Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5866
I. Abbasi, Nimra Maher
The cultural presentation and exchange have always influenced international relations and have positively played a role to motivate exchange programmes between countries. This research refers Japan-Pakistan relations as a case study to understand the concept of ‘cultural diplomacy’ and its practical implementation and influence on strengthening of this kind of Diplomacy. Multiple steps have been taken since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Japan to promote and flourish cultural relations. This paper aims to explore influence of ‘cultural diplomacy’ on Pakistan-Japan relations. Alongside, it ascertains the practical measures both the countries taking to consolidate their relations through cultural diplomacy.
{"title":"CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: THE CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN-JAPAN CULTURAL RELATIONS","authors":"I. Abbasi, Nimra Maher","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5866","url":null,"abstract":"The cultural presentation and exchange have always influenced international relations and have positively played a role to motivate exchange programmes between countries. This research refers Japan-Pakistan relations as a case study to understand the concept of ‘cultural diplomacy’ and its practical implementation and influence on strengthening of this kind of Diplomacy. Multiple steps have been taken since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Japan to promote and flourish cultural relations. This paper aims to explore influence of ‘cultural diplomacy’ on Pakistan-Japan relations. Alongside, it ascertains the practical measures both the countries taking to consolidate their relations through cultural diplomacy.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72667009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5867
A. Malik, Roha Naz
This article examines the pattern where China’s growing global economic influence in post-9/11 era has been complimented with the gradual and sustained rise of its monetary cooperation, competition as well as conflicts with United State of America (USA). While chronicling the Neoliberal and advanced capitalist arguments regarding the current international economic order and financial infrastructure led by the USA; this article refines the focuses on the global monetary system and the role of monetary coercion and builds a critical approach by engaging with Realist, Leftist-Marxist and antiimperialist theorisations with the objective to analyse the nature of cooperation and confrontation between the two states. The methodology employed is qualitative and interpretive supported with analysis of empirical data to substantiate the theoretical claims. It is argued that the rise of Chinese currency is related to these oft-recurring financial trends, which lie at the core of USA’s global economic system and the related global financial conflicts have the potential to fundamentally transform the global economic order. The paper concludes that China’s internationalisation of its currency is likely to intensify its confrontation with US with the potential for international conflict.
{"title":"CHINA’S FINANCIAL RISE AND RAMIFICATIONS FOR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S PETRODOLLAR HEGEMONY","authors":"A. Malik, Roha Naz","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5867","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the pattern where China’s growing global economic influence in post-9/11 era has been complimented with the gradual and sustained rise of its monetary cooperation, competition as well as conflicts with United State of America (USA). While chronicling the Neoliberal and advanced capitalist arguments regarding the current international economic order and financial infrastructure led by the USA; this article refines the focuses on the global monetary system and the role of monetary coercion and builds a critical approach by engaging with Realist, Leftist-Marxist and antiimperialist theorisations with the objective to analyse the nature of cooperation and confrontation between the two states. The methodology employed is qualitative and interpretive supported with analysis of empirical data to substantiate the theoretical claims. It is argued that the rise of Chinese currency is related to these oft-recurring financial trends, which lie at the core of USA’s global economic system and the related global financial conflicts have the potential to fundamentally transform the global economic order. The paper concludes that China’s internationalisation of its currency is likely to intensify its confrontation with US with the potential for international conflict.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80210122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5870
Imran Ali Sandao, Mukesh Kumar Khatwani
This research paper summarises the findings of the project funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan under Start-Up Research Grand Program. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a landmark initiative between the two brotherly nations. CPEC is also the most important part of Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which reactivates the old Silk Rout, and rebuilds connectivity between different regions of the world. South Asian region is full of nontraditional security (NTS) challenges. This study aims to discuss the integration of domestic resources and a collective mechanism for security cooperation on NTS challenges. The paper explores out the challenges covering fields including terrorism, transnational crimes; energy security; maritime security and rescue, and environmental degradation. It also analyses the features of NTS challenges, which are transnational and relevant to China and Pakistan. Finally, responding to NTS challenges, paper suggests a collective framework between both (China & Pakistan) and NTS challenges may become the significant part of security concern element that may pose severe threats to smooth and sound manner of BRI strategy in general and CPEC in particular.
