Pub Date : 2012-11-23DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010073
A. Arnaiz-Villena, C. Areces, D. Rey, Mercedes Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Javier Alonso-Rubio, V. Ruíz-del-Valle
Three separate and parallel North American Carduelis evolutionary radiations have been identified. North American siskin radiation (starting about 2.7 million years ago) comprises siskin, Antillean siskin, black-capped siskin, pine siskin and pine siskin perplexus. C. spinus could have passed to America through the Beringia or Greenland coast and, during Pliocene Epoch, reached the Antilles and evolved into Antillean siskin (C. dominicensis), endemic to Hispaniola Island. It is ancestor of pine siskin. Pine Siskin, also a sister taxon of C. spinus, thrives in North America from Alaska to Guatemala since about 0.2 MYA. It lives below the Mexican Isthmus in the highlands from northern Chiapas (Mexico) to western Guatemala. Black-capped siskin (C. atri- ceps) is a sister species of C. spinus, with which it shares habitat and territory. C. pinus green-backed morphs may have been mis- taken by C. atriceps which is a grey-backed finch. Mesoamerican goldfinch radiation (starting about 5 million years ago) includes C. tristis (American goldfinch), C. psaltria (lesser goldfinch) and C. lawrencei (Lawrence's goldfinch). They all thrive in west- ern United States and Mexico, down to northern South America. C. psaltria is a North American bird that colonized South American habitats to North Peru and evolved into darker head and back while going southwards. South American siskin radiation started about 3.5 million years ago; parental C. notata thrives in Mexican mountains and successfully colonized South America, giv- ing rise to this radiation. South American Carduelis radiation occurred only when mesothermal plants from the Rocky Mountains invaded the Andean spine after emergence of the Panama Isthmus.
{"title":"Three Different North American Siskin/Goldfinch Evolutionary Radia-tions (Genus Carduelis): Pine Siskin Green Morphs and European Siskins in America","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, C. Areces, D. Rey, Mercedes Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Javier Alonso-Rubio, V. Ruíz-del-Valle","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010073","url":null,"abstract":"Three separate and parallel North American Carduelis evolutionary radiations have been identified. North American siskin radiation (starting about 2.7 million years ago) comprises siskin, Antillean siskin, black-capped siskin, pine siskin and pine siskin perplexus. C. spinus could have passed to America through the Beringia or Greenland coast and, during Pliocene Epoch, reached the Antilles and evolved into Antillean siskin (C. dominicensis), endemic to Hispaniola Island. It is ancestor of pine siskin. Pine Siskin, also a sister taxon of C. spinus, thrives in North America from Alaska to Guatemala since about 0.2 MYA. It lives below the Mexican Isthmus in the highlands from northern Chiapas (Mexico) to western Guatemala. Black-capped siskin (C. atri- ceps) is a sister species of C. spinus, with which it shares habitat and territory. C. pinus green-backed morphs may have been mis- taken by C. atriceps which is a grey-backed finch. Mesoamerican goldfinch radiation (starting about 5 million years ago) includes C. tristis (American goldfinch), C. psaltria (lesser goldfinch) and C. lawrencei (Lawrence's goldfinch). They all thrive in west- ern United States and Mexico, down to northern South America. C. psaltria is a North American bird that colonized South American habitats to North Peru and evolved into darker head and back while going southwards. South American siskin radiation started about 3.5 million years ago; parental C. notata thrives in Mexican mountains and successfully colonized South America, giv- ing rise to this radiation. South American Carduelis radiation occurred only when mesothermal plants from the Rocky Mountains invaded the Andean spine after emergence of the Panama Isthmus.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"73-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-10DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010061
W. Wilson, B. Brown
The Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin)) is a migratory fringillid breeding across the northern co- niferous forests of North America. Although irruptions occur, little information has been gathered on the movements of individual birds. We used the 19,893 re-encounters of banded birds in the Bird Banding Laboratory database to identify patterns of movements and to examine wintering and breeding site fidelity. After normalizing the data for banding effort, we found that birds banded in the northeastern United States tended to move along the Atlantic Seaboard. Most birds banded in the upper Mid-west also moved along a north-south axis. Purple Finches west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains in the far west rarely move east of those mountains. Throughout the range of the species, most movements tend to be along the north-south axis. The re-encounter data indicated a strong level of breeding site and wintering site fidelity with evidence of some year-round fidelity. Analysis of re-encounters as a function of season of banding and season of re- encounter demonstrated that birds stayed close to their breeding grounds during the fall before leaving for their wintering areas. Birds departed from the wintering areas early in the spring.
