Pub Date : 2014-09-08DOI: 10.2174/1874453201407010040
Beth A. Potte, E. Hyde, H. Pier, M. Rutter, M. Voss
It is generally accepted that avian eggs acquire a microflora during ovipositioning. The goal of this study was to identify and compare the eggshell microflora of two avian species, House Wrens and American Kestrels. Differences in the nesting habitats and incubation behavior of these species suggest that their eggshell microfloras also should differ. Culture-dependent techniques were combined with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to identify bacteria in samples taken from American Kestrel eggs during late incubation. These data were compared to previously collected data from House Wren eggs. In both studies, bacteria were isolated from three different phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The eggshell microflora of Kestrels was dominated by bacteria in the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla during late incubation, whereas the eggshell microflora of House Wrens was dominated by bacteria in the Gamma-Proteobacteria subphylum during preand late-incubation and bacteria within the Fimicutes phylum during early incubation. Actinobacteria genera on House Wren and American Kestrel eggshells differed, but the prominent genera in the GammaProteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus, respectively, were similar between bird species. Thus, our results suggest that the microflora of avian eggshells have both variable (i.e., phyla) and conserved (i.e., specific genera) aspects of bacterial diversity.
{"title":"A comparison of the bacterial microflora found on the surface of American kestrel and House Wren eggs","authors":"Beth A. Potte, E. Hyde, H. Pier, M. Rutter, M. Voss","doi":"10.2174/1874453201407010040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010040","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally accepted that avian eggs acquire a microflora during ovipositioning. The goal of this study was to identify and compare the eggshell microflora of two avian species, House Wrens and American Kestrels. Differences in the nesting habitats and incubation behavior of these species suggest that their eggshell microfloras also should differ. Culture-dependent techniques were combined with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to identify bacteria in samples taken from American Kestrel eggs during late incubation. These data were compared to previously collected data from House Wren eggs. In both studies, bacteria were isolated from three different phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The eggshell microflora of Kestrels was dominated by bacteria in the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla during late incubation, whereas the eggshell microflora of House Wrens was dominated by bacteria in the Gamma-Proteobacteria subphylum during preand late-incubation and bacteria within the Fimicutes phylum during early incubation. Actinobacteria genera on House Wren and American Kestrel eggshells differed, but the prominent genera in the GammaProteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus, respectively, were similar between bird species. Thus, our results suggest that the microflora of avian eggshells have both variable (i.e., phyla) and conserved (i.e., specific genera) aspects of bacterial diversity.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"40-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-27DOI: 10.2174/1874453201407010030
Billy Nguembock
Laniarius atroflavus is a sedentary member of the bush-shrike radiation (family Malaconotidae) and in our first paper, it appeared with strong divergence between its two subspecies. To confirm this divergence and leaning partially on our first obtained results, we investigated a genetic variation of the individuals of Laniarius atroflavus atroflavus (West Africa) and Laniarius atroflavus craterum (West Africa). For the genetic variation, we use two mitochondrial genes (ATPase6 and ND2) to calculate their genetic distances within the Laniarius ingroup and to explore their mutational dif- ferentiation. With our ATPase6 and ND2, a genetic distance of 1.66% and 2.14% has been respectively estimated between individuals of Laniarius atroflavus atroflavus (Cameroon Mountain) and Laniarius atroflavus craterum (Manenguba Mountain) whereas it was, for the same markers, of 0% and 0.57% respectively between specimens of Laniarius atrofla- vus craterum only caught in diverse parts of the Manenguba Mountain. For the mutational differentiation, a total of 34 dif- ferent molecular characters have been observed with the two markers investigated between these two subspecies. Leaning on some dating results, it appears that Laniarius atroflavus atroflavus diverged from Laniarius atroflavus craterum during the Quaternary period and these dates correspond remarkably with those suggested for several polyphased volcanic activi- ties noted in the Cameroon Volcanic Line. For these separate sedentary birds which are marked by their clinal size varia- tion, measures of their wings as well as the variation of the color of their breast and belly, a possible secondary contact will certainly lead to reinforcement. Thus, we suggest resurrecting names Laniarius atroflavus Shelley, 1887 and Lan- iarius craterum Bates, 1926 for individuals of the populations hitherto referred as Laniarius atroflavus atroflavus and Laniarius atroflavus craterum respectively.
