Pub Date : 2011-06-20DOI: 10.2174/1874453201104010023
T. Solonen
The study upon which this article is based examined the interspecific relationships between three different- sized species, both before and during breeding, within a guild of birds of prey in southern Finland between 1997 and 2007. The study sought to examine how the territory occupancy and fledgling production of the smaller (subdominant) species was related to the vicinity of a larger (dominant) species. Inverse relationships were thought to suggest effects of potential intraguild predation. Three key relationships emerged. Firstly, the vicinity of the dominant eagle owl had no significant effect on the occupancy of nesting territories of the subdominant northern goshawk, while the fledgling production of the goshawk increased as the distance from the dominant owl species increased. Secondly, a significant positive relationship was found between the occupancy of the nearest neighbour nesting territories of the eagle owl and the tawny owl. However, the vicinity of the eagle owl had no significant effect on tawny owl reproduction. Thirdly, the occupation of tawny owl territories showed a nearly significant association with the nesting territories of the northern goshawk. However, no significant relationship was found between the vicinity of nearest neighbour nesting territories of the northern goshawk and fledgling production of the tawny owl. The results of this study suggest that depressing reflections of intraguild predation may be expected when the populations of guild members share similar nest sites or if the nest sites of subdominant members of the guild are accessible for dominant members, or in locally unstable populations of less site-tenacious species that show rapid turnover of individuals rather than in strictly site-tenacious long- term territorial species.
{"title":"Impact of Dominant Predators on Territory Occupancy and Reproduction of Subdominant Ones within a Guild of Birds of Prey","authors":"T. Solonen","doi":"10.2174/1874453201104010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201104010023","url":null,"abstract":"The study upon which this article is based examined the interspecific relationships between three different- sized species, both before and during breeding, within a guild of birds of prey in southern Finland between 1997 and 2007. The study sought to examine how the territory occupancy and fledgling production of the smaller (subdominant) species was related to the vicinity of a larger (dominant) species. Inverse relationships were thought to suggest effects of potential intraguild predation. Three key relationships emerged. Firstly, the vicinity of the dominant eagle owl had no significant effect on the occupancy of nesting territories of the subdominant northern goshawk, while the fledgling production of the goshawk increased as the distance from the dominant owl species increased. Secondly, a significant positive relationship was found between the occupancy of the nearest neighbour nesting territories of the eagle owl and the tawny owl. However, the vicinity of the eagle owl had no significant effect on tawny owl reproduction. Thirdly, the occupation of tawny owl territories showed a nearly significant association with the nesting territories of the northern goshawk. However, no significant relationship was found between the vicinity of nearest neighbour nesting territories of the northern goshawk and fledgling production of the tawny owl. The results of this study suggest that depressing reflections of intraguild predation may be expected when the populations of guild members share similar nest sites or if the nest sites of subdominant members of the guild are accessible for dominant members, or in locally unstable populations of less site-tenacious species that show rapid turnover of individuals rather than in strictly site-tenacious long- term territorial species.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"23-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-25DOI: 10.2174/1874453201104010017
C. Czajka, Michael P. Braun, M. Wink
In general, non-native bird species may competitively exclude native species from nest sites. The potential resource conflict between a native and an introduced bird species, the native European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the introduced Asian Ring-necked Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), was inferred from hole occupancy in parks of the German Upper Rhine Valley (Wiesbaden, Mannheim, Schwetzingen, Edingen-Neckarhausen), where Ring-necked Parakeets have been known to occur for 15 to 35 years. Only 2.2 % of trees (n = 3487) had cavities with an entrance diameter ≥4 cm. The number of unoccupied tree holes was high, representing 71 % of 639 recorded cavities. A niche separation corresponding to tree size and tree species preferred by both bird species could be detected. Starling preferred trees with a diameter of 0.75 ± 0.30 m, whereas Ring-necked Parakeet favoured ones with 1.16 ± 0.36 m in diameter. Both bird species were the most abundant hole-nesters in the examined cavities. Ring-necked Parakeets preferred Platanus x hispanica, which hosted 57 % of all broods for the parakeet, but did not use Acer pseudoplatanus. Starling favoured Quercus robur with 25 % of all broods, followed by A. pseudoplatanus with 19 %. P. x hispanica showed the highest numbers of cavities with 227 in total and a median of 3 holes per tree, partially produced by Ring-necked Parakeet. The largest colony-in-one-tree in this study was 9 for P. krameri and 5 for S. vulgaris. In this study, Starlings took over two nests from Ring-necked Parakeets, with one case vice versa, and Honeybees took over one active Ring-necked Parakeet nest.