{"title":"Fidelity and Interseasonal Movements of Purple Finches (Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin)): Analysis of Band Re-encounter Data","authors":"W. Wilson, B. Brown","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010061","url":null,"abstract":"The Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin)) is a migratory fringillid breeding across the northern co- niferous forests of North America. Although irruptions occur, little information has been gathered on the movements of individual birds. We used the 19,893 re-encounters of banded birds in the Bird Banding Laboratory database to identify patterns of movements and to examine wintering and breeding site fidelity. After normalizing the data for banding effort, we found that birds banded in the northeastern United States tended to move along the Atlantic Seaboard. Most birds banded in the upper Mid-west also moved along a north-south axis. Purple Finches west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains in the far west rarely move east of those mountains. Throughout the range of the species, most movements tend to be along the north-south axis. The re-encounter data indicated a strong level of breeding site and wintering site fidelity with evidence of some year-round fidelity. Analysis of re-encounters as a function of season of banding and season of re- encounter demonstrated that birds stayed close to their breeding grounds during the fall before leaving for their wintering areas. Birds departed from the wintering areas early in the spring.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"61-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-06DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010057
Y. Mori
Bio-logging is a useful technique for obtaining information on foraging behaviour, physiology, and environ- mental conditions from animals in marine ecosystems. By integrating this information, researchers can investigate the ecology of general prey-predator system in terms of their optimal behaviour with the help of theoretical models. In the present study, I analyse the diving behaviour of two chinstrap penguins using an index of diving behaviour optimality as a case study. Because of small sample size in the study, I demonstrate possibility to prove the association between calcu- lated optimality index and breeding success in birds and how it basically would be possible if more individuals would be included in analyses. This index is the proportion of observed dive time to "standard" dive time. Standard dive time is de- fined as an "optimal" dive time that maximises the proportion of bottom time to the duration of a dive cycle for a given travel time. Using this index, I found a difference in the optimality of diving behaviour and prey conditions experienced between birds, which may cause differences in chick growth rate. Because many dives have already been recorded using bio-logging techniques, using this index to analyse diving behaviour could give new insights into the foraging ecology of top predators in marine ecosystems.
{"title":"Differences in Diving Behaviour Optimality May Cause Differences in Reproductive Success in Chinstrap Penguins: A Cases Study","authors":"Y. Mori","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010057","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-logging is a useful technique for obtaining information on foraging behaviour, physiology, and environ- mental conditions from animals in marine ecosystems. By integrating this information, researchers can investigate the ecology of general prey-predator system in terms of their optimal behaviour with the help of theoretical models. In the present study, I analyse the diving behaviour of two chinstrap penguins using an index of diving behaviour optimality as a case study. Because of small sample size in the study, I demonstrate possibility to prove the association between calcu- lated optimality index and breeding success in birds and how it basically would be possible if more individuals would be included in analyses. This index is the proportion of observed dive time to \"standard\" dive time. Standard dive time is de- fined as an \"optimal\" dive time that maximises the proportion of bottom time to the duration of a dive cycle for a given travel time. Using this index, I found a difference in the optimality of diving behaviour and prey conditions experienced between birds, which may cause differences in chick growth rate. Because many dives have already been recorded using bio-logging techniques, using this index to analyse diving behaviour could give new insights into the foraging ecology of top predators in marine ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"57-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010042
Billy Nguembock, C. Cruaud, C. Denys
African warblers (or Cisticolidae family) are small perching song birds with a large number of genera distrib- uted throughout the World. The phylogeny of Cisticolidae is well-supported but their diversification is currently poorly known. To deepen their understanding of phylogeny and investigate their diversification, we sequenced four loci (mito- chondrial ATPase 6, ND2 and ND3, and nuclear myoglobin intron 2) for several new cisticolid taxa and added several other sequences. Our analyses retrieve the monophyly of the African warblers and confirm Neomixis as their deepest branch. A group of taxa appear as their potential sister-taxa with our ND2 analyses but not with our combined analyses. New relationships are well-supported. Thus Scotocerca inquieta nests in the cettid clade whereas Camaroptera super- ciliaris, Cisticola chubbi, Cisticola tinniens, Prinia flavicans and Poliolais lopezi belong to the cisticolid clade. Our re- sults support a splitting of the African warblers in two main clades. The first clade consists of genera Orthotomus, Prinia, Cisticola, Scepomycter, Incana, Bathmocercus, Eminia, Hypergerus and Heliolais while the second includes genera Poli- olais, Camaroptera, Urolais, Artisornis, Oreolais, Apalis, Schistolais, Calamonastes and Spiloptila. Our results confirm the polyphyly of Orthotomus which generates a muddle between some Cettia species and other Asian tailorbirds. Waiting a study with Orthotomus sepium Horsf., 1821, to clarify their taxonomy, we suggest temporarily that the name Phyller- gates cucullatus Temminck, 1836, refers to Orthotomus cucullatus of the present study. Our dating analysis reveals that cisticolid clades began their diversification during the transition Early-Middle Miocene epoch and at the beginning of the Pliocene epoch. The diversification of the "open cisticolid" clade would have occurred during the Middle Miocene but that of the "forest cisticolid" lineage would have taken place during the Upper Miocene.
