Pub Date : 2016-11-21DOI: 10.2174/1874453201609010039
Lisa C. Carmody, A. Cruz, J. Chace
Some host species accept eggs from brood parasites over parts of their range and reject them in other areas representing an “evolutionary lag” in the development of rejection behavior or the loss of an adapative behavior when the selection pressure of brood parasitism is removed. Hosts may deter brood parasitism through egg rejection and aggressive nest defense behavior specifically targetting female brood parasites during the egg incubation period. In areas where parasitism frequencies are spatially and temporally variable, anti-parasite behaviors may decline as costs outweigh the benefits. Along the Colorado Front Range, American robins (Turdus migratorius) breed from low elevations where the brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is abundant to near timberline (3700 m) where cowbirds are uncommon. We tested the hypothesis that egg rejection and nest defense behaviors decline with reduced probability of parasitism. We found that robins accepted 100% of immaculate (robin-like) experimental eggs at both low and high elevations, but were more likely to reject spotted (cowbird-like) experimental eggs at low elevations than high elevations. Response to egg size was more variable than to egg color. When presented with a mount of a cowbird and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) near the nest, robins responded more aggressively to cowbird models than to sparrows (control), and nest defense behavior towards cowbirds was longer and more aggressive at the lower elevation sites where cowbirds are common. These results suggest that egg rejection and nest-site aggression are costly adaptations to cowbird parasitism, and these behaviors decline when the threat of parasitism is reduced.
{"title":"Brood Parasitism Defense Behaviors Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the American Robin (Turdus Migratorius)","authors":"Lisa C. Carmody, A. Cruz, J. Chace","doi":"10.2174/1874453201609010039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201609010039","url":null,"abstract":"Some host species accept eggs from brood parasites over parts of their range and reject them in other areas representing an “evolutionary lag” in the development of rejection behavior or the loss of an adapative behavior when the selection pressure of brood parasitism is removed. Hosts may deter brood parasitism through egg rejection and aggressive nest defense behavior specifically targetting female brood parasites during the egg incubation period. In areas where parasitism frequencies are spatially and temporally variable, anti-parasite behaviors may decline as costs outweigh the benefits. Along the Colorado Front Range, American robins (Turdus migratorius) breed from low elevations where the brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is abundant to near timberline (3700 m) where cowbirds are uncommon. We tested the hypothesis that egg rejection and nest defense behaviors decline with reduced probability of parasitism. We found that robins accepted 100% of immaculate (robin-like) experimental eggs at both low and high elevations, but were more likely to reject spotted (cowbird-like) experimental eggs at low elevations than high elevations. Response to egg size was more variable than to egg color. When presented with a mount of a cowbird and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) near the nest, robins responded more aggressively to cowbird models than to sparrows (control), and nest defense behavior towards cowbirds was longer and more aggressive at the lower elevation sites where cowbirds are common. These results suggest that egg rejection and nest-site aggression are costly adaptations to cowbird parasitism, and these behaviors decline when the threat of parasitism is reduced.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"39-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68079590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-30DOI: 10.2174/1874453201609010014
A. Feduccia
Adherents of the current orthodoxy of a derivation of birds from theropod dinosaurs, criticize the commentary by Feduccia (2013, Auk, 130) [1 12] entitled “Bird Origins Anew” as well as numerous papers by Lingham-Soliar on theropod dermal fibers, using numerous mischaracterizations and misstatements of content, and illustrate their own misconceptions of the nature of the debate, which are here clarified. While there is general agreement with the affinity of birds and maniraptorans, the widely accepted phylogeny, advocating derived earth-bound maniraptorans giving rise to more primitive avians (i.e. Archaeopteryx), may be “topsyturvy.” The current primary debate concerns whether maniraptorans are ancestral or derived within the phylogeny, and whether many maniraptorans and birds form a clade distinct from true theropods. Corollaries of the current scheme show largely terrestrial maniraptoran theropods similar to the Late Cretaceous Velociraptor giving rise to avians, and flight originating via a terrestrial (cursorial) “gravity-resisted,” as opposed to an arboreal “gravity-assisted” model. The current dogma posits pennaceous flight remiges in earth-bound theropods having evolved in terrestrial theropods that never flew. As part of the orthodoxy, fully feathered maniraptorans such as the tetrapteryx gliders Microraptor and allies, are incorrectly reconstructed as terrestrial cursors, when in reality their anatomy and elongate hindlimb feathers would be a hindrance to terrestrial locomotion.The same is true of many early birds, exemplified by reconstruction of the arboreally adapted Confuciusornis as a terrestrial predator, part of the overall theropodan scheme of birds evolving from terrestrial dinosaurs, and flight from the ground up. Both sides of this contentious debate must be constantly aware that new fossil or even molecular discoveries on birds may change current conclusions.