{"title":"A Great Difference Between Sedentary Subspecies of Laniarius atroflavus Shelley, 1887 Suggests on the Base of Molecular Data that Laniarius atroflavus and Laniarius craterum are Two Separate Species","authors":"Billy Nguembock","doi":"10.2174/1874453201407010030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010030","url":null,"abstract":"Laniarius atroflavus is a sedentary member of the bush-shrike radiation (family Malaconotidae) and in our first paper, it appeared with strong divergence between its two subspecies. To confirm this divergence and leaning partially on our first obtained results, we investigated a genetic variation of the individuals of Laniarius atroflavus atroflavus (West Africa) and Laniarius atroflavus craterum (West Africa). For the genetic variation, we use two mitochondrial genes (ATPase6 and ND2) to calculate their genetic distances within the Laniarius ingroup and to explore their mutational dif- ferentiation. With our ATPase6 and ND2, a genetic distance of 1.66% and 2.14% has been respectively estimated between individuals of Laniarius atroflavus atroflavus (Cameroon Mountain) and Laniarius atroflavus craterum (Manenguba Mountain) whereas it was, for the same markers, of 0% and 0.57% respectively between specimens of Laniarius atrofla- vus craterum only caught in diverse parts of the Manenguba Mountain. For the mutational differentiation, a total of 34 dif- ferent molecular characters have been observed with the two markers investigated between these two subspecies. Leaning on some dating results, it appears that Laniarius atroflavus atroflavus diverged from Laniarius atroflavus craterum during the Quaternary period and these dates correspond remarkably with those suggested for several polyphased volcanic activi- ties noted in the Cameroon Volcanic Line. For these separate sedentary birds which are marked by their clinal size varia- tion, measures of their wings as well as the variation of the color of their breast and belly, a possible secondary contact will certainly lead to reinforcement. Thus, we suggest resurrecting names Laniarius atroflavus Shelley, 1887 and Lan- iarius craterum Bates, 1926 for individuals of the populations hitherto referred as Laniarius atroflavus atroflavus and Laniarius atroflavus craterum respectively.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"30-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201407010019
R. Zink
The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) was once widespread in western North America but its range has contracted by an uncertain degree owing to anthropogenic and natural causes. Concern over population declines has led to its proposed listing as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Detailed genetic and demographic analyses of this species throughout its range are available but heretofore have not been compared. Reduced genetic vari- ability is often taken as a proxy for declining populations, but rarely are there quantitative population estimates with which to compare. I compared published mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, microsatellite allele frequencies at seven loci, and estimates of numbers of males per lek, number of active leks, percent decline in the best population models, and the probability (P) of Ne < 50 in 30 years and P(Ne < 500) in 100 years, at two spatial scales, 45 local population samples and 16 larger aggregates of samples. When excluding the populations from the Columbia Basin, which show little genetic diversity and are statistical outliers, there were no consistent relationships between estimates of genetic variation and demographic trends across the remainder of the range at either spatial scale. A measure of inbreed- ing derived from microsatellite data was also not related to population trends. Thus, despite habitat reduction and range fragmentation, the greater sage-grouse does not exhibit expected genetic signatures of declining populations. Possibly, the mtDNA and microsatellite data are insufficiently sensitive to detect population declines that have occurred over the span of a half century. Alternatively, only when populations are reduced to the levels seen in the Columbia Basin will genetic effects be seen, suggesting that the bulk of the range of the greater sage-grouse is not currently in genetic peril.