{"title":"Resource Use by Non-Native Ring-Necked Parakeets (Psittacula krameri) and Native Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Central Europe","authors":"C. Czajka, Michael P. Braun, M. Wink","doi":"10.2174/1874453201104010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201104010017","url":null,"abstract":"In general, non-native bird species may competitively exclude native species from nest sites. The potential resource conflict between a native and an introduced bird species, the native European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the introduced Asian Ring-necked Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), was inferred from hole occupancy in parks of the German Upper Rhine Valley (Wiesbaden, Mannheim, Schwetzingen, Edingen-Neckarhausen), where Ring-necked Parakeets have been known to occur for 15 to 35 years. Only 2.2 % of trees (n = 3487) had cavities with an entrance diameter ≥4 cm. The number of unoccupied tree holes was high, representing 71 % of 639 recorded cavities. A niche separation corresponding to tree size and tree species preferred by both bird species could be detected. Starling preferred trees with a diameter of 0.75 ± 0.30 m, whereas Ring-necked Parakeet favoured ones with 1.16 ± 0.36 m in diameter. Both bird species were the most abundant hole-nesters in the examined cavities. Ring-necked Parakeets preferred Platanus x hispanica, which hosted 57 % of all broods for the parakeet, but did not use Acer pseudoplatanus. Starling favoured Quercus robur with 25 % of all broods, followed by A. pseudoplatanus with 19 %. P. x hispanica showed the highest numbers of cavities with 227 in total and a median of 3 holes per tree, partially produced by Ring-necked Parakeet. The largest colony-in-one-tree in this study was 9 for P. krameri and 5 for S. vulgaris. In this study, Starlings took over two nests from Ring-necked Parakeets, with one case vice versa, and Honeybees took over one active Ring-necked Parakeet nest.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201104010012
J. Rivera, F. H. Vargas, P. Parker
The Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) is the only diurnal resident raptor in the Galapagos Archipelago, where it exhibits a cooperatively polyandrous mating system. Before breeding, young hawks spend 3-4 years as non- territorial floaters. Individuals in this age class are highly gregarious on the island of Santiago. Here we examine patterns in natal dispersal and ask whether they appear to develop social affiliations with particular individuals during their juvenile years. Using data collected between 1998 and 2009 from a banded population of 25 territorial groups, we found that natal dispersal is more likely to be to territories adjacent to natal territories than expected by chance, and is not significantly related to the specific type of vegetation of the natal territory. We found no evidence of social affiliations or stable coalitions among particular juveniles; instead they moved in opportunistic aggregations.
{"title":"Natal Dispersal and Sociality of Young Galapagos Hawks on Santiago Island","authors":"J. Rivera, F. H. Vargas, P. Parker","doi":"10.2174/1874453201104010012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201104010012","url":null,"abstract":"The Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) is the only diurnal resident raptor in the Galapagos Archipelago, where it exhibits a cooperatively polyandrous mating system. Before breeding, young hawks spend 3-4 years as non- territorial floaters. Individuals in this age class are highly gregarious on the island of Santiago. Here we examine patterns in natal dispersal and ask whether they appear to develop social affiliations with particular individuals during their juvenile years. Using data collected between 1998 and 2009 from a banded population of 25 territorial groups, we found that natal dispersal is more likely to be to territories adjacent to natal territories than expected by chance, and is not significantly related to the specific type of vegetation of the natal territory. We found no evidence of social affiliations or stable coalitions among particular juveniles; instead they moved in opportunistic aggregations.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"12-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-04-01DOI: 10.2174/1874453201104010001
F. Huettmann
The ocean and most of its ecosystem components are in a crisis. For instance, 16 out of 18 Albatross species are of serious conservation concern, and many polar species share a similar status. Public data sharing has yet to be established among seabird biologists towards the creation of an efficient management scheme. Here I outline in relevant detail the overall context of global data sharing, and the issues specifically focusing on seabird data and metadata. For the first time, the goals, detailed database and online technicalities and required formats for sharing seabird data are outlined with pros and cons. Finally, an action plan is discussed on how to move towards a new ocean and seabird culture, which has global data sharing and sustainability as its prime goals.
