focus on expanding and upscaling the use of digital and remote banking means in reaching out to clients.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"32 1","pages":"78-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46787746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.21-00007
C. Ebrahim, Adrienne Jack, Linda J. Jones
In recent decades, ASEAN has seen significant progress in gender equality and women’s empowerment. However, advances have not been even and vulnerable women with a range of intersectional identities have not benefited to the same extent as more privileged women or their male counterparts. Moreover, despite ASEAN’s much-lauded success in COVID-19 prevention and containment, the economic gains that had been achieved for women and girls are rapidly losing ground. Disruptions in the tourism sector, labour migration, and international trade have had a devastating economic impact on vulnerable populations, while innovations and new implementation approaches have provided some relief for low-income communities. This paper describes the COVID-19 economic fallout for women homeworkers and labour migrants engaged in informal jobs in Indonesia and low-income ethnic minority women in agriculture and tourism sectors in north-west Vietnam. It discusses early experiences and learning on pivoting projects, funded by the Government of Australia, to be COVID-19 responsive and contribute to longer-term recovery.
{"title":"Women’s economic empowerment and COVID-19: the case of vulnerable women with intersectional identities in Indonesia and Vietnam","authors":"C. Ebrahim, Adrienne Jack, Linda J. Jones","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.21-00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00007","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, ASEAN has seen significant progress in gender equality and women’s empowerment. However, advances have not been even and vulnerable women with a range of intersectional identities have not benefited to the same extent as more privileged women or their male counterparts. Moreover, despite ASEAN’s much-lauded success in COVID-19 prevention and containment, the economic gains that had been achieved for women and girls are rapidly losing ground. Disruptions in the tourism sector, labour migration, and international trade have had a devastating economic impact on vulnerable populations, while innovations and new implementation approaches have provided some relief for low-income communities. This paper describes the COVID-19 economic fallout for women homeworkers and labour migrants engaged in informal jobs in Indonesia and low-income ethnic minority women in agriculture and tourism sectors in north-west Vietnam. It discusses early experiences and learning on pivoting projects, funded by the Government of Australia, to be COVID-19 responsive and contribute to longer-term recovery.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43378347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.20-00011
Colin Agabalinda, W. Steel
Financial education aims to promote financial inclusion by increasing understanding and use of formal financial services. Despite such training, participation in informal financial practices remains high relative to formal ones in countries like Uganda. A cross-sectional sample survey of economically active urban financial service users is used to test whether financial education through formal training is associated with financial literacy (FL) and FL is associated with increased use of financial services, especially formal ones. The findings indicate that formal financial training is significantly associated with FL, and that higher FL is associated with higher use of both formal and informal financial services. The unexpectedly strong association of the use of informal financial services with financial literacy suggests that informal financial services may have a more complementary role than a simple model of financial formalization would imply. The study suggests that promoting informal financial services may be more efficient in raising financial literacy and inclusion than financial training.
{"title":"Training vs. informal financial services for the promotion of financial literacy and inclusion in Uganda","authors":"Colin Agabalinda, W. Steel","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.20-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.20-00011","url":null,"abstract":"Financial education aims to promote financial inclusion by increasing understanding and use of formal financial services. Despite such training, participation in informal financial practices remains high relative to formal ones in countries like Uganda. A cross-sectional sample survey of economically active urban financial service users is used to test whether financial education through formal training is associated with financial literacy (FL) and FL is associated with increased use of financial services, especially formal ones. The findings indicate that formal financial training is significantly associated with FL, and that higher FL is associated with higher use of both formal and informal financial services. The unexpectedly strong association of the use of informal financial services with financial literacy suggests that informal financial services may have a more complementary role than a simple model of financial formalization would imply. The study suggests that promoting informal financial services may be more efficient in raising financial literacy and inclusion than financial training.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44775965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.2021.32-1-2.ed
Linda J. Jones
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the gaping inequities in market systems the world over while it has exacerbated those inequities without mercy. As I write this editorial, my own sore recently injected arm reminds me that there is massive disparity even in access to vaccines among countries and within countries. And, as always, it is the most marginalized that carry the burden of suffering – vulnerable women, extreme poor households, informal workers, communities with minority status, people with disability, youth living on the edge.