{"title":"CPEC: AN ULTIMATE OPTION FOR NTS CHALLENGES","authors":"Imran Ali Sandao, Mukesh Kumar Khatwani","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5870","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper summarises the findings of the project funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan under Start-Up Research Grand Program. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a landmark initiative between the two brotherly nations. CPEC is also the most important part of Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which reactivates the old Silk Rout, and rebuilds connectivity between different regions of the world. South Asian region is full of nontraditional security (NTS) challenges. This study aims to discuss the integration of domestic resources and a collective mechanism for security cooperation on NTS challenges. The paper explores out the challenges covering fields including terrorism, transnational crimes; energy security; maritime security and rescue, and environmental degradation. It also analyses the features of NTS challenges, which are transnational and relevant to China and Pakistan. Finally, responding to NTS challenges, paper suggests a collective framework between both (China & Pakistan) and NTS challenges may become the significant part of security concern element that may pose severe threats to smooth and sound manner of BRI strategy in general and CPEC in particular.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79274843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5859
Hussain Abbas, Bilal Habib Qazi, Jeved Ali
China’s rise has made her the centre of the regional and international politics. Its power potentials and geopolitical and geo-economic influence in the region has made the region pivot of major power politics. Chinese outreach through Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and naval assertiveness along with its expansion of interests has generated countervailing measures from the major powers especially US and some regional states especially Japan, India, and Australia. This paper hypothesises that China’s rise has made US and its regional allies concerned about the future of the regional order in which their interests are imminently would be marginalized against Chinese power, therefore, US with its allies has adopted provoking and assertive strategies to counter Chinese power and influence. In this paper effort has been made to analyse the dimensions of the Chinese rise and its perceptions by the US and its regional partners. It also endeavours to find out the nature and conduct of US strategies to balance and counter Chinese ever-expanding interests and influence. Finally, effort has been made to trace out the implications for China’s interests, influence, and goals in the region.
{"title":"ASIA PACIFIC GEOPOLITICS: US STRATEGIES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CHINA","authors":"Hussain Abbas, Bilal Habib Qazi, Jeved Ali","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5859","url":null,"abstract":"China’s rise has made her the centre of the regional and international politics. Its power potentials and geopolitical and geo-economic influence in the region has made the region pivot of major power politics. Chinese outreach through Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and naval assertiveness along with its expansion of interests has generated countervailing measures from the major powers especially US and some regional states especially Japan, India, and Australia. This paper hypothesises that China’s rise has made US and its regional allies concerned about the future of the regional order in which their interests are imminently would be marginalized against Chinese power, therefore, US with its allies has adopted provoking and assertive strategies to counter Chinese power and influence. In this paper effort has been made to analyse the dimensions of the Chinese rise and its perceptions by the US and its regional partners. It also endeavours to find out the nature and conduct of US strategies to balance and counter Chinese ever-expanding interests and influence. Finally, effort has been made to trace out the implications for China’s interests, influence, and goals in the region.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82350226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5865
Qu Qiumei, Tahir Mahmood
Poverty eradication is a critical issue that must be tackled as part of the world's economic and social progress. China and Pakistan have distinct ways of combating poverty. Since the start of reforms and opening up in 1978, China has taken a number of initiatives to alleviate poverty. The Communist Party China (CPC) Central Committee's decision on several major issues concerning rural reforms and development, adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the CPC's seventeenth Central Committee, proposed increasing support for the development of poor areas in old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, and border areas. The CPC's 18th National Congress set the lofty objective of completing the construction of a moderately affluent society in all aspects by 2020. The report emphasized the parties tenaciously fought for aims to lift people out of poverty. This paper attempts to explore and understand the causes of Pakistan's poverty reduction strategies and the elements that impact it, utilizing the experience of China's poverty reduction to identify the difficulties that have arisen as a result of Pakistan's poverty reduction process. This research shows that the poverty policies of China are more mature, which led the country towards progress and today it is one of the leading economies in the world. Similarly, Pakistan after its independence is struggle to tackle the issue of poverty and still could not get rid of it and this is all because of the policies of Pakistan which could proof to be successful.
