Pub Date : 2008-12-24DOI: 10.2174/1874453200801010048
Jennifer L. Doucette, Victoria A. Kjoss, C. Somers
Colonial birds must derive benefits from living in conspecific groups and with other species. One possible benefit is that they follow previously successful individuals to foraging sites (information center hypothesis). To test for evidence of intra- and interspecific information transfer, we assessed the group size and composition of flights of double- crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) at two mixed colonies. Flights by solo individuals were the most common outbound type, suggesting that the birds do not immediately follow others. However, the majority of the total number of outbound birds traveled in groups. In comparison, groups in- bound to colonies and flying between feeding locations were large. Regardless of flight direction, groups were almost al- ways largest during the late chick-rearing period. This suggests that groups may have some function, although likely not to share information about foraging-sites. Mixed-species groups in general were rare, so it is unlikely that these birds commonly locate prey by following other species in flight.
{"title":"Size and Composition of Foraging Flights in Two Species of Piscivorous Colonial Birds: Limited Evidence for Intra- or Interspecific Information Transfer","authors":"Jennifer L. Doucette, Victoria A. Kjoss, C. Somers","doi":"10.2174/1874453200801010048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453200801010048","url":null,"abstract":"Colonial birds must derive benefits from living in conspecific groups and with other species. One possible benefit is that they follow previously successful individuals to foraging sites (information center hypothesis). To test for evidence of intra- and interspecific information transfer, we assessed the group size and composition of flights of double- crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) at two mixed colonies. Flights by solo individuals were the most common outbound type, suggesting that the birds do not immediately follow others. However, the majority of the total number of outbound birds traveled in groups. In comparison, groups in- bound to colonies and flying between feeding locations were large. Regardless of flight direction, groups were almost al- ways largest during the late chick-rearing period. This suggests that groups may have some function, although likely not to share information about foraging-sites. Mixed-species groups in general were rare, so it is unlikely that these birds commonly locate prey by following other species in flight.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-05DOI: 10.2174/1874453200801010046
A. Arnaiz-Villena, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, R. Reguera, P. Gómez-Prieto, J. I. Serrano-Vela
Eurasian Carduelis spinus (siskin) has given rise to the C.pinus (pine siskin) North American radiation,which includes C.dominicensis, C.p. perplexus and C.atriceps . It is addressed the question why C.spinus is not thriving now in America.
{"title":"What Might have been the Ancestor of New World Siskins?~!2008-08-04~!2008-10-29~!2008-12-05~!","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, R. Reguera, P. Gómez-Prieto, J. I. Serrano-Vela","doi":"10.2174/1874453200801010046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453200801010046","url":null,"abstract":"Eurasian Carduelis spinus (siskin) has given rise to the C.pinus (pine siskin) North American radiation,which includes C.dominicensis, C.p. perplexus and C.atriceps . It is addressed the question why C.spinus is not thriving now in America.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"46-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-21DOI: 10.2174/1874453200801010036
A. Poiani
Same-sex mounting is an evolutionary paradox in that it is not directly conducive to fertilization in spite of its obvious sexual origin. Whether same-sex mounting is an adaptive behaviour that indirectly enhances reproductive success of self or close relatives through its mediation of dominance or cooperative interactions, or whether it is just a by-product of neuroendocrinological conditions manifested during breeding periods of the year is an issue that remains to be re- solved. Here I introduce a novel model, the Synthetic Reproductive Skew Model of Homosexuality that aims at understand- ing same-sex mounting as a result of the combined effect of a set of variables and processes that affect both sexual and sociosexual aspects of behaviour. I also provide a comparative test of the model, the test is circumscribed to birds and util- ises data from 72 avian taxa. Comparative analyses suggest that same-sex mounting in birds is an evolutionary result of inter-individual interactions associated with the dynamics of reproductive skew, direct effects of sexual readiness in spe- cific social circumstances and sociosexual interactions that, in birds, seem to be more affected by dominance conflicts than by affinitive relationships.