{"title":"Editorial: COVID-19 economic resilience","authors":"Linda J. Jones","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.2021.32-1-2.ed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2021.32-1-2.ed","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the gaping inequities in market systems the world over while it has exacerbated those inequities without mercy. As I write this editorial, my own sore recently injected arm reminds me that there is massive disparity even in access to vaccines among countries and within countries. And, as always, it is the most marginalized that carry the burden of suffering – vulnerable women, extreme poor households, informal workers, communities with minority status, people with disability, youth living on the edge.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47315698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.20-00014
Imhanrenialena Benedict Ogbemudia, O. Ozioma, Okafor Chikodili Nkiru, I. Nneka
The low level of education and lack of electricity hinder dissemination of financial literacy information in rural communities. To address this problem, this study investigated the roles of the indigenous communication system in closing the gaps in dissemination of financial literacy information among Nigerian rural farmers. It was found that the use of indigenous language in formal financial service literacy campaigns has a significant association with dissemination of formal financial service literacy information to rural farmers. Second, contrary to our earlier expectations, no significant association was found between community leaders and the dissemination of formal financial service literacy information to rural farmers. Third, town-criers’ participation in formal financial service literacy campaigns has a positive significant impact on the dissemination of formal financial service literacy information to rural farmers. The researchers conclude that financial authorities should encourage indigenous language and town-criers in the dissemination of financial literacy information to rural famers.
{"title":"Potential for indigenous communication systems to improve financial literacy: evidence from Nigeria","authors":"Imhanrenialena Benedict Ogbemudia, O. Ozioma, Okafor Chikodili Nkiru, I. Nneka","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.20-00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.20-00014","url":null,"abstract":"The low level of education and lack of electricity hinder dissemination of financial literacy information in rural communities. To address this problem, this study investigated the roles of the indigenous communication system in closing the gaps in dissemination of financial literacy information among Nigerian rural farmers. It was found that the use of indigenous language in formal financial service literacy campaigns has a significant association with dissemination of formal financial service literacy information to rural farmers. Second, contrary to our earlier expectations, no significant association was found between community leaders and the dissemination of formal financial service literacy information to rural farmers. Third, town-criers’ participation in formal financial service literacy campaigns has a positive significant impact on the dissemination of formal financial service literacy information to rural farmers. The researchers conclude that financial authorities should encourage indigenous language and town-criers in the dissemination of financial literacy information to rural famers.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48791227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.21-00002
Tuti Ermawati, Agus Nugroho, M. Soekarni, Nur Firdaus, Jiwa Sarana, Ragil Yoga Edi, Septian Adityawati, Ikval Suardi
The paper aims to analyse the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on microfinance institutions (MFIs) and identify mitigation and adaptation measures to cope with the situation. An online survey and focus group discussions were employed to capture how far the COVID-19 pandemic affects MFIs’ business. The results show that MFIs’ performance is negatively affected due to the COVID-19 crisis as their major customers, micro and small enterprises (MSEs), have experienced a contraction. MFIs have implemented several mitigation and adaptation measures to cope with the situation and future shocks. These results provide an overview of how far the COVID-19 crisis affects MFIs which can help the government design policies that can support MFIs and MSEs to survive. However, some issues related to methodology, such as the inability to capture complex and profound information, survey monitoring, and response rate, influenced the analysis so that the research may lack generalizability. Thus, a more holistic methodology is needed to investigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic comprehensively.
{"title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on microfinance institutions in Indonesia","authors":"Tuti Ermawati, Agus Nugroho, M. Soekarni, Nur Firdaus, Jiwa Sarana, Ragil Yoga Edi, Septian Adityawati, Ikval Suardi","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.21-00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00002","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims to analyse the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on microfinance institutions (MFIs) and identify mitigation and adaptation measures to cope with the situation. An online survey and focus group discussions were employed to capture how far the COVID-19 pandemic affects MFIs’ business. The results show that MFIs’ performance is negatively affected due to the COVID-19 crisis as their major customers, micro and small enterprises (MSEs), have experienced a contraction. MFIs have implemented several mitigation and adaptation measures to cope with the situation and future shocks. These results provide an overview of how far the COVID-19 crisis affects MFIs which can help the government design policies that can support MFIs and MSEs to survive. However, some issues related to methodology, such as the inability to capture complex and profound information, survey monitoring, and response rate, influenced the analysis so that the research may lack generalizability. Thus, a more holistic methodology is needed to investigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic comprehensively.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49424989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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