{"title":"A Large Evaluation of Passerine Cisticolids (Aves: Passeriformes): More About Their Phylogeny and Diversification","authors":"Billy Nguembock, C. Cruaud, C. Denys","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010042","url":null,"abstract":"African warblers (or Cisticolidae family) are small perching song birds with a large number of genera distrib- uted throughout the World. The phylogeny of Cisticolidae is well-supported but their diversification is currently poorly known. To deepen their understanding of phylogeny and investigate their diversification, we sequenced four loci (mito- chondrial ATPase 6, ND2 and ND3, and nuclear myoglobin intron 2) for several new cisticolid taxa and added several other sequences. Our analyses retrieve the monophyly of the African warblers and confirm Neomixis as their deepest branch. A group of taxa appear as their potential sister-taxa with our ND2 analyses but not with our combined analyses. New relationships are well-supported. Thus Scotocerca inquieta nests in the cettid clade whereas Camaroptera super- ciliaris, Cisticola chubbi, Cisticola tinniens, Prinia flavicans and Poliolais lopezi belong to the cisticolid clade. Our re- sults support a splitting of the African warblers in two main clades. The first clade consists of genera Orthotomus, Prinia, Cisticola, Scepomycter, Incana, Bathmocercus, Eminia, Hypergerus and Heliolais while the second includes genera Poli- olais, Camaroptera, Urolais, Artisornis, Oreolais, Apalis, Schistolais, Calamonastes and Spiloptila. Our results confirm the polyphyly of Orthotomus which generates a muddle between some Cettia species and other Asian tailorbirds. Waiting a study with Orthotomus sepium Horsf., 1821, to clarify their taxonomy, we suggest temporarily that the name Phyller- gates cucullatus Temminck, 1836, refers to Orthotomus cucullatus of the present study. Our dating analysis reveals that cisticolid clades began their diversification during the transition Early-Middle Miocene epoch and at the beginning of the Pliocene epoch. The diversification of the \"open cisticolid\" clade would have occurred during the Middle Miocene but that of the \"forest cisticolid\" lineage would have taken place during the Upper Miocene.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"42-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-27DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010032
J. Penhallurick
The basis of the widespread practice of recent years to recognise 23 or 24 species of albatross is critically ex- amined. In large part this can be traced back to an analysis which split the traditional species of albatross on the basis of theoretical fiat: the embrace of the narrow Phylogenetic Species Concept. The role of conservation concerns in albatross taxonomy is examined and rejected. Claims that introgression is likely to explain the low cytochrome-b distance found be- tween many "new" albatross species are rejected. An analysis of climatic conditions at albatross breeding colonies can ex- plain plumage differences in the ontogeny of albatross taxa, and plumage colouration can be related to differing environ- mental pressures. It is concluded that the variation among taxa within albatross taxa is ecophenotypic. Finally, it is sug- gested that a plausible mechanism for such variation can be found in epigenetics.