{"title":"Same-Sex Mounting in Birds: Comparative Test of a Synthetic Reproductive Skew Model of Homosexuality","authors":"A. Poiani","doi":"10.2174/1874453200801010036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453200801010036","url":null,"abstract":"Same-sex mounting is an evolutionary paradox in that it is not directly conducive to fertilization in spite of its obvious sexual origin. Whether same-sex mounting is an adaptive behaviour that indirectly enhances reproductive success of self or close relatives through its mediation of dominance or cooperative interactions, or whether it is just a by-product of neuroendocrinological conditions manifested during breeding periods of the year is an issue that remains to be re- solved. Here I introduce a novel model, the Synthetic Reproductive Skew Model of Homosexuality that aims at understand- ing same-sex mounting as a result of the combined effect of a set of variables and processes that affect both sexual and sociosexual aspects of behaviour. I also provide a comparative test of the model, the test is circumscribed to birds and util- ises data from 72 avian taxa. Comparative analyses suggest that same-sex mounting in birds is an evolutionary result of inter-individual interactions associated with the dynamics of reproductive skew, direct effects of sexual readiness in spe- cific social circumstances and sociosexual interactions that, in birds, seem to be more affected by dominance conflicts than by affinitive relationships.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"36-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-21DOI: 10.2174/1874453200801010029
C. Rogers
Cost-benefit optimal body mass models have become a cornerstone of behavioral ecology of the nonbreeding period of birds, and make the prediction that fat will increase with increasing deterioration of feeding conditions. Tests of this prediction have relied on comparing fat stores of birds along a vertical height gradient of resource unpredictability (greater snowfall nearer the ground), and lower fat levels in tree-feeders compared with ground-feeders supported the pre- diction in previous studies. Alternatively, as predation risk is often cited as a cost of fat storage, lower fat stores may be caused by greater predation risk higher in the vertical resource gradient compared with the ground microenvironment. Among three species of tree-feeding birds wintering in south-central Kansas, foraging birds frequently preferred a higher sunflower feeder over a similar lower one, with blind and microenvironmental effects considered indirectly. Interspecific dominance rank was significantly and positively correlated with body size. Social dominants frequently displaced subor- dinates from the higher to the lower feeder. Thus a minimum of fat in tree-feeding species that can be explained by pre- dictable resources (low snowfall), not high costs, underscoring the low benefit to fat in this winter foraging guild. Future resource-based tests of optimal fat models will need to measure both costs and benefits of fat in different winter foraging guilds.
{"title":"Winter Fat Storage and Vertical Microenvironmental Gradients: Experimental Test of an Alternative Hypothesis","authors":"C. Rogers","doi":"10.2174/1874453200801010029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453200801010029","url":null,"abstract":"Cost-benefit optimal body mass models have become a cornerstone of behavioral ecology of the nonbreeding period of birds, and make the prediction that fat will increase with increasing deterioration of feeding conditions. Tests of this prediction have relied on comparing fat stores of birds along a vertical height gradient of resource unpredictability (greater snowfall nearer the ground), and lower fat levels in tree-feeders compared with ground-feeders supported the pre- diction in previous studies. Alternatively, as predation risk is often cited as a cost of fat storage, lower fat stores may be caused by greater predation risk higher in the vertical resource gradient compared with the ground microenvironment. Among three species of tree-feeding birds wintering in south-central Kansas, foraging birds frequently preferred a higher sunflower feeder over a similar lower one, with blind and microenvironmental effects considered indirectly. Interspecific dominance rank was significantly and positively correlated with body size. Social dominants frequently displaced subor- dinates from the higher to the lower feeder. Thus a minimum of fat in tree-feeding species that can be explained by pre- dictable resources (low snowfall), not high costs, underscoring the low benefit to fat in this winter foraging guild. Future resource-based tests of optimal fat models will need to measure both costs and benefits of fat in different winter foraging guilds.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"47 14 1","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-07DOI: 10.2174/1874453200801010020
T. Donovan, C. Danforth, D. P. Shustack
Nest success, the probability that a nest will fledge offspring, is a widely measured parameter in ornithological studies, and is usually estimated by monitoring the fates of nests throughout a breeding season. Because nest success es- timates are commonly reported in the avian literature, a key question in population studies is how to derive annual fecun- dity rates, F (a vital parameter in population biology), from nest success data when breeding individuals are not marked. In this manuscript, we describe a simple, recursive model that generates an estimate of the frequency distribution of an- nual fecundity rates that can be achieved for a species, given precise and unbiased estimates of nest success, the average number of young that fledge per successful nest, and three life history parameters: the maximum number of possible suc- cessful broods per breeding season (J), the maximum number of possible nesting attempts per breeding season (K), and the maximum brood size (B). We illustrate the model for 3 hypothetical species in which the average young that fledge per successful nest is 2 offspring: (1) a single-brooded species in which J =1, K = 3, B = 3; (2) a double-brooded species in which J = 2, K = 3, B = 3, and (3) a triple-brooded species in which J =3, K = 3, B = 3. In general, the frequency distributions of acceptable fecundity solutions for single-, double-, and triple-brooded species are all approximately symmetric, and are defined by Fave (the average acceptable solution), Fmin (the minimum acceptable solution), and Fmax (the maximum acceptable solution). The "breadth" of these distributions, or the difference between Fmin and Fmax, appears to be controlled largely by solutions where an unequal number of young fledge across attempts. However, when examining relationships between annual fecundity and nest success across the full spectrum of nest suc- cess values, we find that, more often than not, non-linear relationships characterized the association between nest success, Fmax, Fmin, and Fave. The only case where nest success predicts annual fecundity in a linear fashion occurred when J = K. Thus, the assumption that nest success is an adequate indicator of annual fecundity should be viewed with caution.