{"title":"Comparison of Patterns of Genetic Variation and Demographic History in the Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus): Relevance for Conservation","authors":"R. Zink","doi":"10.2174/1874453201407010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010019","url":null,"abstract":"The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) was once widespread in western North America but its range has contracted by an uncertain degree owing to anthropogenic and natural causes. Concern over population declines has led to its proposed listing as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Detailed genetic and demographic analyses of this species throughout its range are available but heretofore have not been compared. Reduced genetic vari- ability is often taken as a proxy for declining populations, but rarely are there quantitative population estimates with which to compare. I compared published mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, microsatellite allele frequencies at seven loci, and estimates of numbers of males per lek, number of active leks, percent decline in the best population models, and the probability (P) of Ne < 50 in 30 years and P(Ne < 500) in 100 years, at two spatial scales, 45 local population samples and 16 larger aggregates of samples. When excluding the populations from the Columbia Basin, which show little genetic diversity and are statistical outliers, there were no consistent relationships between estimates of genetic variation and demographic trends across the remainder of the range at either spatial scale. A measure of inbreed- ing derived from microsatellite data was also not related to population trends. Thus, despite habitat reduction and range fragmentation, the greater sage-grouse does not exhibit expected genetic signatures of declining populations. Possibly, the mtDNA and microsatellite data are insufficiently sensitive to detect population declines that have occurred over the span of a half century. Alternatively, only when populations are reduced to the levels seen in the Columbia Basin will genetic effects be seen, suggesting that the bulk of the range of the greater sage-grouse is not currently in genetic peril.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"19-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-30DOI: 10.2174/1874453201407010011
Susann Janowski, Markus A. Grohme, M. Frohme, M. Wink
During the last decades the ground-breeding Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus, Linnaeus, 1758) has changed its breeding habitats in Europe to agricultural areas in which many local populations would be close to extinction without a special nest protection regime. Although Montagu's harrier is a well-studied species in terms of ecology and breeding biology, its genetic structure and population genetics are almost unknown. As there is a lack of good genetic markers we developed a set of 19 microsatellite markers comprising 16 new STR markers which were identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) using 454 shot-gun pyrosequencing of genomic DNA. The STR markers were arranged into three mul- tiplex PCR sets for high throughput genotyping and characterised. The marker set provides a powerful tool for kinship analysis. The combined non-exclusion probability for parent pairs was 1.13*10 -11 . Only three loci showed PIC values < 0.50. In total, 121 known family relationships were compared with genetically calculated ones to test the markers suitability for parentage analysis. In 97.5% of all cases full-sibships were accurately determined and 97.6% of all mothers were assigned correctly to their chicks. The present multiplex PCR panels can be used to investigate several hypotheses concerning breeding behaviour, kinship, exchange rates between populations and phylogeography.
{"title":"Development of New Microsatellite (STR) Markers for Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus) via 454 Shot-Gun Pyrosequencing","authors":"Susann Janowski, Markus A. Grohme, M. Frohme, M. Wink","doi":"10.2174/1874453201407010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010011","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decades the ground-breeding Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus, Linnaeus, 1758) has changed its breeding habitats in Europe to agricultural areas in which many local populations would be close to extinction without a special nest protection regime. Although Montagu's harrier is a well-studied species in terms of ecology and breeding biology, its genetic structure and population genetics are almost unknown. As there is a lack of good genetic markers we developed a set of 19 microsatellite markers comprising 16 new STR markers which were identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) using 454 shot-gun pyrosequencing of genomic DNA. The STR markers were arranged into three mul- tiplex PCR sets for high throughput genotyping and characterised. The marker set provides a powerful tool for kinship analysis. The combined non-exclusion probability for parent pairs was 1.13*10 -11 . Only three loci showed PIC values < 0.50. In total, 121 known family relationships were compared with genetically calculated ones to test the markers suitability for parentage analysis. In 97.5% of all cases full-sibships were accurately determined and 97.6% of all mothers were assigned correctly to their chicks. The present multiplex PCR panels can be used to investigate several hypotheses concerning breeding behaviour, kinship, exchange rates between populations and phylogeography.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-03-07DOI: 10.2174/1874453201407010001
C. Gaudet, C. Somers
Shoreline development and boating on lakes of the northern Great Plains of North America have increased due to recent economic prosperity. Few studies have examined the general characteristics of habitats used by foraging water- birds and boats to determine levels of overlap. To address this issue, we conducted point count surveys of American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) and boats on two important recreational lakes in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. The majority of pelicans and boats detected used near-shore areas of the lakes, identifying the importance of shal- low water habitats and providing evidence of significant overlap. The location of pelicans relative to the shore did not change in the presence of boats, and there was no significant relationship between boat numbers and pelican numbers. These analyses suggest that pelicans did not make major changes to their habitat use on the lakes as a result of boating ac- tivity. When pelicans and boats were present simultaneously at point count locations, pelicans appeared to avoid boats on one lake, but showed no detectable avoidance behavior on the other lake. The importance of interactions between recrea- tional boating and foraging pelicans is currently unclear. Set-back distances to protect foraging pelicans from boating ac- tivity do not appear necessary based on our analyses.