{"title":"POVERTY REDUCTION EXPERIENCE OF CHINA (1947-1978): LESSONS FOR PAKISTAN","authors":"Qu Qiumei, Tahir Mahmood","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5865","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty eradication is a critical issue that must be tackled as part of the world's economic and social progress. China and Pakistan have distinct ways of combating poverty. Since the start of reforms and opening up in 1978, China has taken a number of initiatives to alleviate poverty. The Communist Party China (CPC) Central Committee's decision on several major issues concerning rural reforms and development, adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the CPC's seventeenth Central Committee, proposed increasing support for the development of poor areas in old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, and border areas. The CPC's 18th National Congress set the lofty objective of completing the construction of a moderately affluent society in all aspects by 2020. The report emphasized the parties tenaciously fought for aims to lift people out of poverty. This paper attempts to explore and understand the causes of Pakistan's poverty reduction strategies and the elements that impact it, utilizing the experience of China's poverty reduction to identify the difficulties that have arisen as a result of Pakistan's poverty reduction process. This research shows that the poverty policies of China are more mature, which led the country towards progress and today it is one of the leading economies in the world. Similarly, Pakistan after its independence is struggle to tackle the issue of poverty and still could not get rid of it and this is all because of the policies of Pakistan which could proof to be successful.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74957226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5872
Saima Manzoor, Zunaira Majeed, Sundas Khizar
This study contributes to our understanding about Chinese security policy by providing insights into geopolitical upheavals caused by China's expanding global presence. This article discusses structural problems and geopolitical challenges brought on by the Chinese Belt Road Initiative (BRI). Paper claims that BRI may be legitimately understood as being more than merely a system of economic and military security. By promoting domestic stability and influencing countries outside of Asia, BRI really assists Chinese leaders in bridging internal and external challenges. The responsibility for helping to create a peaceful future still primarily rests with the West
{"title":"BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL ORDER","authors":"Saima Manzoor, Zunaira Majeed, Sundas Khizar","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5872","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributes to our understanding about Chinese security policy by providing insights into geopolitical upheavals caused by China's expanding global presence. This article discusses structural problems and geopolitical challenges brought on by the Chinese Belt Road Initiative (BRI). Paper claims that BRI may be legitimately understood as being more than merely a system of economic and military security. By promoting domestic stability and influencing countries outside of Asia, BRI really assists Chinese leaders in bridging internal and external challenges. The responsibility for helping to create a peaceful future still primarily rests with the West","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74374247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5863
Summar Iqbal Babar Babar, Abdul Moiz Khan
Chinese rapid growth in the economy is compelling its investment in enhancing and expanding military modernization. Defensive compulsions amplify Chinese gradual tilt towards complementing technological advancements in the military sphere. For this purpose, China is undergoing a process of robust military modernization. This paper aims to dissect China’s military modernization under the leadership of President Xi. It comprises of three portions. The first part theorizes the process of Chinese Military Modernization. Structural Anarchy in International Politics and Security Dilemma helps us in understanding the process of Chinese Military Modernization. The second part of this study explains the process of military modernization of China under the leadership of President Xi. This part explains three dimensions of Chinese military modernization under President Xi; Evolution of Chinese Military Doctrine, Reorganization of People Liberation Army (PLA), and technological advancements in Chinese weaponry. The final part of this study explains the rising challenges to the existing international order in face of the Chinese rise.