{"title":"The Number of Albatross (Diomedeidae) Species","authors":"J. Penhallurick","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010032","url":null,"abstract":"The basis of the widespread practice of recent years to recognise 23 or 24 species of albatross is critically ex- amined. In large part this can be traced back to an analysis which split the traditional species of albatross on the basis of theoretical fiat: the embrace of the narrow Phylogenetic Species Concept. The role of conservation concerns in albatross taxonomy is examined and rejected. Claims that introgression is likely to explain the low cytochrome-b distance found be- tween many \"new\" albatross species are rejected. An analysis of climatic conditions at albatross breeding colonies can ex- plain plumage differences in the ontogeny of albatross taxa, and plumage colouration can be related to differing environ- mental pressures. It is concluded that the variation among taxa within albatross taxa is ecophenotypic. Finally, it is sug- gested that a plausible mechanism for such variation can be found in epigenetics.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"32-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-14DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010026
R. Kinzelbach
The reverse side of the Artemidorus Papyrus, which was latest created early in the first century A.D. in Alexandria, features 47 drawings of animals by the same illustrator. In most cases, the Greek name of the animal is given. According to an Aristotelian "heading", the papyrus shows "terrestrial quadrupeds, birds, fish and whales". The taxa vary: one jellyfish, one mantis shrimp, five fishes s. l., six reptiles s. l., eleven birds and seventeen mammals. The work fits into the Hellenistic tradition of realistic animal illustrations. The papyrus was obviously produced and used as a pattern book. All the animals depicted are from Africa or the Mediterranean, except for eleven which can be said with certainty to come from India and four others which occur in both Africa and Asia. The Indian animals were presented to Princeps Augustus (r. 31 B.C. - 14 A.D.) in the summer of 20 B.C. in Daphne, Antioch and in the winter of 20/19 B.C. on the island of Samos by a delegation sent by King Poros of India (ruler of 600 kings), a Gujarati monarch hoping to establish trade relations with the Roman Empire. The delegation made its way to Rome via Antioch where it split for Samos and Athens accompanying Augustus, and via Alexandria, where a number of its animals were recorded on the Artemidorus Papyrus. Some of the species portrayed are also attested to by Strabo fide Nikolaos of Damascus. Others of the same exotic origin to be depicted in Alexandria include the four-horned antelope and the cassowary examined below. The complexity of the animal depictions on the reverse of this papyrus and the numerous details pinning it to historical events are enough to put paid to the notion that the Artemidorus Papyrus is a forgery. An asiatic bird named cornica which is described in an apocryph Plinius edition cited by medieval authors, unmistakeably is a cassowary, probably the same specimen.
{"title":"A Cassowary Casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Record from Alexandria, Egypt, in 20 B.C. (Aves, Ratitae, Casuaridae)","authors":"R. Kinzelbach","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010026","url":null,"abstract":"The reverse side of the Artemidorus Papyrus, which was latest created early in the first century A.D. in Alexandria, features 47 drawings of animals by the same illustrator. In most cases, the Greek name of the animal is given. According to an Aristotelian \"heading\", the papyrus shows \"terrestrial quadrupeds, birds, fish and whales\". The taxa vary: one jellyfish, one mantis shrimp, five fishes s. l., six reptiles s. l., eleven birds and seventeen mammals. The work fits into the Hellenistic tradition of realistic animal illustrations. The papyrus was obviously produced and used as a pattern book. All the animals depicted are from Africa or the Mediterranean, except for eleven which can be said with certainty to come from India and four others which occur in both Africa and Asia. The Indian animals were presented to Princeps Augustus (r. 31 B.C. - 14 A.D.) in the summer of 20 B.C. in Daphne, Antioch and in the winter of 20/19 B.C. on the island of Samos by a delegation sent by King Poros of India (ruler of 600 kings), a Gujarati monarch hoping to establish trade relations with the Roman Empire. The delegation made its way to Rome via Antioch where it split for Samos and Athens accompanying Augustus, and via Alexandria, where a number of its animals were recorded on the Artemidorus Papyrus. Some of the species portrayed are also attested to by Strabo fide Nikolaos of Damascus. Others of the same exotic origin to be depicted in Alexandria include the four-horned antelope and the cassowary examined below. The complexity of the animal depictions on the reverse of this papyrus and the numerous details pinning it to historical events are enough to put paid to the notion that the Artemidorus Papyrus is a forgery. An asiatic bird named cornica which is described in an apocryph Plinius edition cited by medieval authors, unmistakeably is a cassowary, probably the same specimen.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"26-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-16DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010018
A. Cook
Reported here are primary avian geographical records for the nation of Peru and for the western declivity of the Peruvian Andes. Not previously encountered anywhere in Peru is Myrmeciza exsul (Chestnut-backed Antbird), a periorbitally blue thamnophilid possessing apically maculate tectrices. This species was observed on the western inclination of the Andean Mountains in Peru. Recorded primally on the occidental Andean declivity of Peru were (1) a representative of Myiodynastes manifesting a flavous coronal vitta that is centrally ardent (Golden-crowned Flycatcher); (2) an emberizid (Chlorospingus) exhibiting a flavous throat and flavescent crissum (Yellow-throated Bush-Tanager); (3) a small cardinalid (Piranga leucoptera, White-winged Tanager) possessing fasciate alae; and (4) examples of a congener of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), the females of which possess a nigrous pileum. The geographic distribution of M. exsul and the ranges of the other four species on the occidental Andean inclination are extended australly. In addition, the distribution of the races of Myiodynastes chrysocephalus (Golden-crowned Flycatcher) is clarified. Observations of the picid and the tyrannid occurred at elevations below those that had been recorded for these taxa. I differentiate each of the five taxa from related taxa in Ecuador and Peru, and delineate their geographic distributions, elevational extents, vagility, and reproductive periods.