{"title":"American White Pelicans and Recreational Boaters on Lakes of the North American Great Plains: Habitat Use Overlap","authors":"C. Gaudet, C. Somers","doi":"10.2174/1874453201407010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010001","url":null,"abstract":"Shoreline development and boating on lakes of the northern Great Plains of North America have increased due to recent economic prosperity. Few studies have examined the general characteristics of habitats used by foraging water- birds and boats to determine levels of overlap. To address this issue, we conducted point count surveys of American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) and boats on two important recreational lakes in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. The majority of pelicans and boats detected used near-shore areas of the lakes, identifying the importance of shal- low water habitats and providing evidence of significant overlap. The location of pelicans relative to the shore did not change in the presence of boats, and there was no significant relationship between boat numbers and pelican numbers. These analyses suggest that pelicans did not make major changes to their habitat use on the lakes as a result of boating ac- tivity. When pelicans and boats were present simultaneously at point count locations, pelicans appeared to avoid boats on one lake, but showed no detectable avoidance behavior on the other lake. The importance of interactions between recrea- tional boating and foraging pelicans is currently unclear. Set-back distances to protect foraging pelicans from boating ac- tivity do not appear necessary based on our analyses.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-27DOI: 10.2174/1874453201306010052
M. Golovatin, Sergey Paskhalny
We reported about several common terns with dark bill (subspecies Sterna hirundo minussensis and S. h. longipennis) in the Lower Ob region of Western Siberia, including nesting of the Central Siberian tern here. The ratio of terns with a dark bill and nominate color was about 8 to 1. Our findings change the previous understanding of areas of the distribution of those subspecies.
{"title":"Where are Western Bounds of Area S. h. minussensis","authors":"M. Golovatin, Sergey Paskhalny","doi":"10.2174/1874453201306010052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201306010052","url":null,"abstract":"We reported about several common terns with dark bill (subspecies Sterna hirundo minussensis and S. h. longipennis) in the Lower Ob region of Western Siberia, including nesting of the Central Siberian tern here. The ratio of terns with a dark bill and nominate color was about 8 to 1. Our findings change the previous understanding of areas of the distribution of those subspecies.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"52-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-29DOI: 10.2174/1874453201306010040
T. Solonen
Relevant variables characterising factors suspected to affect timing of breeding in birds may be difficult to measure. Then, easily available proxies, i.e. variables that are expected to vary consistently with some affecting factors, may be used instead. In the present study on tawny owls, I used besides individual characteristics of parent birds both de- tailed measurements of the prey base of territories, local and general indices of vole abundance as well as local and gen- eral weather conditions as explanatory variables. Owls tended to breed the earlier the older and the heavier they were. Breeding was the earlier the higher the abundance of water voles and the proportion of field voles in the territorial prey samples. Owls bred earlier when the local abundance of small voles in the preceding autumn was high. Regional vole in- dices showed no associations with timing of owls' breeding. Single winter weather variables did not show any significant associations neither. In combination with the advancing effect of water vole abundance, however, the delaying effect of the depth of the snow cover in March was significant. Models based on different data sets showed different kinds of asso- ciations between the abundance of small voles and timing of breeding in owls. The best models in which both intrinsic and extrinsic explanatory variables (characteristics of parent birds and environmental factors, respectively) were included did not differ considerably from each other. The occurrence of water voles in prey samples governed the best models. The results suggest, that without detailed knowledge on the prey base of territory, misleading results may emerge and the im- portance of small voles in governing breeding of owls may be overemphasised.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Timing of Breeding in the Tawny Owl Strix aluco","authors":"T. Solonen","doi":"10.2174/1874453201306010040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201306010040","url":null,"abstract":"Relevant variables characterising factors suspected to affect timing of breeding in birds may be difficult to measure. Then, easily available proxies, i.e. variables that are expected to vary consistently with some affecting factors, may be used instead. In the present study on tawny owls, I used besides individual characteristics of parent birds both de- tailed measurements of the prey base of territories, local and general indices of vole abundance as well as local and gen- eral weather conditions as explanatory variables. Owls tended to breed the earlier the older and the heavier they were. Breeding was the earlier