Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500657
D. I. Heimann
CATS has been developed as a user interface to allow users at client sites to access and use the ACT (analysis of complexity tool) of McCabe and Associates easily and automatically. It produces various detailed reports based on the ACT tool, and in addition it establishes and updates a complexity-tracking database at the user site. CATS has been implemented at various pilot sites. It has been used both intensively to increase test coverage for a given module and extensively to identify areas on which to focus test and assessment efforts. By using CATS, developers, testers, and managers can obtain key information on software structure, focus their efforts on those areas where defects are more likely to reside, more quickly understand and incorporate re-engineered or legacy code, and estimate the level of effort required for a project.
CATS已被开发为一个用户界面，允许客户站点的用户轻松自动地访问和使用McCabe and Associates的ACT(复杂性分析工具)。它基于ACT工具生成各种详细的报告，此外，它还在用户站点建立和更新复杂性跟踪数据库。CATS已在多个试验点实施。它已被广泛地用于增加给定模块的测试覆盖率，并广泛地用于确定集中测试和评估工作的领域。通过使用CATS，开发人员、测试人员和管理人员可以获得关于软件结构的关键信息，将他们的工作集中在那些更可能存在缺陷的领域，更快地理解和合并重新设计的或遗留的代码，并估计项目所需的工作水平。
{"title":"CATS-an automated user interface for software development and testing","authors":"D. I. Heimann","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500657","url":null,"abstract":"CATS has been developed as a user interface to allow users at client sites to access and use the ACT (analysis of complexity tool) of McCabe and Associates easily and automatically. It produces various detailed reports based on the ACT tool, and in addition it establishes and updates a complexity-tracking database at the user site. CATS has been implemented at various pilot sites. It has been used both intensively to increase test coverage for a given module and extensively to identify areas on which to focus test and assessment efforts. By using CATS, developers, testers, and managers can obtain key information on software structure, focus their efforts on those areas where defects are more likely to reside, more quickly understand and incorporate re-engineered or legacy code, and estimate the level of effort required for a project.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127332408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500634
E. Demko
Commercial-off-the shelf (COTS) military equipment offers the promise of technology advancement, low cost and reduced acquisition time. Unfortunately, it also offers the opportunity for a reliability and logistics disaster because commercial parts, standards, and practices may not meet military requirements. Additionally, commercial vendors have little or no experience in providing the kind of technical data required to support military deployment logistics. COTS hardware is expected to have the following characteristics: low cost; currently available from multiple suppliers; and built to documented standards in high volume production with a mature design. The reliability challenge in the next decade will be to manage COTS to take advantage of the promise and avoid the disaster. This can be done by carefully selecting the COTS vendors, thoroughly testing the hardware/software and applying only those analyses and data requirements (ESS, EQT, verification testing, prediction, FMEA, derating, parts control and FRACAS/FRB) to ensure reliability performance and logistics support. This paper offers some guidance in managing COTS program elements and provides insight into their impact on reliability.
{"title":"Commercial-off-the shelf (COTS): a challenge to military equipment reliability","authors":"E. Demko","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500634","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial-off-the shelf (COTS) military equipment offers the promise of technology advancement, low cost and reduced acquisition time. Unfortunately, it also offers the opportunity for a reliability and logistics disaster because commercial parts, standards, and practices may not meet military requirements. Additionally, commercial vendors have little or no experience in providing the kind of technical data required to support military deployment logistics. COTS hardware is expected to have the following characteristics: low cost; currently available from multiple suppliers; and built to documented standards in high volume production with a mature design. The reliability challenge in the next decade will be to manage COTS to take advantage of the promise and avoid the disaster. This can be done by carefully selecting the COTS vendors, thoroughly testing the hardware/software and applying only those analyses and data requirements (ESS, EQT, verification testing, prediction, FMEA, derating, parts control and FRACAS/FRB) to ensure reliability performance and logistics support. This paper offers some guidance in managing COTS program elements and provides insight into their impact on reliability.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115126453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500639
D. R. Pugh, N. Snooke
There are a number of reason for wanting to generate FMEAs as soon in the design process as possible; three of the more notable being safety, reliability and cost. The Flame system provides electrical engineers with a means of automating FMEA using, amongst other techniques, qualitative circuit analysis. Until recently, the qualitative circuit simulator with Flame has only been able to generate failure descriptions for circuits containing a set of relatively simple components; for example, bulbs, resistors, connectors, wires and switches. Representing and reasoning about the operation of CPUs, multi-way switches, sensors, multi-speed motors, and other complex components was not possible due to their intricate effect on a circuit. The paper describes how the behaviour of such components and their failure modes can now be represented; and gives an example of analysing a central door locking circuit containing such complex components. The technology which has facilitated such advances is the dynamic analysis of qualitative circuits. This allows the circuit analyser in Flame to represent and reason about dependencies within a circuit; for example, a relay switch state depends on the state of the coil, and ECU output on the state of the inputs. Because of these advances, Flame can now perform FMEAs of large complex circuits-as found in modern automobiles.