{"title":"Serving the Global Village through Public Data Sharing as a Mandatory Paradigm for Seabird Biologists and Managers: Why, What, How, and a Call for an Efficient Action Plan","authors":"F. Huettmann","doi":"10.2174/1874453201104010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201104010001","url":null,"abstract":"The ocean and most of its ecosystem components are in a crisis. For instance, 16 out of 18 Albatross species are of serious conservation concern, and many polar species share a similar status. Public data sharing has yet to be established among seabird biologists towards the creation of an efficient management scheme. Here I outline in relevant detail the overall context of global data sharing, and the issues specifically focusing on seabird data and metadata. For the first time, the goals, detailed database and online technicalities and required formats for sharing seabird data are outlined with pros and cons. Finally, an action plan is discussed on how to move towards a new ocean and seabird culture, which has global data sharing and sustainability as its prime goals.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-10-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201003010127
M. Nechaeva, I. Vladimirova, T. Alexeeva
Embryonic motility is an important component of development and may be a precursor of posthatching motor behavior. In chickens, it accompanies almost the entire embryogenesis and depends on environmental conditions, whose effects on embryonic motility have been poorly studied. The effect of acute hypoxia (10% O 2 for 10 min) on the temporal parameters of chick embryo motility on incubation days 10 (D10) and 14 (D14) was estimated; the results were compared with data on the heart rate (HR). A force transducer connected with an embryo limb was used to record embryonic movements simultaneously with HR video recording. In the control, the duration of the activity phase (APh) and HR increased, while the inactivity phase (IPh) decreased in the period from D10 to D14. In response to hypoxia, the APh did not change significantly on either day, but the IPh significantly increased on D14 and tended to increase on D10. A distinct pattern of the motor activity response to hypoxia was observed on D14: the IPh increased after 0.5-2.5 min of hypoxia, peaked at a value 6 times as large as the control one, and then partly recovered. Under hypoxia, the mean HR significantly decreased to 87% of the control value and then partly recovered, increasing to 93% on both days studied. The similarity of the hypoxic patterns of IPh and HR on D14 suggests that the hypoxic recovery of HR contributes to the recovery of the embryo motility under hypoxia in late embryos.
{"title":"Effect of Acute Hypoxia on the Motor Activity and Heart Rate of the 10- and 14-Day Chick Embryo","authors":"M. Nechaeva, I. Vladimirova, T. Alexeeva","doi":"10.2174/1874453201003010127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201003010127","url":null,"abstract":"Embryonic motility is an important component of development and may be a precursor of posthatching motor behavior. In chickens, it accompanies almost the entire embryogenesis and depends on environmental conditions, whose effects on embryonic motility have been poorly studied. The effect of acute hypoxia (10% O 2 for 10 min) on the temporal parameters of chick embryo motility on incubation days 10 (D10) and 14 (D14) was estimated; the results were compared with data on the heart rate (HR). A force transducer connected with an embryo limb was used to record embryonic movements simultaneously with HR video recording. In the control, the duration of the activity phase (APh) and HR increased, while the inactivity phase (IPh) decreased in the period from D10 to D14. In response to hypoxia, the APh did not change significantly on either day, but the IPh significantly increased on D14 and tended to increase on D10. A distinct pattern of the motor activity response to hypoxia was observed on D14: the IPh increased after 0.5-2.5 min of hypoxia, peaked at a value 6 times as large as the control one, and then partly recovered. Under hypoxia, the mean HR significantly decreased to 87% of the control value and then partly recovered, increasing to 93% on both days studied. The similarity of the hypoxic patterns of IPh and HR on D14 suggests that the hypoxic recovery of HR contributes to the recovery of the embryo motility under hypoxia in late embryos.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"127-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-10-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201003010150
O. Janke, B. Tzschentke
In birds, during prenatal 'critical periods' the thermoregulatory system can be life-long imprinted by the actual incubation temperature. The aim of the present study is to elucidate long-term effects of prenatal temperature experiences, applied at the end of incubation, on central thermoregulatory mechanisms by detection of neuronal hypothalamic c-Fos expression as a consequence of acute heat stress in growing and adult chickens using immunohistochemistry. From day 18 of incubation chicken embryos were incubated in three temperature groups: 37.5°C (regular incubated), 34.5°C (cold incubated) or 38.5°C (warm incubated). C-Fos expression was detected in 29 4-weeks old and 61 8-weeks old chickens after acute heat stress (42°C for 90 min). The results show, that prenatal temperature experiences can induce long-lasting changes in the heat induced neuronal hypothalamic c-Fos expression. But significant alterations could be only found in 8 weeks old chickens and these changes were in opposite as expected. It means that after acute heat stress cold incubated chickens have a significantly lower neuronal c-Fos expression compared with the warm incubated ones. This effect could be caused by cross adaptation to the actual ambient temperature during the growing period. Further, the developmental pattern of the hypothalamic neuronal network in different incubated birds, which is demonstrated by neuronal c-Fos expression in the actual study, is similar to the pattern, which we found after recordings of single neurons activity, to a higher extent. Correlations between both parameters, which are involved in neuronal plasticity, can be accepted.