the higher the abundance of water voles and the proportion of field voles in the territorial prey samples. Owls bred earlier when the local abundance of small voles in the preceding autumn was high. Regional vole in- dices showed no associations with timing of owls' breeding. Single winter weather variables did not show any significant associations neither. In combination with the advancing effect of water vole abundance, however, the delaying effect of the depth of the snow cover in March was significant. Models based on different data sets showed different kinds of asso- ciations between the abundance of small voles and timing of breeding in owls. The best models in which both intrinsic and extrinsic explanatory variables (characteristics of parent birds and environmental factors, respectively) were included did not differ considerably from each other. The occurrence of water voles in prey samples governed the best models. The results suggest, that without detailed knowledge on the prey base of territory, misleading results may emerge and the im- portance of small voles in governing breeding of owls may be overemphasised.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"40-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-20DOI: 10.2174/1874453220130815001
Beth A. Potter, B. Carlson, A. E. Adams, M. Voss
During ovipositioning, avian eggshells become susceptible to bacterial and fungal growth and studies have shown that a community of these microorganisms, or microflora, is maintained on eggshells throughout the incubation process. To determine the possible role of these microorganisms on embryonic development, it is first important to under- stand the composition of the microbial community present on the surface of the egg. A limited amount of studies have been published in this area; thus, the objective of this study was to broaden this area of study and determine what bacterial communities are found on the surface of naturally-incubated House Wren eggs across three stages of incubation (pre, early, and late) as defined by egg temperature. Our data uniquely suggest that the eggshell microflora is dynamic and that this may be regulated by temperature fluctuations due to intermittent incubation behavior. Using culture-based techniques, 46 different bacterial species were identified belonging to 13 bacterial families and 20 genera. The majority of bacteria be- longed to the Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, or Burkholderia genera and have been previously asso- ciated with avian eggs and nests. Bacteria within the Pseudomonas genus were the most predominant and we hypothesize that their maintenance may be linked to their ability to produce antibiotic substances called bacteriocins. The bacterial composition of the microflora isolated in this study also suggests that avian egg microfloras are derived from environ- mental origins.
{"title":"An Assessment of the Microbial Diversity Present on the Surface of Naturally Incubated House Wren Eggs","authors":"Beth A. Potter, B. Carlson, A. E. Adams, M. Voss","doi":"10.2174/1874453220130815001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453220130815001","url":null,"abstract":"During ovipositioning, avian eggshells become susceptible to bacterial and fungal growth and studies have shown that a community of these microorganisms, or microflora, is maintained on eggshells throughout the incubation process. To determine the possible role of these microorganisms on embryonic development, it is first important to under- stand the composition of the microbial community present on the surface of the egg. A limited amount of studies have been published in this area; thus, the objective of this study was to broaden this area of study and determine what bacterial communities are found on the surface of naturally-incubated House Wren eggs across three stages of incubation (pre, early, and late) as defined by egg temperature. Our data uniquely suggest that the eggshell microflora is dynamic and that this may be regulated by temperature fluctuations due to intermittent incubation behavior. Using culture-based techniques, 46 different bacterial species were identified belonging to 13 bacterial families and 20 genera. The majority of bacteria be- longed to the Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, or Burkholderia genera and have been previously asso- ciated with avian eggs and nests. Bacteria within the Pseudomonas genus were the most predominant and we hypothesize that their maintenance may be linked to their ability to produce antibiotic substances called bacteriocins. The bacterial composition of the microflora isolated in this study also suggests that avian egg microfloras are derived from environ- mental origins.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"32-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68079706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-22DOI: 10.2174/1874453201306010001
B. Hanberry, Phillip Hanberry, S. Demarais