{"title":"Dynamic analysis of qualitative circuits for failure mode and effects analysis","authors":"D. R. Pugh, N. Snooke","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500639","url":null,"abstract":"There are a number of reason for wanting to generate FMEAs as soon in the design process as possible; three of the more notable being safety, reliability and cost. The Flame system provides electrical engineers with a means of automating FMEA using, amongst other techniques, qualitative circuit analysis. Until recently, the qualitative circuit simulator with Flame has only been able to generate failure descriptions for circuits containing a set of relatively simple components; for example, bulbs, resistors, connectors, wires and switches. Representing and reasoning about the operation of CPUs, multi-way switches, sensors, multi-speed motors, and other complex components was not possible due to their intricate effect on a circuit. The paper describes how the behaviour of such components and their failure modes can now be represented; and gives an example of analysing a central door locking circuit containing such complex components. The technology which has facilitated such advances is the dynamic analysis of qualitative circuits. This allows the circuit analyser in Flame to represent and reason about dependencies within a circuit; for example, a relay switch state depends on the state of the coil, and ECU output on the state of the inputs. Because of these advances, Flame can now perform FMEAs of large complex circuits-as found in modern automobiles.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121549303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500684
Z. Bluvband, L. Peshes
This paper proposes united accelerated life testing and accelerated degradation testing for a class of products without sequence effect. Comprehensive reliability models for the failure mode and performance degradation under different load conditions for these products were established by the authors (1995). The proposed accelerated testing based on the above models allows both: (a) testing of the hypothesis of the products belonging to the considered class, (b) performing the reliability prediction and life estimation using the observed performance degradation data. Reliability characteristics for normal operating conditions and one-to-one transformation between performance degradation and cumulative distribution of failures independent of the load conditions is obtained from the testing results under more severe conditions.
{"title":"Accelerated life testing for products without sequence effect","authors":"Z. Bluvband, L. Peshes","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500684","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes united accelerated life testing and accelerated degradation testing for a class of products without sequence effect. Comprehensive reliability models for the failure mode and performance degradation under different load conditions for these products were established by the authors (1995). The proposed accelerated testing based on the above models allows both: (a) testing of the hypothesis of the products belonging to the considered class, (b) performing the reliability prediction and life estimation using the observed performance degradation data. Reliability characteristics for normal operating conditions and one-to-one transformation between performance degradation and cumulative distribution of failures independent of the load conditions is obtained from the testing results under more severe conditions.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123751552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500641
M. Littlefield
To satisfy a reliability requirement which necessitated the implementation of the Space Shuttle high pressure oxidizer turbopump (HPOTP) failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) and critical items list (CIL), Pratt & Whitney (P&W) developed a plan that emphasized the utilization of existing systems and the standardization of subcontractor reporting documentation. Prior to acceptance testing of the first flight HPOTP, an audit of the quality assurance records for all CIL required inspections was performed to determine if the inspections had been made and accepted by quality assurance (QA). 99.9% of the CIL inspections were verified as being successfully completed, far exceeding the 90% NASA verification requirement. This level of compliance was achieved several years sooner and with less than a third the manpower utilized by another contractor's system. The implementation and audit activities uncovered deficiencies that forced quick improvements to inspection methods, documentation and material acceptance practices. Additionally, it reduced the number of government mandatory inspections thus reducing cost and removing potential schedule constraints. Essential to the success of CIL implementation were the analytical procedures used to identify and ensure the test/inspectability of the inspections, testing and process controls (CIL characteristics) performed to minimize the probability of critical part failures.
