Elderly people with neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) present difficulties in learning and maintaining arbitrary conditional relations between stimuli. The aims of Study 1 were to (a) verify the efficacy of a procedure of teaching conditional relations by exclusion in elderly people with and without NCDs and (b) determine the presence or absence of the formation of equivalence classes based on this procedure. Five elderly people without NCDs (control group [CG]) and 6 elderly women with NCDs (experimental group [EG]) underwent a teaching-by-exclusion procedure (linear structure) with 4 classes of stimuli with 5 stimuli each (dictated names of people, photographs, written names, degrees of relatedness, and profession). The formation of equivalence classes was then tested. All of the participants in the CG learned the conditional relations, and 3 of the 5 formed equivalence classes. However, none of the participants in the EG learned the AB relations, despite demonstrating performance by exclusion. The aim of Study 2 was to determine the efficacy of a procedure that combined teaching by exclusion and the delayed-cue procedure to teach arbitrary relations to elderly people with NCDs. Four elderly women with NCDs underwent a teaching procedure (one-to-many structure) with 3 classes with 3 visual stimuli each (photographs, written names, and names of professions). All of the participants learned the conditional relations, and 2 named some of the photographs that were presented. The procedure effectively taught arbitrary relations and may be promising for studying intervention procedures in elderly people with NCDs.
{"title":"Learning conditional relations in elderly people with and without neurocognitive disorders.","authors":"Mariana Ducatti, A. Schmidt","doi":"10.1037/PNE0000049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/PNE0000049","url":null,"abstract":"Elderly people with neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) present difficulties in learning and maintaining arbitrary conditional relations between stimuli. The aims of Study 1 were to (a) verify the efficacy of a procedure of teaching conditional relations by exclusion in elderly people with and without NCDs and (b) determine the presence or absence of the formation of equivalence classes based on this procedure. Five elderly people without NCDs (control group [CG]) and 6 elderly women with NCDs (experimental group [EG]) underwent a teaching-by-exclusion procedure (linear structure) with 4 classes of stimuli with 5 stimuli each (dictated names of people, photographs, written names, degrees of relatedness, and profession). The formation of equivalence classes was then tested. All of the participants in the CG learned the conditional relations, and 3 of the 5 formed equivalence classes. However, none of the participants in the EG learned the AB relations, despite demonstrating performance by exclusion. The aim of Study 2 was to determine the efficacy of a procedure that combined teaching by exclusion and the delayed-cue procedure to teach arbitrary relations to elderly people with NCDs. Four elderly women with NCDs underwent a teaching procedure (one-to-many structure) with 3 classes with 3 visual stimuli each (photographs, written names, and names of professions). All of the participants learned the conditional relations, and 2 named some of the photographs that were presented. The procedure effectively taught arbitrary relations and may be promising for studying intervention procedures in elderly people with NCDs.","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"92 1","pages":"240-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90723417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daclê Juliani Macrini, L. Bonamin, E. Teodorov, T. B. Kirsten, C. Coelho, P. D. Motta, Luana Ramos, L. Dalboni, E. Bondan, M. Bernardi
{"title":"Overweight male juvenile rats exhibit decreases in sexual behavior and serum testosterone levels and an increase in TNF-α levels in adulthood.","authors":"Daclê Juliani Macrini, L. Bonamin, E. Teodorov, T. B. Kirsten, C. Coelho, P. D. Motta, Luana Ramos, L. Dalboni, E. Bondan, M. Bernardi","doi":"10.1037/PNE0000054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/PNE0000054","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"128 1","pages":"188-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85744196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a number of studies looking at the assessment and treatment of people with disorders of consciousness (DOCs). These include patients in a coma, patients in a vegetative state (VS), and patients in a minimally conscious state (MCS). It is important to distinguish between these latter 2 states, as referral decisions may well be different for the 2 groups. A new version of a measure to assess patients with DOCs is described. The effects of posture on awareness are then considered. Provided that medical conditions do not contraindicate this, assessments should be carried out when the patient is in an upright position, as the majority of patients with DOCs show more behaviors when assessed on a tilt table or a standing frame. The third study looks at the effect of modafinil, an agent that maintains wakefulness and promotes attention and concentration, on levels of consciousness. Those with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) would appear to respond more to this than those whose DOC is caused by hypoxia. The fourth study compares the delayed recovery of 2 groups of patients, those with a TBI and those with hypoxic brain damage. Not surprisingly, those who showed delayed recovery of consciousness were far more likely to have sustained a TBI than hypoxic brain damage. The paper concludes with a case study of a man who had a DOC for 19 months before regaining consciousness and proceeding to regain skills so that he is now leading a reasonably normal life.