{"title":"FANTASY VS REALITY: A Critique of Smith et al.'s Bird Origins","authors":"A. Feduccia","doi":"10.2174/1874453201609010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201609010014","url":null,"abstract":"Adherents of the current orthodoxy of a derivation of birds from theropod dinosaurs, criticize the commentary by Feduccia (2013, Auk, 130) [1 12] entitled “Bird Origins Anew” as well as numerous papers by Lingham-Soliar on theropod dermal fibers, using numerous mischaracterizations and misstatements of content, and illustrate their own misconceptions of the nature of the debate, which are here clarified. While there is general agreement with the affinity of birds and maniraptorans, the widely accepted phylogeny, advocating derived earth-bound maniraptorans giving rise to more primitive avians (i.e. Archaeopteryx), may be “topsyturvy.” The current primary debate concerns whether maniraptorans are ancestral or derived within the phylogeny, and whether many maniraptorans and birds form a clade distinct from true theropods. Corollaries of the current scheme show largely terrestrial maniraptoran theropods similar to the Late Cretaceous Velociraptor giving rise to avians, and flight originating via a terrestrial (cursorial) “gravity-resisted,” as opposed to an arboreal “gravity-assisted” model. The current dogma posits pennaceous flight remiges in earth-bound theropods having evolved in terrestrial theropods that never flew. As part of the orthodoxy, fully feathered maniraptorans such as the tetrapteryx gliders Microraptor and allies, are incorrectly reconstructed as terrestrial cursors, when in reality their anatomy and elongate hindlimb feathers would be a hindrance to terrestrial locomotion.The same is true of many early birds, exemplified by reconstruction of the arboreally adapted Confuciusornis as a terrestrial predator, part of the overall theropodan scheme of birds evolving from terrestrial dinosaurs, and flight from the ground up. Both sides of this contentious debate must be constantly aware that new fossil or even molecular discoveries on birds may change current conclusions.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"14-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68079580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-27DOI: 10.2174/1874453201609010001
L. Pârâu, D. Strubbe, E. Mori, M. Menchetti, L. Ancillotto, A. V. Kleunen, Rachel L. White, Álvaro Luna, D. Hernández‐Brito, Marine Louarn, P. Clergeau, T. Albayrak, D. Franz, Michael P. Braun, J. Schroeder, M. Wink
Alien species are considered one of the major causes contributing to the current loss of biodiversity. Over the past few decades, a large and increasing number of alien species have become invasive in many parts of the world. Their impacts range from competition for resources with native species to damage of urban infrastructure. In Europe, over a thousand alien species are now established, of which 74 are birds. Among 12 established alien parrot species in Europe, the Rose-ringed Parakeet (RRP) Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) is the most abundant and widespread. Since the 1960's, RRPs have established more than 100 wild populations in several European countries. For Western Europe, long-term demographic data indicate the species has grown considerably in number, although some populations have failed to persist. Data is scarce and dispersed for countries in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe. Therefore, here we present detailed demographic data of RRP for 90 populations in 10 European countries. Furthermore, we present information on the status of the species in another 27 European countries, for which previously no data were published. Our synthesis reveals a positive demographic trend across the continent, although locally, some populations appear to have reached carrying capacity.