{"title":"FMEA/CIL implementation for the Space Shuttle new turbopumps","authors":"M. Littlefield","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500641","url":null,"abstract":"To satisfy a reliability requirement which necessitated the implementation of the Space Shuttle high pressure oxidizer turbopump (HPOTP) failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) and critical items list (CIL), Pratt & Whitney (P&W) developed a plan that emphasized the utilization of existing systems and the standardization of subcontractor reporting documentation. Prior to acceptance testing of the first flight HPOTP, an audit of the quality assurance records for all CIL required inspections was performed to determine if the inspections had been made and accepted by quality assurance (QA). 99.9% of the CIL inspections were verified as being successfully completed, far exceeding the 90% NASA verification requirement. This level of compliance was achieved several years sooner and with less than a third the manpower utilized by another contractor's system. The implementation and audit activities uncovered deficiencies that forced quick improvements to inspection methods, documentation and material acceptance practices. Additionally, it reduced the number of government mandatory inspections thus reducing cost and removing potential schedule constraints. Essential to the success of CIL implementation were the analytical procedures used to identify and ensure the test/inspectability of the inspections, testing and process controls (CIL characteristics) performed to minimize the probability of critical part failures.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121811237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500644
J.-F. Ereau, M. Saleman
This paper presents the approach taken by the French Space Agency for studying the availability of today's relevant space systems: satellite constellations. These non-Markovian distributed systems require powerful models to be described and analyzed. Over a generic example of a satellite constellation we illustrate Petri net's ability to deal with such complex projects from both modeling and evaluation view points. Results of such studies overcome the sole verification of availability objectives and actually provide interesting outputs for project managers. This is shown through the interpretation of typical results.
{"title":"Modeling and simulation of a satellite constellation based on Petri nets","authors":"J.-F. Ereau, M. Saleman","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500644","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the approach taken by the French Space Agency for studying the availability of today's relevant space systems: satellite constellations. These non-Markovian distributed systems require powerful models to be described and analyzed. Over a generic example of a satellite constellation we illustrate Petri net's ability to deal with such complex projects from both modeling and evaluation view points. Results of such studies overcome the sole verification of availability objectives and actually provide interesting outputs for project managers. This is shown through the interpretation of typical results.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127331729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500649
H. Caruso
This paper provides an overview of how environmental testing can be used (and misused) throughout the various phases of commercial or military product development and manufacture. The characteristics of each test type are examined, including governing philosophy, technical approaches, potential benefits, potential disadvantages, and limitations. A fundamental precept of this paper is the underlying commonality of test techniques, as contrasted with the fundamental differences in how these techniques are applied to satisfy different administrative goals.
{"title":"An overview of environmental reliability testing","authors":"H. Caruso","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500649","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of how environmental testing can be used (and misused) throughout the various phases of commercial or military product development and manufacture. The characteristics of each test type are examined, including governing philosophy, technical approaches, potential benefits, potential disadvantages, and limitations. A fundamental precept of this paper is the underlying commonality of test techniques, as contrasted with the fundamental differences in how these techniques are applied to satisfy different administrative goals.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121247439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500650
P. L. Goddard
A combined Petri net and FMEA based approach to requirements analysis of safety critical embedded real-time central systems developed by Hughes has been proven to provide a method of identifying incomplete, inconsistent, and incorrect requirements which may impact safety. This analysis method is applicable early in the design process, allowing requirement changes to be identified and implemented with minimal cost and schedule impact. It has been applied to several real world systems with positive results; missing, inconsistent, and incorrect requirements were identified in all cases. The approach is expected to be able to be implemented with minimal training of existing analysis personnel. Some training in Petri nets may be needed. This training should be able to be self taught.