{"title":"Assessment and treatment of people with a disorder of consciousness: An account of some recent studies.","authors":"B. Wilson, S. Dhamapurkar, Anita Rose","doi":"10.1037/PNE0000053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/PNE0000053","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a number of studies looking at the assessment and treatment of people with disorders of consciousness (DOCs). These include patients in a coma, patients in a vegetative state (VS), and patients in a minimally conscious state (MCS). It is important to distinguish between these latter 2 states, as referral decisions may well be different for the 2 groups. A new version of a measure to assess patients with DOCs is described. The effects of posture on awareness are then considered. Provided that medical conditions do not contraindicate this, assessments should be carried out when the patient is in an upright position, as the majority of patients with DOCs show more behaviors when assessed on a tilt table or a standing frame. The third study looks at the effect of modafinil, an agent that maintains wakefulness and promotes attention and concentration, on levels of consciousness. Those with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) would appear to respond more to this than those whose DOC is caused by hypoxia. The fourth study compares the delayed recovery of 2 groups of patients, those with a TBI and those with hypoxic brain damage. Not surprisingly, those who showed delayed recovery of consciousness were far more likely to have sustained a TBI than hypoxic brain damage. The paper concludes with a case study of a man who had a DOC for 19 months before regaining consciousness and proceeding to regain skills so that he is now leading a reasonably normal life.","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"18 1","pages":"221-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81943468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Consciousness can be understood as being aware of oneself and one’s own conditions. The cognitive neuroscience concept of “executive function” usually includes the ability to control attention, mental flexibility, awareness, goal-directed behaviors, and the ability to anticipate the consequences of one’s own behavior. Executive function is directly associated with prefrontal cortex activity. Two types of executive function that are associated with 2 different subtypes of prefrontal pathology can be distinguished: (a) “metacognitive executive function” (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), including self-awareness, the temporality of behavior, metacognition, working memory, abstraction, problem solving, and similar complex intellectual processes, and (b) “emotional/motivational executive function” (orbitofrontal and medial frontal lobe), which is related to the ability to coordinate cognition and motivation, including the ability to control emotions and behavior. Self-consciousness represents a major element of metacognitive executive function and is directly related to activity of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
{"title":"Is “Self-Consciousness” Equivalent to “Executive Function”?","authors":"Ardila Alfredo","doi":"10.1037/PNE0000052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/PNE0000052","url":null,"abstract":"Consciousness can be understood as being aware of oneself and one’s own conditions. The cognitive neuroscience concept of “executive function” usually includes the ability to control attention, mental flexibility, awareness, goal-directed behaviors, and the ability to anticipate the consequences of one’s own behavior. Executive function is directly associated with prefrontal cortex activity. Two types of executive function that are associated with 2 different subtypes of prefrontal pathology can be distinguished: (a) “metacognitive executive function” (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), including self-awareness, the temporality of behavior, metacognition, working memory, abstraction, problem solving, and similar complex intellectual processes, and (b) “emotional/motivational executive function” (orbitofrontal and medial frontal lobe), which is related to the ability to coordinate cognition and motivation, including the ability to control emotions and behavior. Self-consciousness represents a major element of metacognitive executive function and is directly related to activity of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"14 1","pages":"215-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90299225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Bezruczko, Etienne Manderscheid, D. H. Schroeder
{"title":"MRI of an artistic judgment aptitude construct derived from Eysenck’s K factor.","authors":"N. Bezruczko, Etienne Manderscheid, D. H. Schroeder","doi":"10.1037/PNE0000064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/PNE0000064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"293-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87714515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria J. N. Gadelha, Bernardino Fernández-Calvo, Cyntia Diógenes Ferreira, A. J. Marques, N. Santos
{"title":"Forgetting haptic information: A comparative study between younger and older adults.","authors":"Maria J. N. Gadelha, Bernardino Fernández-Calvo, Cyntia Diógenes Ferreira, A. J. Marques, N. Santos","doi":"10.1037/PNE0000048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/PNE0000048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"7 1","pages":"230-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89069565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A reliable depression-like model in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Learned helplessness.","authors":"G. Nascimento, André Walsh-Monteiro, A. Gouveia","doi":"10.1037/PNE0000057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/PNE0000057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"131 1","pages":"390-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86005414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Face detection and individuation: Interactive and complementary stages of face processing.","authors":"W. Comfort, Y. Zana","doi":"10.1037/h0101278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101278","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"82 1","pages":"442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73066251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aline Romani-Sponchiado, B. Sanvicente-Vieira, C. Mottin, Débora Hertzog-Fonini, A. Arteche
{"title":"Child Emotions Picture Set (CEPS): Development of a database of children’s emotional expressions.","authors":"Aline Romani-Sponchiado, B. Sanvicente-Vieira, C. Mottin, Débora Hertzog-Fonini, A. Arteche","doi":"10.1037/H0101430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/H0101430","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"51 18 1","pages":"467-478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76116891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dominant right hemisphere controls biased rotation perception.","authors":"A. Alipour, S. Kazemi","doi":"10.1037/pne0000034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39094,"journal":{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience","volume":"55 1","pages":"435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75092855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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