{"title":"Rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri populations and numbers in Europe: a complete overview","authors":"L. Pârâu, D. Strubbe, E. Mori, M. Menchetti, L. Ancillotto, A. V. Kleunen, Rachel L. White, Álvaro Luna, D. Hernández‐Brito, Marine Louarn, P. Clergeau, T. Albayrak, D. Franz, Michael P. Braun, J. Schroeder, M. Wink","doi":"10.2174/1874453201609010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201609010001","url":null,"abstract":"Alien species are considered one of the major causes contributing to the current loss of biodiversity. Over the past few decades, a large and increasing number of alien species have become invasive in many parts of the world. Their impacts range from competition for resources with native species to damage of urban infrastructure. In Europe, over a thousand alien species are now established, of which 74 are birds. Among 12 established alien parrot species in Europe, the Rose-ringed Parakeet (RRP) Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) is the most abundant and widespread. Since the 1960's, RRPs have established more than 100 wild populations in several European countries. For Western Europe, long-term demographic data indicate the species has grown considerably in number, although some populations have failed to persist. Data is scarce and dispersed for countries in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe. Therefore, here we present detailed demographic data of RRP for 90 populations in 10 European countries. Furthermore, we present information on the status of the species in another 27 European countries, for which previously no data were published. Our synthesis reveals a positive demographic trend across the continent, although locally, some populations appear to have reached carrying capacity.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201508010039
C. Dietzen, J. Michels, M. Wink
Based on genetic and morphometric differences, Dietzen et al. (2003) (1) proposed to separate the Gran Ca- naria Robin from E. r. superbus of Tenerife as a new taxon in a nomenclaturally invalid way. Here, we provide a formal description of the new subspecies (Erithacus rubecula marionae subsp. nov.) in accordance with the rules of the Interna- tional Commission of Zoological Nomenclature.
Dietzen et al.(2003)(1)基于遗传和形态差异，提出以命名无效的方式将Gran Ca- naria Robin从Tenerife的e.r. superbus中分离出来作为一个新的分类单元。在这里，我们提供了一个正式的描述，新的亚种(埃里萨库rubbecula marionae亚种)。11月)根据国际动物命名委员会的规则命名。
{"title":"Formal Description of a New Subspecies of the European Robin fromGran Canaria Island, Spain (Aves: Muscicapidae: Erithacus rubeculamarionae subsp. nov.)","authors":"C. Dietzen, J. Michels, M. Wink","doi":"10.2174/1874453201508010039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201508010039","url":null,"abstract":"Based on genetic and morphometric differences, Dietzen et al. (2003) (1) proposed to separate the Gran Ca- naria Robin from E. r. superbus of Tenerife as a new taxon in a nomenclaturally invalid way. Here, we provide a formal description of the new subspecies (Erithacus rubecula marionae subsp. nov.) in accordance with the rules of the Interna- tional Commission of Zoological Nomenclature.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"39-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1874453201508010032
J. Walsh, T. Tuff, A. Cruz, J. Chace
Host choice by the brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an evolved response to host suit- ability, resulting in patterns of differential parasitism rates among species within a community. In the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of the Colorado Front Range, we recorded that Western Wood-pewee (Contopus sordidulus) is infrequently parasitized (1%, n = 259 nests) by the Brown-headed Cowbird, whereas the Plumbeous Vireo (Vireo plum- beus) is heavily parasitized (51%, n = 292). To account for differences in parasitism rates on these species we experimen- tally parasitized pewee nests with cowbird eggs, and we compared host aggression towards cowbird models, host nest at- tentiveness, nest placement, and egg-laying dates in these species. Pewees accepted cowbirds eggs and reacted more ag- gressively towards the cowbird model than the control model, were more attentive at their nest sites than vireos, and placed their nests higher and closer to the trunk than vireos. Egg-laying dates for vireos and cowbirds overlapped more than the egg-laying dates for pewees and cowbirds. We suggest that temporal asynchrony in host availability, coupled with differences in nest placement and behavior at the nest, help to account for the observed differences in parasitism rates between these two species.