{"title":"Long-Lasting Effect of Changes in Incubation Temperature on Heat StressInduced Neuronal Hypothalamic c-Fos Expression in Chickens","authors":"O. Janke, B. Tzschentke","doi":"10.2174/1874453201003010150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201003010150","url":null,"abstract":"In birds, during prenatal 'critical periods' the thermoregulatory system can be life-long imprinted by the actual incubation temperature. The aim of the present study is to elucidate long-term effects of prenatal temperature experiences, applied at the end of incubation, on central thermoregulatory mechanisms by detection of neuronal hypothalamic c-Fos expression as a consequence of acute heat stress in growing and adult chickens using immunohistochemistry. From day 18 of incubation chicken embryos were incubated in three temperature groups: 37.5°C (regular incubated), 34.5°C (cold incubated) or 38.5°C (warm incubated). C-Fos expression was detected in 29 4-weeks old and 61 8-weeks old chickens after acute heat stress (42°C for 90 min). The results show, that prenatal temperature experiences can induce long-lasting changes in the heat induced neuronal hypothalamic c-Fos expression. But significant alterations could be only found in 8 weeks old chickens and these changes were in opposite as expected. It means that after acute heat stress cold incubated chickens have a significantly lower neuronal c-Fos expression compared with the warm incubated ones. This effect could be caused by cross adaptation to the actual ambient temperature during the growing period. Further, the developmental pattern of the hypothalamic neuronal network in different incubated birds, which is demonstrated by neuronal c-Fos expression in the actual study, is similar to the pattern, which we found after recordings of single neurons activity, to a higher extent. Correlations between both parameters, which are involved in neuronal plasticity, can be accepted.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"150-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-10-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201003010134
Aneta Piesiewicz, Podobas Ewa, Kędzierska Urszula, Joachimiak Ewa, M. Magdalena, M. Pawel, Skwarlo-Sonta Krystyna
Influence of the season of hatch on the functional characteristics of the pineal gland was examined in neonatal Hi-Line male chickens. The pineal glands from 2-day-old birds hatched in summer and winter, and kept from the day of hatch in artificial lighting conditions (12L:12D), were isolated under dim red light in the middle of the day or night. The pineal glands were analyzed to characterize their melatonin biosynthetic activity: (1) expression of the Arylalkylamine- N-acetyltransferase and Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase genes, encoding the final two enzymes of the melatonin biosynthesis pathway; (2) the activity of AA-NAT and HIOMT; and (3) the content of the main substrates of this pathway, tryptophan (TRY) and serotonin (5-HT). Daily changes in pineal AA-NAT activity were observed in chickens hatched in both seasons, with a more pronounced nocturnal increase in summer. In contrast, the level of Aa-nat gene expression, although exhibited the same nocturnal/diurnal pattern in both seasons, was much lower in the summer. The activity of HIOMT was season- and daytime-independent. In "winter" chickens the pineal content of 5-HT was low and stable, while in "summer" birds it was correlated with levels of AA-NAT activity and Aa-nat gene expression. TRY content was very high and exhibited neither daily nor seasonal changes. The pineal gland of newly hatched chickens kept in controlled 12L:12D conditions exhibits daily variations in melatonin biosynthetic activity influenced by the season. This suggests a maternal effect on the perinatal/postnatal development of the circadian clock residing in the chicken pineal gland.