这里报告了秘鲁国家和秘鲁安第斯山脉西部倾斜的主要鸟类地理记录。以前在秘鲁的任何地方都没有遇到过桃背蚁(栗背蚁)，这是一种环绕轨道的蓝色蚁类，具有顶端斑纹的结构。本种是在秘鲁安第斯山脉的西斜上观察到的。主要记录在秘鲁安第斯山脉的西部斜坡上:(1)Myiodynastes的一个代表，表现出一个有味道的冠状vitta，中心是炽热的(金冠捕蝇鸟);(2)一种emberizix (Chlorospingus)，表现出有味道的喉部和有味道的肛部(Yellow-throated Bush-Tanager);(3)一种小雀属(白翅雀属，pianga leucoptera, white - wings Tanager)，有双翅;(4)象牙喙啄木鸟(Campephilus principalis)的近亲，其雌性具有黑色的毛。在安第斯山脉西侧的分布和其他四种的分布范围都向南扩展。此外，还明确了金冠捕蝇蝇属(Myiodynastes chrysocephalus)的种系分布。暴龙和暴龙的观察发生在低于这些分类群记录的海拔高度。我将这五个分类群与厄瓜多尔和秘鲁的相关分类群区分开来，并描绘了它们的地理分布、海拔范围、易变性和繁殖期。
{"title":"Updated Assessment of Several Avian Species from Peru in the Context of their Elevational Extents, Reproductive Period and Taxonomy","authors":"A. Cook","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010018","url":null,"abstract":"Reported here are primary avian geographical records for the nation of Peru and for the western declivity of the Peruvian Andes. Not previously encountered anywhere in Peru is Myrmeciza exsul (Chestnut-backed Antbird), a periorbitally blue thamnophilid possessing apically maculate tectrices. This species was observed on the western inclination of the Andean Mountains in Peru. Recorded primally on the occidental Andean declivity of Peru were (1) a representative of Myiodynastes manifesting a flavous coronal vitta that is centrally ardent (Golden-crowned Flycatcher); (2) an emberizid (Chlorospingus) exhibiting a flavous throat and flavescent crissum (Yellow-throated Bush-Tanager); (3) a small cardinalid (Piranga leucoptera, White-winged Tanager) possessing fasciate alae; and (4) examples of a congener of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), the females of which possess a nigrous pileum. The geographic distribution of M. exsul and the ranges of the other four species on the occidental Andean inclination are extended australly. In addition, the distribution of the races of Myiodynastes chrysocephalus (Golden-crowned Flycatcher) is clarified. Observations of the picid and the tyrannid occurred at elevations below those that had been recorded for these taxa. I differentiate each of the five taxa from related taxa in Ecuador and Peru, and delineate their geographic distributions, elevational extents, vagility, and reproductive periods.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"18-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-16DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010005
R. McKinney, S. McWilliams
We present a model for calculating energy-based carrying capacities for bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), a small North American sea duck wintering in coastal and estuarine habitats. Our model uses estimates of the seasonal energy expenditures that incorporate site-specific energetic costs of thermoregulation, along with available prey energy densities to calculate carrying capacities in numbers of birds per winter. The model was used to calculate carrying capacities under several foraging scenarios for bufflehead wintering at three urban and three rural sites in the coastal northeast U.S. We found that energy-based carrying capacities varied from 20 - 320 birds per site per winter (0.38 - 6.22 birds per hectare), and showed a trend towards increasing with prey energy density (r = 0.53) and with decreasing average daily energy expenditure (r 2 = 0.57, p = 0.08). We found greater prey species richness at rural sites, but similar prey biomass and productivity across all sites. Bufflehead density averaged 1.89 ± 2.34 birds per hectare (range 0.38 - 6.22 birds per hectare) across the sites. Bufflehead abundance at urban sites was reduced by an average of 43.7% from that predicted using the relationship between per-hectare carrying capacity and bufflehead abundance at rural sites. This difference may arise from natural or human induced factors that act to limit sea duck populations on wintering habitats.