{"title":"Differential Parasitism Between Two Suitable Cowbird Hosts","authors":"J. Walsh, T. Tuff, A. Cruz, J. Chace","doi":"10.2174/1874453201508010032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201508010032","url":null,"abstract":"Host choice by the brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an evolved response to host suit- ability, resulting in patterns of differential parasitism rates among species within a community. In the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of the Colorado Front Range, we recorded that Western Wood-pewee (Contopus sordidulus) is infrequently parasitized (1%, n = 259 nests) by the Brown-headed Cowbird, whereas the Plumbeous Vireo (Vireo plum- beus) is heavily parasitized (51%, n = 292). To account for differences in parasitism rates on these species we experimen- tally parasitized pewee nests with cowbird eggs, and we compared host aggression towards cowbird models, host nest at- tentiveness, nest placement, and egg-laying dates in these species. Pewees accepted cowbirds eggs and reacted more ag- gressively towards the cowbird model than the control model, were more attentive at their nest sites than vireos, and placed their nests higher and closer to the trunk than vireos. Egg-laying dates for vireos and cowbirds overlapped more than the egg-laying dates for pewees and cowbirds. We suggest that temporal asynchrony in host availability, coupled with differences in nest placement and behavior at the nest, help to account for the observed differences in parasitism rates between these two species.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"32-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-29DOI: 10.2174/1874453201508010022
A. Lill, E. Hales
Avian urban colonization is thought to be facilitated by a capacity for innovative feeding, ecological generalism and social foraging. However, the relative importance in exploiting urban resources and avoiding urban predators of being inherently 'pre-adapted' to the urban environment or adjusting to it through phenotypic plasticity requires more examina- tion. These issues were explored in a native 'urban adapter', the Little raven Corvus mellori, by comparing its foraging ecology, group size and nest site use in Melbourne, Australia, and the surrounding exurban environment. Urban individu- als manipulated human food waste and gleaned from sealed surfaces more than exurban conspecifics (suggesting behav- ioural flexibility), but foraging behaviour and substrate use were broadly similar in both environments (suggesting 'preadaptation'). Little ravens foraged close to conspecifics and heterospecifics more frequently in the urban than the ex- urban environment, but some potential dietary competitors rarely foraged near urban Little ravens, possibly indicating some niche partitioning. Mean urban rate of agonistic interaction with other bird species was low (0.023 interactions per foraging raven observed). Although displacement of a raven >10 m occurred in 61-70% of such interactions, the displaced individual usually rapidly resumed foraging nearby. Thus aggressive, interspecific interference competition for food ap- peared limited. Large groups of Little ravens were twice as common in the exurban as the urban environment, which was inconsistent with the hypothesis that social foraging facilitated urban colonization. Nest tree type (predominantly euca- lypts), size and isolation were similar in urban and exurban environments, but urban nests were significantly more con- cealed. We suggest that 'preadaptation', behavioural innovation and a relative lack of significant, interspecific food com- petition have contributed to urban colonization by Little ravens.