{"title":"CHINESE MILITARY MODERNIZATION UNDER XI: HARBINGER OF A NEW GREAT POWERS RIVALRY","authors":"Summar Iqbal Babar Babar, Abdul Moiz Khan","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5863","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese rapid growth in the economy is compelling its investment in enhancing and expanding military modernization. Defensive compulsions amplify Chinese gradual tilt towards complementing technological advancements in the military sphere. For this purpose, China is undergoing a process of robust military modernization. This paper aims to dissect China’s military modernization under the leadership of President Xi. It comprises of three portions. The first part theorizes the process of Chinese Military Modernization. Structural Anarchy in International Politics and Security Dilemma helps us in understanding the process of Chinese Military Modernization. The second part of this study explains the process of military modernization of China under the leadership of President Xi. This part explains three dimensions of Chinese military modernization under President Xi; Evolution of Chinese Military Doctrine, Reorganization of People Liberation Army (PLA), and technological advancements in Chinese weaponry. The final part of this study explains the rising challenges to the existing international order in face of the Chinese rise.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78843938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5871
Nadir Ali Mugheri, Ali Siddiqui, Shehla Anwe Kurd
The paper reviews the historical backdrop of English language with specific identification of its various roles in academic domain. The study is aimed at highlighting spread of English language that is encountered in history since eighteenth century and is still in pace of advancement within the Asia-Pacific region. The data have been collected from different textbooks, research studies and the video documentaries on YouTube channel. Second part of this study makes sense of the turn of events and qualities of English language academic strategies in Asian Pacific nations. The paper highlights those nations that have their place in the growing circle of Kachru's (1985) model, and in the extending circle. Additionally, paper attempts to review the formative qualities of academic techniques adopted for English language within the Asian-pacific nations. Further, paper highlights qualities of English that raises its standard as global language. It tends to underlie particular role for English that is devised between social correspondences all around the planet. The crucial role of educational practices in English is to train the youth to utilise their subtle capabilities in English and readily respond in the international forums with their own proficient capacities.
{"title":"IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH IN REGIONAL ACADEMIC PRACTICES: A CASE STUDY OF ASIAN-PACIFIC COUNTRIES","authors":"Nadir Ali Mugheri, Ali Siddiqui, Shehla Anwe Kurd","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5871","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reviews the historical backdrop of English language with specific identification of its various roles in academic domain. The study is aimed at highlighting spread of English language that is encountered in history since eighteenth century and is still in pace of advancement within the Asia-Pacific region. The data have been collected from different textbooks, research studies and the video documentaries on YouTube channel. Second part of this study makes sense of the turn of events and qualities of English language academic strategies in Asian Pacific nations. The paper highlights those nations that have their place in the growing circle of Kachru's (1985) model, and in the extending circle. Additionally, paper attempts to review the formative qualities of academic techniques adopted for English language within the Asian-pacific nations. Further, paper highlights qualities of English that raises its standard as global language. It tends to underlie particular role for English that is devised between social correspondences all around the planet. The crucial role of educational practices in English is to train the youth to utilise their subtle capabilities in English and readily respond in the international forums with their own proficient capacities.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82287749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5862
Jahanzaib Megal, M. N. Mirza
The Indian Ocean holds immense vitality for its strategic trade routes and choke points. China and India are Asia’s two rising powers, who aim to dominate the Indian Ocean to satisfy their regional and global ambitions. This competitiveness for regional influence has resulted in geo-strategic competition in the Indian Ocean. China, through the strategy of ‘String of Pearls’, has increased its naval footprint by building ports in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. India has similarly responded with an alternative counterbalancing strategy ‘Necklace of Diamonds’ by deepening its relations and partnership with Iran, Oman, Singapore, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and other regional countries. This qualitative exploratory comparative case study finds that: China through its String of Pearls strategy intends to achieve great power status, boost its economy, and address its security concerns, especially those related with the Malacca Dilemma. India, through its Necklace of Diamonds strategy, is trying to counterbalance Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean. Moreover, India intends to enhance its political and economic clout – being the rising power of the region.