研究了孵化季节对雏鸡松果体功能特征的影响。在夏季和冬季孵化的2日龄鸟类的松果体，从孵化之日起在人工光照条件(12L:12D)下保存，在白天或夜间的昏暗红光下分离。对松果体褪黑素生物合成活性进行了分析:(1)芳烷基胺- n -乙酰转移酶和羟吲哚- o -甲基转移酶基因的表达，这两个基因编码褪黑素生物合成途径的最后两个酶;(2) AA-NAT和HIOMT的活性;(3)该途径的主要底物色氨酸(TRY)和血清素(5-HT)的含量。在两个季节孵化的鸡中，松果体AA-NAT活性每天都有变化，夏季夜间的增加更为明显。相比之下，Aa-nat基因的表达水平，尽管在两个季节表现出相同的夜间/日间模式，但在夏季要低得多。HIOMT的活动与季节和白天无关。“冬”鸡松果体中5-羟色胺含量低且稳定，而“夏”鸡松果体中5-羟色胺含量与AA-NAT活性和AA-NAT基因表达水平相关。TRY含量非常高，且无日变化和季节变化。在控制12L:12D条件下饲养的新孵鸡松果体褪黑素生物合成活性受季节影响呈现出每日变化。这表明母体对鸡松果体中生物钟的围产期/产后发育有影响。
{"title":"Season-related differences in the biosynthetic activity of the neonatal chicken pineal gland.","authors":"Aneta Piesiewicz, Podobas Ewa, Kędzierska Urszula, Joachimiak Ewa, M. Magdalena, M. Pawel, Skwarlo-Sonta Krystyna","doi":"10.2174/1874453201003010134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201003010134","url":null,"abstract":"Influence of the season of hatch on the functional characteristics of the pineal gland was examined in neonatal Hi-Line male chickens. The pineal glands from 2-day-old birds hatched in summer and winter, and kept from the day of hatch in artificial lighting conditions (12L:12D), were isolated under dim red light in the middle of the day or night. The pineal glands were analyzed to characterize their melatonin biosynthetic activity: (1) expression of the Arylalkylamine- N-acetyltransferase and Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase genes, encoding the final two enzymes of the melatonin biosynthesis pathway; (2) the activity of AA-NAT and HIOMT; and (3) the content of the main substrates of this pathway, tryptophan (TRY) and serotonin (5-HT). Daily changes in pineal AA-NAT activity were observed in chickens hatched in both seasons, with a more pronounced nocturnal increase in summer. In contrast, the level of Aa-nat gene expression, although exhibited the same nocturnal/diurnal pattern in both seasons, was much lower in the summer. The activity of HIOMT was season- and daytime-independent. In \"winter\" chickens the pineal content of 5-HT was low and stable, while in \"summer\" birds it was correlated with levels of AA-NAT activity and Aa-nat gene expression. TRY content was very high and exhibited neither daily nor seasonal changes. The pineal gland of newly hatched chickens kept in controlled 12L:12D conditions exhibits daily variations in melatonin biosynthetic activity influenced by the season. This suggests a maternal effect on the perinatal/postnatal development of the circadian clock residing in the chicken pineal gland.","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"134-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-10-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201003010124
B. Tzschentke
Basic research on early ontogeny of body functions is carried out mainly in domestic bird species. Summarizing the results, it can be concluded that in birds the development of body functions but also of adaptation mechanisms related to changes in incubation environment starts early during the embryonic phase. However, during the final incubation period bird embryos, especially of precocial species, have well-developed physiological mechanisms, which enable them to react on environmental influences similar to the post-hatching period in a higher degree. Most functional systems of the organism develop from open loop systems without feedback control into closed control systems regulated by feedback mechanisms, which is a ‘critical period’ in the development of body functions. Some examples will be given as follows. Changes in incubation temperature, for instance, induce activation of thermoregulatory mechanisms [1]. After internal pipping, on increase or decrease in incubation temperature chicken and duck embryos are able to react with increase or decrease in blood flow of the chorioallantoic membrane, respectively. Respiratory rate is increasing with warming and distress call rate is increasing with cooling the eggs. Further, in Muscovy duck embryos the neuronal thermosensitivity of the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus is similar with that of the post-hatching period [2, 3]. In chicken embryos the hypothalamic-pitatury-thyroidal axis is functional on embryonic day 19 [4], it means that feedback mechanisms are developed. The acoustic-sensory-cardiac axis in Muscovy ducks, for instance, is functional from embryonic day 27 and heart rate responses to acoustic stimulation are detectable [5]. In the domestic fowl circadian melatonin synthesis starts during embryonic life [6, 7]. The amplitude of the rhythm increased considerably during the last two days of incubation, which indicates that melatonin may play an essential role in adapting the embryo to the postnatal environment [8].