{"title":"A combined analysis approach to assessing requirements for safety critical real-time control systems","authors":"P. L. Goddard","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500650","url":null,"abstract":"A combined Petri net and FMEA based approach to requirements analysis of safety critical embedded real-time central systems developed by Hughes has been proven to provide a method of identifying incomplete, inconsistent, and incorrect requirements which may impact safety. This analysis method is applicable early in the design process, allowing requirement changes to be identified and implemented with minimal cost and schedule impact. It has been applied to several real world systems with positive results; missing, inconsistent, and incorrect requirements were identified in all cases. The approach is expected to be able to be implemented with minimal training of existing analysis personnel. Some training in Petri nets may be needed. This training should be able to be self taught.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115474084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500683
O. Okogbaa, Xia Peng
As an effective strategy to reduce the number of system failures and to lower the overall maintenance cost, preventive maintenance has been studied intensively. However, almost all the past research focused on the analysis of the steady state system behavior. The inherent transient failure characteristics of a system have been overlooked. Based on our previous and ongoing research, a methodology for preventive maintenance analysis under transient response is presented in this paper. The approach consists of two major components: analytical models based on renewal theory that incorporate maintenance costs in formulating maintenance decision problem and numerical methods for solving the resulting differential and integral equations. Finally, simulation serves as the verification tool.
{"title":"A methodology for preventive maintenance analysis under transient response","authors":"O. Okogbaa, Xia Peng","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500683","url":null,"abstract":"As an effective strategy to reduce the number of system failures and to lower the overall maintenance cost, preventive maintenance has been studied intensively. However, almost all the past research focused on the analysis of the steady state system behavior. The inherent transient failure characteristics of a system have been overlooked. Based on our previous and ongoing research, a methodology for preventive maintenance analysis under transient response is presented in this paper. The approach consists of two major components: analytical models based on renewal theory that incorporate maintenance costs in formulating maintenance decision problem and numerical methods for solving the resulting differential and integral equations. Finally, simulation serves as the verification tool.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128333260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500633
J. Caroli, T. Fennell, M. Gorniak, J. F. Reilly
Acquisition Reform is an initiative intended to restructure the Department of Defense (DoD) weapon system procurement process by minimizing government oversight and increasing reliance on commercial products and practices. Rome Laboratory is undertaking many initiatives to ensure the reliability and maintainability (R&M) of the next generation of commercial and military systems developed in this new acquisition environment. Several R&M specifications and standards reform initiatives are underway which include: developing nongovernment replacement standards; developing military handbooks; and forming partnerships with industry associations and professional societies. In addition to the new standardization activities, Rome Laboratory is also undertaking a number of research activities to help implement Acquisition Reform. Process oriented approaches to assure system reliability at all levels of indenture are being developed. It is recognized that indiscriminate acceptance of commercial products without adequate reliability assessment may adversely affect system reliability and readiness. To alleviate this concern, Rome Laboratory is assessing the reliability of commercial parts, nondevelopmental items, and plastic encapsulated microcircuits in military equipment environments. By providing an overview of these activities, this paper reveals the great impact Acquisition Reform is having on R&M standardization and on the direction of research at Rome Laboratory.
{"title":"R&M in an era of acquisition reform [reliability and maintenance]","authors":"J. Caroli, T. Fennell, M. Gorniak, J. F. Reilly","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500633","url":null,"abstract":"Acquisition Reform is an initiative intended to restructure the Department of Defense (DoD) weapon system procurement process by minimizing government oversight and increasing reliance on commercial products and practices. Rome Laboratory is undertaking many initiatives to ensure the reliability and maintainability (R&M) of the next generation of commercial and military systems developed in this new acquisition environment. Several R&M specifications and standards reform initiatives are underway which include: developing nongovernment replacement standards; developing military handbooks; and forming partnerships with industry associations and professional societies. In addition to the new standardization activities, Rome Laboratory is also undertaking a number of research activities to help implement Acquisition Reform. Process oriented approaches to assure system reliability at all levels of indenture are being developed. It is recognized that indiscriminate acceptance of commercial products without adequate reliability assessment may adversely affect system reliability and readiness. To alleviate this concern, Rome Laboratory is assessing the reliability of commercial parts, nondevelopmental items, and plastic encapsulated microcircuits in military equipment environments. By providing an overview of these activities, this paper reveals the great impact Acquisition Reform is having on R&M standardization and on the direction of research at Rome Laboratory.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129400136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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