筑巢成功率，即一个鸟巢孵出后代的可能性，是鸟类学研究中广泛测量的参数，通常通过在整个繁殖季节监测鸟巢的命运来估计。由于在鸟类文献中经常报道巢成功率估计，因此种群研究中的一个关键问题是如何在未标记繁殖个体的情况下，从巢成功率数据中获得年繁殖率F(种群生物学中的一个重要参数)。在这篇手稿中，我们描述了一个简单的递归模型，该模型产生了一个物种可以实现的年繁殖率的频率分布估计，给出了巢成功的精确和无偏估计，每个成功巢的平均雏鸟数量，以及三个生活史参数:每个繁殖季节可能成功产卵的最大数量(J)，每个繁殖季节可能筑巢尝试的最大数量(K)和最大产卵量(B)。我们举例说明了3个假设物种的模型，其中每个成功筑巢的平均雏鸟是2个后代:(1)单个繁殖的物种，其中J =1, K = 3, B = 3;(2) J = 2, K =3, B =3的双生种;(3)J =3, K =3, B =3的三生种。一般来说，单育、双育和三育物种的可接受繁殖力解的频率分布都是近似对称的，并由Fave(平均可接受解)、Fmin(最小可接受解)和Fmax(最大可接受解)定义。这些分布的“宽度”，或者Fmin和Fmax之间的差异，似乎在很大程度上是由不同数量的年轻尝试的解决方案控制的。然而，当在整个巢成功值范围内检查年繁殖力与巢成功之间的关系时，我们发现，巢成功、Fmax、Fmin和Fave之间的关系往往是非线性的。当J = k时，巢成功以线性方式预测年繁殖力的唯一情况发生。因此，巢成功是年繁殖力的充分指标的假设应该谨慎看待。
{"title":"Predicting Annual Fecundity from Nest Success","authors":"T. Donovan, C. Danforth, D. P. Shustack","doi":"10.2174/1874453200801010020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453200801010020","url":null,"abstract":"Nest success, the probability that a nest will fledge offspring, is a widely measured parameter in ornithological studies, and is usually estimated by monitoring the fates of nests throughout a breeding season. Because nest success es- timates are commonly reported in the avian literature, a key question in population studies is how to derive annual fecun- dity rates, F (a vital parameter in population biology), from nest success data when breeding individuals are not marked. In this manuscript, we describe a simple, recursive model that generates an estimate of the frequency distribution of an- nual fecundity rates that can be achieved for a species, given precise and unbiased estimates of nest success, the average number of young that fledge per successful nest, and three life history parameters: the maximum number of possible suc- cessful broods per breeding season (J), the maximum number of possible nesting attempts per breeding season (K), and the maximum brood size (B). We illustrate the model for 3 hypothetical species in which the average young that fledge per successful nest is 2 offspring: (1) a single-brooded species in which J =1, K = 3, B = 3; (2) a double-brooded species in which J = 2, K = 3, B = 3, and (3) a triple-brooded species in which J =3, K = 3, B = 3. In general, the frequency distributions of acceptable fecundity solutions for single-, double-, and triple-brooded species are all approximately symmetric, and are defined by Fave (the average acceptable solution), Fmin (the minimum acceptable solution), and Fmax (the maximum acceptable solution). The \"breadth\" of these distributions, or the difference between Fmin and Fmax, appears to be controlled largely by solutions where an unequal number of young fledge across attempts. However, when examining relationships between annual fecundity and nest success across the full spectrum of nest suc- cess values, we find that, more often than not, non-linear relationships characterized the association between nest success, Fmax, Fmin, and Fave. The only case where nest success predicts annual fecundity in a linear fashion occurred when J = K. Thus, the assumption that nest success is an adequate indicator of annual fecundity should be viewed with caution.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-11DOI: 10.2174/1874453200801010008
B. R. Mitchell, T. Donovan
The probability of detecting an individual or species is an important parameter in studies using mark-recapture and occupancy models to estimate population sizes and occurrence. Because low detection probabilities result in biased estimators and decreased precision, biologists seek methods that maximize detection probability. We evaluated whether we could increase detections of bird species by playing a tape of Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) mobbing calls during point counts. We conducted trios of 10-minute counts (two pre-playback and a playback) at 684 stations throughout Vermont, in forested, agricultural/grassland, and developed habitats. For each of 73 species detected during the surveys, we used occupancy modeling and information-theoretic model selection and averaging methods to evaluate whether detection probabilities varied due to playback or habitat type. Models containing a playback effect accounted for over 90% of the Akaike weights for 41 species. With 15 of these species, habitat effects also accounted for over 90% of the Akaike weights. The playback increased estimated detection probability in all habitats for 14 species, decreased esti- mated detection probability for 20 species, and had an estimated effect that varied by habitat for 7 species (many species with habitat effects simply had differing magnitudes of the effect dependent on habitat). Smaller resident species were de- tected more often during tape playbacks, but responses were highly variable for most species and the responses did not appear to follow a taxonomic pattern. We encourage researchers to evaluate their list of target species carefully before de- ciding to use mobbing playbacks to enhance response rates; in many situations mobbing tapes will not enhance detections and may complicate the interpretation of model parameters.