{"title":"Behavioural and Ecological Keys to Urban Colonization by Little Ravens (Corvus mellori)","authors":"A. Lill, E. Hales","doi":"10.2174/1874453201508010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201508010022","url":null,"abstract":"Avian urban colonization is thought to be facilitated by a capacity for innovative feeding, ecological generalism and social foraging. However, the relative importance in exploiting urban resources and avoiding urban predators of being inherently 'pre-adapted' to the urban environment or adjusting to it through phenotypic plasticity requires more examina- tion. These issues were explored in a native 'urban adapter', the Little raven Corvus mellori, by comparing its foraging ecology, group size and nest site use in Melbourne, Australia, and the surrounding exurban environment. Urban individu- als manipulated human food waste and gleaned from sealed surfaces more than exurban conspecifics (suggesting behav- ioural flexibility), but foraging behaviour and substrate use were broadly similar in both environments (suggesting 'preadaptation'). Little ravens foraged close to conspecifics and heterospecifics more frequently in the urban than the ex- urban environment, but some potential dietary competitors rarely foraged near urban Little ravens, possibly indicating some niche partitioning. Mean urban rate of agonistic interaction with other bird species was low (0.023 interactions per foraging raven observed). Although displacement of a raven >10 m occurred in 61-70% of such interactions, the displaced individual usually rapidly resumed foraging nearby. Thus aggressive, interspecific interference competition for food ap- peared limited. Large groups of Little ravens were twice as common in the exurban as the urban environment, which was inconsistent with the hypothesis that social foraging facilitated urban colonization. Nest tree type (predominantly euca- lypts), size and isolation were similar in urban and exurban environments, but urban nests were significantly more con- cealed. We suggest that 'preadaptation', behavioural innovation and a relative lack of significant, interspecific food com- petition have contributed to urban colonization by Little ravens.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-02DOI: 10.2174/1874453201508010001
Heidi L. Adams, L. Burger, Gomez-Prieto, S. Riffell
Conservation Reserve Program Conservation Practice 33 (CP33: Conservation Buffers for Upland Birds) pro- vides habitat for grassland birds in agriculture-dominated landscapes. However, landscape context and adjacency of other land covers may influence colonization, occupancy, and reproductive performance of breeding grassland birds in buffers. Our objective was to determine how edge effects influence diversity and density of breeding grassland birds in CP33 buffers. Data collected during transect surveys in CP33 buffers at a privately-owned farm in Clay County, Mississippi, USA during the 2007� 2009 breeding seasons indicated that buffers with a woody edge had the least diversity and density of grassland and facultative grassland birds. Dickcissels (Spiza americana), the most abundant grassland bird species de- tected in buffers, had a lower density in woodland-bordered buffers than in grassland-bordered buffers. Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) had a lower density in buffers adjacent to woodlands than buffers adjacent to developed areas and those bordered on both sides by crop fields. Conversely, Indigo Buntings, (Passerina cyanea) a woodland edge species, had the greatest density in woodland-bordered buffers when compared to buffers adjacent to grassland and devel- oped areas. These results demonstrate that adjacency influences colonization processes and conservation design should explicitly incorporate local landscape context in field and farm-scale conservation plans. Where conservation of obligate grassland birds is a primary objective of native grass conservation buffers, avoidance of buffer establishment adjacent to woodlands may maximize environmental services as measured by grassland bird diversity and density.
{"title":"Edge Effects on Avian Diversity and Density of Native Grass Conservation Buffers","authors":"Heidi L. Adams, L. Burger, Gomez-Prieto, S. Riffell","doi":"10.2174/1874453201508010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201508010001","url":null,"abstract":"Conservation Reserve Program Conservation Practice 33 (CP33: Conservation Buffers for Upland Birds) pro- vides habitat for grassland birds in agriculture-dominated landscapes. However, landscape context and adjacency of other land covers may influence colonization, occupancy, and reproductive performance of breeding grassland birds in buffers. Our objective was to determine how edge effects influence diversity and density of breeding grassland birds in CP33 buffers. Data collected during transect surveys in CP33 buffers at a privately-owned farm in Clay County, Mississippi, USA during the 2007� 2009 breeding seasons indicated that buffers with a woody edge had the least diversity and density of grassland and facultative grassland birds. Dickcissels (Spiza americana), the most abundant grassland bird species de- tected in buffers, had a lower density in woodland-bordered buffers than in grassland-bordered buffers. Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) had a lower density in buffers adjacent to woodlands than buffers adjacent to developed areas and those bordered on both sides by crop fields. Conversely, Indigo Buntings, (Passerina cyanea) a woodland edge species, had the greatest density in woodland-bordered buffers when compared to buffers adjacent to grassland and devel- oped areas. These results demonstrate that adjacency influences colonization processes and conservation design should explicitly incorporate local landscape context in field and farm-scale conservation plans. Where conservation of obligate grassland birds is a primary objective of native grass conservation buffers, avoidance of buffer establishment adjacent to woodlands may maximize environmental services as measured by grassland bird diversity and density.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1874453201508010010
C. Somers, Leanne M. Heisler, Jennifer L. Doucette, Victoria A. Kjoss, R. Brigham
{"title":"Edge Effects on Avian Diversity and Density of Native Grass Conservation Buffers","authors":"C. Somers, Leanne M. Heisler, Jennifer L. Doucette, Victoria A. Kjoss, R. Brigham","doi":"10.2174/1874453201508010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201508010010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-12DOI: 10.2174/1874453201407010055
A. Arnaiz-Villena, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, P. Gómez-Prieto, D. Rey, Mercedes Enríquez-de-Salamanca, J. Marco, E. Muñiz, M. Martín-Villa, C. Areces
Rhodopechys sangineus phylogeny together with a group of Carduelini finches has been analyzed. Mitochon- drial cyt b molecule has been used for species comparison and maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods have been em- ployed in order to obtain a solid phylogeny. Compared Carduelini finches groups include: Greenfinches, "Arid-Zone" finches and Genera Rhodopechys and Pyrrhula species. Our results lead to conclude: 1) Genus Rhodopechys included species should need a new taxonomic classification; 2) Genus Pyrrhula shares a common ancestor with "Arid-Zone" finches group; the latter is phylogenetically a separate clade, including species from Carpodacus, Rhodopechys and Leu- costicte Genera, and 3) Pinicola enucleator belongs to Genus Pyrrhula and seems to be ancestral. Results show that a sis- tematics revision of Carduelini tribe bird species is required.
{"title":"Carduelini New Sistematics: Crimson-winged Finch (Rhodopechys sangineus) is Included in “Arid-Zone” Carduelini Finches by Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, P. Gómez-Prieto, D. Rey, Mercedes Enríquez-de-Salamanca, J. Marco, E. Muñiz, M. Martín-Villa, C. Areces","doi":"10.2174/1874453201407010055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010055","url":null,"abstract":"Rhodopechys sangineus phylogeny together with a group of Carduelini finches has been analyzed. Mitochon- drial cyt b molecule has been used for species comparison and maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods have been em- ployed in order to obtain a solid phylogeny. Compared Carduelini finches groups include: Greenfinches, \"Arid-Zone\" finches and Genera Rhodopechys and Pyrrhula species. Our results lead to conclude: 1) Genus Rhodopechys included species should need a new taxonomic classification; 2) Genus Pyrrhula shares a common ancestor with \"Arid-Zone\" finches group; the latter is phylogenetically a separate clade, including species from Carpodacus, Rhodopechys and Leu- costicte Genera, and 3) Pinicola enucleator belongs to Genus Pyrrhula and seems to be ancestral. Results show that a sis- tematics revision of Carduelini tribe bird species is required.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"55-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-29DOI: 10.2174/1874453201407010049
D. Wood, L. W. Burger, F. J. Vilella
We investigated the relationship between red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) reproductive success and microhabitat characteristics in a southeastern loblolly (Pinus taeda) and shortleaf (P. echinata) pine forest. From 1997 to 1999, we recorded reproductive success parameters of 41 red-cockaded woodpecker groups at the Bienville National Forest, Mississippi. Microhabitat characteristics were measured for each group during the nesting season. Logistic regres- sion identified understory vegetation height and small nesting season home range size as predictors of red-cockaded woodpecker nest attempts. Linear regression models identified several variables as predictors of red-cockaded wood- pecker reproductive success including group density, reduced hardwood component, small nesting season home range size, and shorter foraging distances. Red-cockaded woodpecker reproductive success was correlated with habitat and be- havioral characteristics that emphasize high quality habitat. By providing high quality foraging habitat during the nesting season, red-cockaded woodpeckers can successfully reproduce within small home ranges.
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