{"title":"Energy-Based Carrying Capacities of Bufflehead Bucephala albeola Wintering Habitats","authors":"R. McKinney, S. McWilliams","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010005","url":null,"abstract":"We present a model for calculating energy-based carrying capacities for bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), a small North American sea duck wintering in coastal and estuarine habitats. Our model uses estimates of the seasonal energy expenditures that incorporate site-specific energetic costs of thermoregulation, along with available prey energy densities to calculate carrying capacities in numbers of birds per winter. The model was used to calculate carrying capacities under several foraging scenarios for bufflehead wintering at three urban and three rural sites in the coastal northeast U.S. We found that energy-based carrying capacities varied from 20 - 320 birds per site per winter (0.38 - 6.22 birds per hectare), and showed a trend towards increasing with prey energy density (r = 0.53) and with decreasing average daily energy expenditure (r 2 = 0.57, p = 0.08). We found greater prey species richness at rural sites, but similar prey biomass and productivity across all sites. Bufflehead density averaged 1.89 ± 2.34 birds per hectare (range 0.38 - 6.22 birds per hectare) across the sites. Bufflehead abundance at urban sites was reduced by an average of 43.7% from that predicted using the relationship between per-hectare carrying capacity and bufflehead abundance at rural sites. This difference may arise from natural or human induced factors that act to limit sea duck populations on wintering habitats.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"5-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-16DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010001
R. Jonker, W. Tamis
Poaching for the pet bird trade is one of the main threats to wild parrots. Parrots in urban areas might be exempt from poaching because nests are likely inaccessible in the urban mosaic of public and private lands where the public and authorities keep more effective vigilance than in natural habitats. We report on the demographics and fate of a small population of exotic Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao L.) introduced into the urban area of Haarlem in The Netherlands in the 1970's, which has a temperate, maritime climate, quite unlike the natural breeding area of the species. One breeding pair was reported, with successful breeding attempts in at least eight years between 1980 and 2009. A series of poaching events between 2005 and 2009 likely lead to the demise of the local nesting population of Scarlet Macaws.
{"title":"Introduction, Breeding and Poaching of Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao L.) in a Temperate Country: A Case Study from The Netherlands","authors":"R. Jonker, W. Tamis","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010001","url":null,"abstract":"Poaching for the pet bird trade is one of the main threats to wild parrots. Parrots in urban areas might be exempt from poaching because nests are likely inaccessible in the urban mosaic of public and private lands where the public and authorities keep more effective vigilance than in natural habitats. We report on the demographics and fate of a small population of exotic Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao L.) introduced into the urban area of Haarlem in The Netherlands in the 1970's, which has a temperate, maritime climate, quite unlike the natural breeding area of the species. One breeding pair was reported, with successful breeding attempts in at least eight years between 1980 and 2009. A series of poaching events between 2005 and 2009 likely lead to the demise of the local nesting population of Scarlet Macaws.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-07DOI: 10.2174/1874453201104010030
N. Hasan
One of the behavioral aspects of passerine birds is their dawn chorus. Therefore the onset of dawn chorus in three bird species (blackbirds, bulbuls and house sparrows) was investigated in different seasons, years and geographical locations with varying temperature range and altitude. Results show that the onset of dawn chorus varied for the different seasons of the year but was similar from year to year and was not affected by varying geographical locations with different altitude and climate. Results also show that different bird species start singing independently of each other. This is the first time that such parameters are investigated for any bird species.
{"title":"Effect of Seasonal Variations, Altitude and Geographical Location on the Onset of Dawn Chorus in Three Bird Species in Middle East","authors":"N. Hasan","doi":"10.2174/1874453201104010030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201104010030","url":null,"abstract":"One of the behavioral aspects of passerine birds is their dawn chorus. Therefore the onset of dawn chorus in three bird species (blackbirds, bulbuls and house sparrows) was investigated in different seasons, years and geographical locations with varying temperature range and altitude. Results show that the onset of dawn chorus varied for the different seasons of the year but was similar from year to year and was not affected by varying geographical locations with different altitude and climate. Results also show that different bird species start singing independently of each other. This is the first time that such parameters are investigated for any bird species.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"30-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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