{"title":"Mob Mentality: Effect of a Mobbing Playback on Avian Detection Probabilities during Point Count Surveys","authors":"B. R. Mitchell, T. Donovan","doi":"10.2174/1874453200801010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453200801010008","url":null,"abstract":"The probability of detecting an individual or species is an important parameter in studies using mark-recapture and occupancy models to estimate population sizes and occurrence. Because low detection probabilities result in biased estimators and decreased precision, biologists seek methods that maximize detection probability. We evaluated whether we could increase detections of bird species by playing a tape of Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) mobbing calls during point counts. We conducted trios of 10-minute counts (two pre-playback and a playback) at 684 stations throughout Vermont, in forested, agricultural/grassland, and developed habitats. For each of 73 species detected during the surveys, we used occupancy modeling and information-theoretic model selection and averaging methods to evaluate whether detection probabilities varied due to playback or habitat type. Models containing a playback effect accounted for over 90% of the Akaike weights for 41 species. With 15 of these species, habitat effects also accounted for over 90% of the Akaike weights. The playback increased estimated detection probability in all habitats for 14 species, decreased esti- mated detection probability for 20 species, and had an estimated effect that varied by habitat for 7 species (many species with habitat effects simply had differing magnitudes of the effect dependent on habitat). Smaller resident species were de- tected more often during tape playbacks, but responses were highly variable for most species and the responses did not appear to follow a taxonomic pattern. We encourage researchers to evaluate their list of target species carefully before de- ciding to use mobbing playbacks to enhance response rates; in many situations mobbing tapes will not enhance detections and may complicate the interpretation of model parameters.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"8-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-30DOI: 10.2174/1874453200801010001
A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Moscoso, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, J. González, R. Reguera, A. Ferri, M. Wink, J. I. Serrano-Vela
Birds included within the Carduelini tribe (genera Rhodopechys, Carpodacus and Leucosticte) apparently be- long to the same radiation according to molecular phylogenetic analyses. Our phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene (cyt-b) indicate that some of these birds (Rhodopechys mongolica, R. githaginea and Carpodacus nipalensis) do not cluster together with their respective phenetically defined allies. This new group of birds thrives in both hot and cold arid zones and are phenetically distinct, probably because of their adaptation to different ex- treme environments. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods support the existence of this new evolu- tionary basal group among finches which might have originated about 14 million years ago.
根据分子系统发育分析，包括在Carduelini部落(Rhodopechys属，Carpodacus属和Leucosticte属)内的鸟类显然对相同的辐射很长。我们基于细胞色素b基因(cyt-b)核苷酸序列的系统发育分析表明，其中一些鸟类(Rhodopechys mongolica, R. githaginea和Carpodacus nipalensis)与它们各自的表型定义的亲缘关系不聚集在一起。这种新的鸟类在炎热和寒冷的干旱地区都能茁壮成长，并且在表型上是不同的，可能是因为它们适应了不同的极端环境。最大似然和贝叶斯推理方法都支持这一新的雀类进化基础群的存在，它可能起源于大约1400万年前。
{"title":"Mitochondrial DNA Phylogenetic Definition of a Group of 'Arid-Zone' Carduelini Finches","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Moscoso, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, J. González, R. Reguera, A. Ferri, M. Wink, J. I. Serrano-Vela","doi":"10.2174/1874453200801010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453200801010001","url":null,"abstract":"Birds included within the Carduelini tribe (genera Rhodopechys, Carpodacus and Leucosticte) apparently be- long to the same radiation according to molecular phylogenetic analyses. Our phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene (cyt-b) indicate that some of these birds (Rhodopechys mongolica, R. githaginea and Carpodacus nipalensis) do not cluster together with their respective phenetically defined allies. This new group of birds thrives in both hot and cold arid zones and are phenetically distinct, probably because of their adaptation to different ex- treme environments. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods support the existence of this new evolu- tionary basal group among finches which might have originated about 14 million years ago.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：