{"title":"STRING OF PEARLS AND NECKLACE OF DIAMONDS: SINO-INDIAN GEO-STRATEGIC COMPETITION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN","authors":"Jahanzaib Megal, M. N. Mirza","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol40.iss0.5862","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Ocean holds immense vitality for its strategic trade routes and choke points. China and India are Asia’s two rising powers, who aim to dominate the Indian Ocean to satisfy their regional and global ambitions. This competitiveness for regional influence has resulted in geo-strategic competition in the Indian Ocean. China, through the strategy of ‘String of Pearls’, has increased its naval footprint by building ports in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. India has similarly responded with an alternative counterbalancing strategy ‘Necklace of Diamonds’ by deepening its relations and partnership with Iran, Oman, Singapore, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and other regional countries. This qualitative exploratory comparative case study finds that: China through its String of Pearls strategy intends to achieve great power status, boost its economy, and address its security concerns, especially those related with the Malacca Dilemma. India, through its Necklace of Diamonds strategy, is trying to counterbalance Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean. Moreover, India intends to enhance its political and economic clout – being the rising power of the region.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73039021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-20DOI: 10.47781/asia-pacific.vol39.iss0.4401
Majid Ali Noonari, Shuja Ahmed Mahesar, Naghma Mangrio
Pakistan’s search for security right after the independence led their policies to join western bloc in the midst of cold war due to threats posed from New Delhi and Kabul over territorial issues including Jammu & Kashmir issue, and Pak-Afghan Border. Pakistan’s foreign policy was driven by its commitment to Washington’s containment policy, which earned it hostility of communist bloc. Pakistan did not agreed to Washington’s policy of supporting New Delhi during the 1962 Sino-Indian War. This led Ayub Khan to explore other options and resulted in signing border agreement of 1963 with Beijing, which established the foundation of strategic partnership with Beijing. Islamabad played a significant role to end the Chinese isolation when it arranged the Nixon’s visit to Beijing in the early 1970s, which led to the Sino-US rapprochement. Since then, Beijing and Islamabad never looked back and have forged close association through the multilateral agreements over the years in the fields of military cooperation, nuclear cooperation as well as political and economic cooperation. The article summarizes the findings of doctoral studies by Noonari, which aims to explore the strategic cooperation between China and Pakistan and its impact over the US interests in the region.
{"title":"PAKISTAN-CHINA STRATEGIC COOPERATION (1972- 2015)","authors":"Majid Ali Noonari, Shuja Ahmed Mahesar, Naghma Mangrio","doi":"10.47781/asia-pacific.vol39.iss0.4401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol39.iss0.4401","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan’s search for security right after the independence led their policies to join western bloc in the midst of cold war due to threats posed from New Delhi and Kabul over territorial issues including Jammu & Kashmir issue, and Pak-Afghan Border. Pakistan’s foreign policy was driven by its commitment to Washington’s containment policy, which earned it hostility of communist bloc. Pakistan did not agreed to Washington’s policy of supporting New Delhi during the 1962 Sino-Indian War. This led Ayub Khan to explore other options and resulted in signing border agreement of 1963 with Beijing, which established the foundation of strategic partnership with Beijing. Islamabad played a significant role to end the Chinese isolation when it arranged the Nixon’s visit to Beijing in the early 1970s, which led to the Sino-US rapprochement. Since then, Beijing and Islamabad never looked back and have forged close association through the multilateral agreements over the years in the fields of military cooperation, nuclear cooperation as well as political and economic cooperation. The article summarizes the findings of doctoral studies by Noonari, which aims to explore the strategic cooperation between China and Pakistan and its impact over the US interests in the region.","PeriodicalId":39223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77908998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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