{"title":"Editorial - Early Development and Epigenetic Programming of Body Functions in Birds","authors":"B. Tzschentke","doi":"10.2174/1874453201003010124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201003010124","url":null,"abstract":"Basic research on early ontogeny of body functions is carried out mainly in domestic bird species. Summarizing the results, it can be concluded that in birds the development of body functions but also of adaptation mechanisms related to changes in incubation environment starts early during the embryonic phase. However, during the final incubation period bird embryos, especially of precocial species, have well-developed physiological mechanisms, which enable them to react on environmental influences similar to the post-hatching period in a higher degree. Most functional systems of the organism develop from open loop systems without feedback control into closed control systems regulated by feedback mechanisms, which is a ‘critical period’ in the development of body functions. Some examples will be given as follows. Changes in incubation temperature, for instance, induce activation of thermoregulatory mechanisms [1]. After internal pipping, on increase or decrease in incubation temperature chicken and duck embryos are able to react with increase or decrease in blood flow of the chorioallantoic membrane, respectively. Respiratory rate is increasing with warming and distress call rate is increasing with cooling the eggs. Further, in Muscovy duck embryos the neuronal thermosensitivity of the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus is similar with that of the post-hatching period [2, 3]. In chicken embryos the hypothalamic-pitatury-thyroidal axis is functional on embryonic day 19 [4], it means that feedback mechanisms are developed. The acoustic-sensory-cardiac axis in Muscovy ducks, for instance, is functional from embryonic day 27 and heart rate responses to acoustic stimulation are detectable [5]. In the domestic fowl circadian melatonin synthesis starts during embryonic life [6, 7]. The amplitude of the rhythm increased considerably during the last two days of incubation, which indicates that melatonin may play an essential role in adapting the embryo to the postnatal environment [8].","PeriodicalId":39058,"journal":{"name":"Open Ornithology Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"124-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68077265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-10-13DOI: 10.2174/1874453201003010141
M. Rumpf, B. Tzschentke
In this review the development of acoustic communication between embryos or between embryos and chicks as well as between embryos/chicks and the breeding parents will be addressed. Special emphasis is given to the impact of embryonic acoustic signals for hatching synchronization. In the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata L. f. domestica) clicking sound communication is absolutely essential for a synchronized hatching. The mechanism underlying this special case of communication is a synchronization of clicking rates. In a clutch, embryos adapt their clicking rates to each other. Clicking rates of less developed embryos rose faster (acceleration) than clicking rates of more developed embryos (retardation). No evidence was found that vocalization of embryos, chicks and parents improve hatching synchronization. Although, many authors assume that prenatal acoustic interaction by vocalization (an exchange of acoustic signals) exists, in the Muscovy duck it was shown that an acoustic interaction started when the first embryo had hatched. Specific call types serve as communication-releasing signals. Acoustic mother-duckling interaction developed later and gradually during the process of nest-leaving also based on specific call types. Measurements on sound transmission indicate that all embryos within a clutch are in mutual acoustic contact.
本文对胚胎间、胚胎与雏鸟间、胚胎/雏鸟与繁殖亲本间的声通信进行了综述。特别强调了胚胎声信号对孵化同步的影响。在番鸭(Cairina moschata l.f. domestica)中，咔哒声通信对于同步孵化是绝对必要的。这种特殊情况下的交流机制是同步的点击率。在一个窝里，胚胎会调整它们的点击率来适应彼此。发育较差的胚胎的点击率比发育较好的胚胎的点击率上升得更快(加速)。没有证据表明胚胎、雏鸟和父母的发声能改善孵化同步。虽然，许多作者假设通过发声(一种声音信号的交换)存在产前声音相互作用，但在番鸭中，声学相互作用显示在第一个胚胎孵化时就开始了。特定的呼叫类型作为释放通信的信号。在离巢过程中，母鸭间的声音互动发展较晚，也逐渐基于特定的叫声类型。对声音传播的测量表明，一个窝里的所有胚胎都处于相互的声音接触中。
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