In the Mississippi Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, we explored relationships among bird spe- cies and vegetation types and landscape characteristics at four different scales. We modeled abundance of priority avian species from Breeding Bird Surveys using land class metrics at 0.24, 1, 3, and 5-km extents. Our modeling method was logistic regression and model selection was based on Akaike's Information Criteria and validation with reserved data. Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), northern parula (Parula americana), Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii), prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor), hooded warbler (Wil- sonia citrina), and brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) had models containing positive area or core area variables. White-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) and gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) had models with a combination of area and edge associations at different scales. Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), and yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) had positive edge density mod- els. Modeling at different scales produced more complete habitat associations for most species and landscape variables were more influential at larger extents than the smallest extent. Although Mississippi is heavily forested, the landscape is unexpectedly fragmented, with small areal extents of vegetation types. Managers should seek to provide large extents of a variety of habitats, including historically representative vegetation types such as low density pine, to support persistence of a complete suite of avian species.
{"title":"Birds and Land Classes in Young Forested Landscapes","authors":"B. Hanberry, Phillip Hanberry, S. Demarais","doi":"10.2174/1874453201306010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201306010001","url":null,"abstract":"In the Mississippi Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, we explored relationships among bird spe- cies and vegetation types and landscape characteristics at four different scales. We modeled abundance of priority avian species from Breeding Bird Surveys using land class metrics at 0.24, 1, 3, and 5-km extents. Our modeling method was logistic regression and model selection was based on Akaike's Information Criteria and validation with reserved data. Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), northern parula (Parula americana), Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii), prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor), hooded warbler (Wil- sonia citrina), and brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) had models containing positive area or core area variables. White-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) and gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) had models with a combination of area and edge associations at different scales. Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), and yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) had positive edge density mod- els. Modeling at different scales produced more complete habitat associations for most species and landscape variables were more influential at larger extents than the smallest extent. Although Mississippi is heavily forested, the landscape is unexpectedly fragmented, with small areal extents of vegetation types. Managers should seek to provide large extents of a variety of habitats, including historically representative vegetation types such as low density pine, to support persistence of a complete suite of avian species.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-14DOI: 10.2174/1874453201205010094
Sung-Ryong Kang
A principal aim of habitat selection studies is to understand the roles of the different factors that influence the spatial distribution of individuals. The relationship between microhabitats in farmland, estuary, and island and breeding density of barn swallow are still poorly known. The principal objectives of this study are to compare: i) the proportion of microhabitats in different habitat types and ii) breeding density (i.e., pairs and individuals in a colony) among three habitat types. I hypothesize that i) no microhabitat would be dominant portion across all habitat types and ii) farmland that con- tains relatively greater portion of crop fields has higher breeding density than estuary and island that relatively greater por- tion of non-crop fields. Although microhabitats in farmland, estuary, and island revealed clear proportional difference, densities of breeding pair and individual in a colony did not differ.
{"title":"Effects of Habitat Type on the Breeding Density of Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)","authors":"Sung-Ryong Kang","doi":"10.2174/1874453201205010094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201205010094","url":null,"abstract":"A principal aim of habitat selection studies is to understand the roles of the different factors that influence the spatial distribution of individuals. The relationship between microhabitats in farmland, estuary, and island and breeding density of barn swallow are still poorly known. The principal objectives of this study are to compare: i) the proportion of microhabitats in different habitat types and ii) breeding density (i.e., pairs and individuals in a colony) among three habitat types. I hypothesize that i) no microhabitat would be dominant portion across all habitat types and ii) farmland that con- tains relatively greater portion of crop fields has higher breeding density than estuary and island that relatively greater por- tion of non-crop fields. Although microhabitats in farmland, estuary, and island revealed clear proportional difference, densities of breeding pair and individual in a colony did not differ.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"94-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68078620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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